Tabloid and traditional television news magazine crime stories: Crime lessons and reaffirmation of social class distinctions

Journalism and Mass Communication Quaterly

Volumn 73, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 926-946

  Grabe, Maria Elizabeth ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0004512859     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769909607300412     Document Type: Article

References (134)

1. See Edwin Diamond, The Tin Kazoo (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1975), 114-22, for a discussion of the history of tabloid television and Elizabeth S. Bird, For Inquiring Minds: A Cultural Study of Supermarket Tabloids (Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1992) for a discussion of the history of newspaper tabloid.
2. See Edwin Diamond, The Tin Kazoo (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1975), 114-22, for a discussion of the history of tabloid television and Elizabeth S. Bird, For Inquiring Minds: A Cultural Study of Supermarket Tabloids (Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1992) for a discussion of the history of newspaper tabloid.
3. Larry Reibstein, "Cheap Thrills; Where Less is More," Newsweek, 11 April 1994, 62-64.
4. Carl Bernstein, "The Idiot Culture: Reflections of Post-Watergate Journalism," The New Republic, June 1992,22; Bert Briller, "The Tao of Tabloid Television," Television Quarterly 26 (spring 1993): 51-61; Mary E. Brown, "Soap Opera and Women's Culture: Politics and the Popular," in Doing Research on Women's Communication: Perspectives on Theory and Method, ed. K. Carter and C. Spitzack (Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1989), 161-90; Susan Chira, "Hillary Clinton Seeks Balance In News Coverage of Violence," New York Times, 5 March 1994, p. 26; Michael E. Cremedas and Fiona Chew, "The Influence of Tabloid Style TV News on Viewers Recall, Interest and Perception of Importance" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Atlanta, 1994); Howard Kurtz, "Murder! Mayhem! Ratings! Tabloid Sensationalism Is Thriving on TV News," Washington Post, 4 July 1993, sec. A, p. 1; Reibstein, "Cheap Thrills"; H. Rosenberg, "Hard Copy-By Any Other Name It's Still Tabloid," Los Angeles Times, 27 September 1989, pp. 1,5, Part Vi; Susan Ruel, "Body Bag Journalism: Crime Coverage By the U.S. Media" (paper presented at the International Conference on Violence in the Media, New York, NY, 1994); H. Walters, "Trash TV: the Industry's Shack Artists Are All Over the Dial," Newsweek, 14 November 1988,72-76; P. Weiss, "Bad Rap For TV Tabs," Columbia Journalism Review, May-June 1989,38-42; Richard Zoglin, "Easing the Sleaze," Time, 6 December 1993, 74.
5. Carl Bernstein, "The Idiot Culture: Reflections of Post-Watergate Journalism," The New Republic, June 1992,22; Bert Briller, "The Tao of Tabloid Television," Television Quarterly 26 (spring 1993): 51-61; Mary E. Brown, "Soap Opera and Women's Culture: Politics and the Popular," in Doing Research on Women's Communication: Perspectives on Theory and Method, ed. K. Carter and C. Spitzack (Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1989), 161-90; Susan Chira, "Hillary Clinton Seeks Balance In News Coverage of Violence," New York Times, 5 March 1994, p. 26; Michael E. Cremedas and Fiona Chew, "The Influence of Tabloid Style TV News on Viewers Recall, Interest and Perception of Importance" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Atlanta, 1994); Howard Kurtz, "Murder! Mayhem! Ratings! Tabloid Sensationalism Is Thriving on TV News," Washington Post, 4 July 1993, sec. A, p. 1; Reibstein, "Cheap Thrills"; H. Rosenberg, "Hard Copy-By Any Other Name It's Still Tabloid," Los Angeles Times, 27 September 1989, pp. 1,5, Part Vi; Susan Ruel, "Body Bag Journalism: Crime Coverage By the U.S. Media" (paper presented at the International Conference on Violence in the Media, New York, NY, 1994); H. Walters, "Trash TV: the Industry's Shack Artists Are All Over the Dial," Newsweek, 14 November 1988,72-76; P. Weiss, "Bad Rap For TV Tabs," Columbia Journalism Review, May-June 1989,38-42; Richard Zoglin, "Easing the Sleaze," Time, 6 December 1993, 74.
6. Carl Bernstein, "The Idiot Culture: Reflections of Post-Watergate Journalism," The New Republic, June 1992,22; Bert Briller, "The Tao of Tabloid Television," Television Quarterly 26 (spring 1993): 51-61; Mary E. Brown, "Soap Opera and Women's Culture: Politics and the Popular," in Doing Research on Women's Communication: Perspectives on Theory and Method, ed. K. Carter and C. Spitzack (Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1989), 161-90; Susan Chira, "Hillary Clinton Seeks Balance In News Coverage of Violence," New York Times, 5 March 1994, p. 26; Michael E. Cremedas and Fiona Chew, "The Influence of Tabloid Style TV News on Viewers Recall, Interest and Perception of Importance" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Atlanta, 1994); Howard Kurtz, "Murder! Mayhem! Ratings! Tabloid Sensationalism Is Thriving on TV News," Washington Post, 4 July 1993, sec. A, p. 1; Reibstein, "Cheap Thrills"; H. Rosenberg, "Hard Copy-By Any Other Name It's Still Tabloid," Los Angeles Times, 27 September 1989, pp. 1,5, Part Vi; Susan Ruel, "Body Bag Journalism: Crime Coverage By the U.S. Media" (paper presented at the International Conference on Violence in the Media, New York, NY, 1994); H. Walters, "Trash TV: the Industry's Shack Artists Are All Over the Dial," Newsweek, 14 November 1988,72-76; P. Weiss, "Bad Rap For TV Tabs," Columbia Journalism Review, May-June 1989,38-42; Richard Zoglin, "Easing the Sleaze," Time, 6 December 1993, 74.
7. Carl Bernstein, "The Idiot Culture: Reflections of Post-Watergate Journalism," The New Republic, June 1992,22; Bert Briller, "The Tao of Tabloid Television," Television Quarterly 26 (spring 1993): 51-61; Mary E. Brown, "Soap Opera and Women's Culture: Politics and the Popular," in Doing Research on Women's Communication: Perspectives on Theory and Method, ed. K. Carter and C. Spitzack (Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1989), 161-90; Susan Chira, "Hillary Clinton Seeks Balance In News Coverage of Violence," New York Times, 5 March 1994, p. 26; Michael E. Cremedas and Fiona Chew, "The Influence of Tabloid Style TV News on Viewers Recall, Interest and Perception of Importance" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Atlanta, 1994); Howard Kurtz, "Murder! Mayhem! Ratings! Tabloid Sensationalism Is Thriving on TV News," Washington Post, 4 July 1993, sec. A, p. 1; Reibstein, "Cheap Thrills"; H. Rosenberg, "Hard Copy-By Any Other Name It's Still Tabloid," Los Angeles Times, 27 September 1989, pp. 1,5, Part Vi; Susan Ruel, "Body Bag Journalism: Crime Coverage By the U.S. Media" (paper presented at the International Conference on Violence in the Media, New York, NY, 1994); H. Walters, "Trash TV: the Industry's Shack Artists Are All Over the Dial," Newsweek, 14 November 1988,72-76; P. Weiss, "Bad Rap For TV Tabs," Columbia Journalism Review, May-June 1989,38-42; Richard Zoglin, "Easing the Sleaze," Time, 6 December 1993, 74.
8. Carl Bernstein, "The Idiot Culture: Reflections of Post-Watergate Journalism," The New Republic, June 1992,22; Bert Briller, "The Tao of Tabloid Television," Television Quarterly 26 (spring 1993): 51-61; Mary E. Brown, "Soap Opera and Women's Culture: Politics and the Popular," in Doing Research on Women's Communication: Perspectives on Theory and Method, ed. K. Carter and C. Spitzack (Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1989), 161-90; Susan Chira, "Hillary Clinton Seeks Balance In News Coverage of Violence," New York Times, 5 March 1994, p. 26; Michael E. Cremedas and Fiona Chew, "The Influence of Tabloid Style TV News on Viewers Recall, Interest and Perception of Importance" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Atlanta, 1994); Howard Kurtz, "Murder! Mayhem! Ratings! Tabloid Sensationalism Is Thriving on TV News," Washington Post, 4 July 1993, sec. A, p. 1; Reibstein, "Cheap Thrills"; H. Rosenberg, "Hard Copy-By Any Other Name It's Still Tabloid," Los Angeles Times, 27 September 1989, pp. 1,5, Part Vi; Susan Ruel, "Body Bag Journalism: Crime Coverage By the U.S. Media" (paper presented at the International Conference on Violence in the Media, New York, NY, 1994); H. Walters, "Trash TV: the Industry's Shack Artists Are All Over the Dial," Newsweek, 14 November 1988,72-76; P. Weiss, "Bad Rap For TV Tabs," Columbia Journalism Review, May-June 1989,38-42; Richard Zoglin, "Easing the Sleaze," Time, 6 December 1993, 74.
9. Carl Bernstein, "The Idiot Culture: Reflections of Post-Watergate Journalism," The New Republic, June 1992,22; Bert Briller, "The Tao of Tabloid Television," Television Quarterly 26 (spring 1993): 51-61; Mary E. Brown, "Soap Opera and Women's Culture: Politics and the Popular," in Doing Research on Women's Communication: Perspectives on Theory and Method, ed. K. Carter and C. Spitzack (Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1989), 161-90; Susan Chira, "Hillary Clinton Seeks Balance In News Coverage of Violence," New York Times, 5 March 1994, p. 26; Michael E. Cremedas and Fiona Chew, "The Influence of Tabloid Style TV News on Viewers Recall, Interest and Perception of Importance" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Atlanta, 1994); Howard Kurtz, "Murder! Mayhem! Ratings! Tabloid Sensationalism Is Thriving on TV News," Washington Post, 4 July 1993, sec. A, p. 1; Reibstein, "Cheap Thrills"; H. Rosenberg, "Hard Copy-By Any Other Name It's Still Tabloid," Los Angeles Times, 27 September 1989, pp. 1,5, Part Vi; Susan Ruel, "Body Bag Journalism: Crime Coverage By the U.S. Media" (paper presented at the International Conference on Violence in the Media, New York, NY, 1994); H. Walters, "Trash TV: the Industry's Shack Artists Are All Over the Dial," Newsweek, 14 November 1988,72-76; P. Weiss, "Bad Rap For TV Tabs," Columbia Journalism Review, May-June 1989,38-42; Richard Zoglin, "Easing the Sleaze," Time, 6 December 1993, 74.
10. Carl Bernstein, "The Idiot Culture: Reflections of Post-Watergate Journalism," The New Republic, June 1992,22; Bert Briller, "The Tao of Tabloid Television," Television Quarterly 26 (spring 1993): 51-61; Mary E. Brown, "Soap Opera and Women's Culture: Politics and the Popular," in Doing Research on Women's Communication: Perspectives on Theory and Method, ed. K. Carter and C. Spitzack (Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1989), 161-90; Susan Chira, "Hillary Clinton Seeks Balance In News Coverage of Violence," New York Times, 5 March 1994, p. 26; Michael E. Cremedas and Fiona Chew, "The Influence of Tabloid Style TV News on Viewers Recall, Interest and Perception of Importance" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Atlanta, 1994); Howard Kurtz, "Murder! Mayhem! Ratings! Tabloid Sensationalism Is Thriving on TV News," Washington Post, 4 July 1993, sec. A, p. 1; Reibstein, "Cheap Thrills"; H. Rosenberg, "Hard Copy-By Any Other Name It's Still Tabloid," Los Angeles Times, 27 September 1989, pp. 1,5, Part Vi; Susan Ruel, "Body Bag Journalism: Crime Coverage By the U.S. Media" (paper presented at the International Conference on Violence in the Media, New York, NY, 1994); H. Walters, "Trash TV: the Industry's Shack Artists Are All Over the Dial," Newsweek, 14 November 1988,72-76; P. Weiss, "Bad Rap For TV Tabs," Columbia Journalism Review, May-June 1989,38-42; Richard Zoglin, "Easing the Sleaze," Time, 6 December 1993, 74.
11. Carl Bernstein, "The Idiot Culture: Reflections of Post-Watergate Journalism," The New Republic, June 1992,22; Bert Briller, "The Tao of Tabloid Television," Television Quarterly 26 (spring 1993): 51-61; Mary E. Brown, "Soap Opera and Women's Culture: Politics and the Popular," in Doing Research on Women's Communication: Perspectives on Theory and Method, ed. K. Carter and C. Spitzack (Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1989), 161-90; Susan Chira, "Hillary Clinton Seeks Balance In News Coverage of Violence," New York Times, 5 March 1994, p. 26; Michael E. Cremedas and Fiona Chew, "The Influence of Tabloid Style TV News on Viewers Recall, Interest and Perception of Importance" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Atlanta, 1994); Howard Kurtz, "Murder! Mayhem! Ratings! Tabloid Sensationalism Is Thriving on TV News," Washington Post, 4 July 1993, sec. A, p. 1; Reibstein, "Cheap Thrills"; H. Rosenberg, "Hard Copy-By Any Other Name It's Still Tabloid," Los Angeles Times, 27 September 1989, pp. 1,5, Part Vi; Susan Ruel, "Body Bag Journalism: Crime Coverage By the U.S. Media" (paper presented at the International Conference on Violence in the Media, New York, NY, 1994); H. Walters, "Trash TV: the Industry's Shack Artists Are All Over the Dial," Newsweek, 14 November 1988,72-76; P. Weiss, "Bad Rap For TV Tabs," Columbia Journalism Review, May-June 1989,38-42; Richard Zoglin, "Easing the Sleaze," Time, 6 December 1993, 74.
12. Carl Bernstein, "The Idiot Culture: Reflections of Post-Watergate Journalism," The New Republic, June 1992,22; Bert Briller, "The Tao of Tabloid Television," Television Quarterly 26 (spring 1993): 51-61; Mary E. Brown, "Soap Opera and Women's Culture: Politics and the Popular," in Doing Research on Women's Communication: Perspectives on Theory and Method, ed. K. Carter and C. Spitzack (Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1989), 161-90; Susan Chira, "Hillary Clinton Seeks Balance In News Coverage of Violence," New York Times, 5 March 1994, p. 26; Michael E. Cremedas and Fiona Chew, "The Influence of Tabloid Style TV News on Viewers Recall, Interest and Perception of Importance" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Atlanta, 1994); Howard Kurtz, "Murder! Mayhem! Ratings! Tabloid Sensationalism Is Thriving on TV News," Washington Post, 4 July 1993, sec. A, p. 1; Reibstein, "Cheap Thrills"; H. Rosenberg, "Hard Copy-By Any Other Name It's Still Tabloid," Los Angeles Times, 27 September 1989, pp. 1,5, Part Vi; Susan Ruel, "Body Bag Journalism: Crime Coverage By the U.S. Media" (paper presented at the International Conference on Violence in the Media, New York, NY, 1994); H. Walters, "Trash TV: the Industry's Shack Artists Are All Over the Dial," Newsweek, 14 November 1988,72-76; P. Weiss, "Bad Rap For TV Tabs," Columbia Journalism Review, May-June 1989,38-42; Richard Zoglin, "Easing the Sleaze," Time, 6 December 1993, 74.
13. Carl Bernstein, "The Idiot Culture: Reflections of Post-Watergate Journalism," The New Republic, June 1992,22; Bert Briller, "The Tao of Tabloid Television," Television Quarterly 26 (spring 1993): 51-61; Mary E. Brown, "Soap Opera and Women's Culture: Politics and the Popular," in Doing Research on Women's Communication: Perspectives on Theory and Method, ed. K. Carter and C. Spitzack (Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1989), 161-90; Susan Chira, "Hillary Clinton Seeks Balance In News Coverage of Violence," New York Times, 5 March 1994, p. 26; Michael E. Cremedas and Fiona Chew, "The Influence of Tabloid Style TV News on Viewers Recall, Interest and Perception of Importance" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Atlanta, 1994); Howard Kurtz, "Murder! Mayhem! Ratings! Tabloid Sensationalism Is Thriving on TV News," Washington Post, 4 July 1993, sec. A, p. 1; Reibstein, "Cheap Thrills"; H. Rosenberg, "Hard Copy-By Any Other Name It's Still Tabloid," Los Angeles Times, 27 September 1989, pp. 1,5, Part Vi; Susan Ruel, "Body Bag Journalism: Crime Coverage By the U.S. Media" (paper presented at the International Conference on Violence in the Media, New York, NY, 1994); H. Walters, "Trash TV: the Industry's Shack Artists Are All Over the Dial," Newsweek, 14 November 1988,72-76; P. Weiss, "Bad Rap For TV Tabs," Columbia Journalism Review, May-June 1989,38-42; Richard Zoglin, "Easing the Sleaze," Time, 6 December 1993, 74.
14. Carl Bernstein, "The Idiot Culture: Reflections of Post-Watergate Journalism," The New Republic, June 1992,22; Bert Briller, "The Tao of Tabloid Television," Television Quarterly 26 (spring 1993): 51-61; Mary E. Brown, "Soap Opera and Women's Culture: Politics and the Popular," in Doing Research on Women's Communication: Perspectives on Theory and Method, ed. K. Carter and C. Spitzack (Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1989), 161-90; Susan Chira, "Hillary Clinton Seeks Balance In News Coverage of Violence," New York Times, 5 March 1994, p. 26; Michael E. Cremedas and Fiona Chew, "The Influence of Tabloid Style TV News on Viewers Recall, Interest and Perception of Importance" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Atlanta, 1994); Howard Kurtz, "Murder! Mayhem! Ratings! Tabloid Sensationalism Is Thriving on TV News," Washington Post, 4 July 1993, sec. A, p. 1; Reibstein, "Cheap Thrills"; H. Rosenberg, "Hard Copy-By Any Other Name It's Still Tabloid," Los Angeles Times, 27 September 1989, pp. 1,5, Part Vi; Susan Ruel, "Body Bag Journalism: Crime Coverage By the U.S. Media" (paper presented at the International Conference on Violence in the Media, New York, NY, 1994); H. Walters, "Trash TV: the Industry's Shack Artists Are All Over the Dial," Newsweek, 14 November 1988,72-76; P. Weiss, "Bad Rap For TV Tabs," Columbia Journalism Review, May-June 1989,38-42; Richard Zoglin, "Easing the Sleaze," Time, 6 December 1993, 74.
15. Carl Bernstein, "The Idiot Culture: Reflections of Post-Watergate Journalism," The New Republic, June 1992,22; Bert Briller, "The Tao of Tabloid Television," Television Quarterly 26 (spring 1993): 51-61; Mary E. Brown, "Soap Opera and Women's Culture: Politics and the Popular," in Doing Research on Women's Communication: Perspectives on Theory and Method, ed. K. Carter and C. Spitzack (Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1989), 161-90; Susan Chira, "Hillary Clinton Seeks Balance In News Coverage of Violence," New York Times, 5 March 1994, p. 26; Michael E. Cremedas and Fiona Chew, "The Influence of Tabloid Style TV News on Viewers Recall, Interest and Perception of Importance" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Atlanta, 1994); Howard Kurtz, "Murder! Mayhem! Ratings! Tabloid Sensationalism Is Thriving on TV News," Washington Post, 4 July 1993, sec. A, p. 1; Reibstein, "Cheap Thrills"; H. Rosenberg, "Hard Copy-By Any Other Name It's Still Tabloid," Los Angeles Times, 27 September 1989, pp. 1,5, Part Vi; Susan Ruel, "Body Bag Journalism: Crime Coverage By the U.S. Media" (paper presented at the International Conference on Violence in the Media, New York, NY, 1994); H. Walters, "Trash TV: the Industry's Shack Artists Are All Over the Dial," Newsweek, 14 November 1988,72-76; P. Weiss, "Bad Rap For TV Tabs," Columbia Journalism Review, May-June 1989,38-42; Richard Zoglin, "Easing the Sleaze," Time, 6 December 1993, 74.
16. Simon Bessie, Jazz Journalism: The Story of the Tabloid Newspapers (NY: E. P. Button, 1938); Bird, For Inquiring Minds; John D. Stevens, "Social Utility of Sensational News: Murder and Divorce in the 1920's," Journalism Quarterly 62 (spring 1985): 53-58.
17. Simon Bessie, Jazz Journalism: The Story of the Tabloid Newspapers (NY: E. P. Button, 1938); Bird, For Inquiring Minds; John D. Stevens, "Social Utility of Sensational News: Murder and Divorce in the 1920's," Journalism Quarterly 62 (spring 1985): 53-58.
18. Simon Bessie, Jazz Journalism: The Story of the Tabloid Newspapers (NY: E. P. Button, 1938); Bird, For Inquiring Minds; John D. Stevens, "Social Utility of Sensational News: Murder and Divorce in the 1920's," Journalism Quarterly 62 (spring 1985): 53-58.
19. Bessie, Jazz Journalism, 213.
20. Bessie, Jazz Journalism; Elizabeth S. Bird, "Storytelling on the Far Side: Journalism and the Weekly Tabloid," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 7 (December 1990): 377-89; Bird, For Inquiring Minds; Elizabeth S. Bird and Robert W. Dardenne, "Myth, Chronicle, and Story: Exploring the Narrative Qualities of News," in Media, Myths, and Narratives, ed. James W. Carey (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1988), 67-87; John Fiske, "Popularity and the Politics of Information," in Journalism and Popular Culture, ed. P. Dahlgren and C. Sparks (London: Sage, 1992), 45-63; Graham Knight, "Reality Effects: Tabloid Television News," Queen's Quarterly 96 (spring 1989): 94-108.
21. Bessie, Jazz Journalism; Elizabeth S. Bird, "Storytelling on the Far Side: Journalism and the Weekly Tabloid," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 7 (December 1990): 377-89; Bird, For Inquiring Minds; Elizabeth S. Bird and Robert W. Dardenne, "Myth, Chronicle, and Story: Exploring the Narrative Qualities of News," in Media, Myths, and Narratives, ed. James W. Carey (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1988), 67-87; John Fiske, "Popularity and the Politics of Information," in Journalism and Popular Culture, ed. P. Dahlgren and C. Sparks (London: Sage, 1992), 45-63; Graham Knight, "Reality Effects: Tabloid Television News," Queen's Quarterly 96 (spring 1989): 94-108.
22. Bessie, Jazz Journalism; Elizabeth S. Bird, "Storytelling on the Far Side: Journalism and the Weekly Tabloid," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 7 (December 1990): 377-89; Bird, For Inquiring Minds; Elizabeth S. Bird and Robert W. Dardenne, "Myth, Chronicle, and Story: Exploring the Narrative Qualities of News," in Media, Myths, and Narratives, ed. James W. Carey (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1988), 67-87; John Fiske, "Popularity and the Politics of Information," in Journalism and Popular Culture, ed. P. Dahlgren and C. Sparks (London: Sage, 1992), 45-63; Graham Knight, "Reality Effects: Tabloid Television News," Queen's Quarterly 96 (spring 1989): 94-108.
23. Bessie, Jazz Journalism; Elizabeth S. Bird, "Storytelling on the Far Side: Journalism and the Weekly Tabloid," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 7 (December 1990): 377-89; Bird, For Inquiring Minds; Elizabeth S. Bird and Robert W. Dardenne, "Myth, Chronicle, and Story: Exploring the Narrative Qualities of News," in Media, Myths, and Narratives, ed. James W. Carey (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1988), 67-87; John Fiske, "Popularity and the Politics of Information," in Journalism and Popular Culture, ed. P. Dahlgren and C. Sparks (London: Sage, 1992), 45-63; Graham Knight, "Reality Effects: Tabloid Television News," Queen's Quarterly 96 (spring 1989): 94-108.
24. Bessie, Jazz Journalism; Elizabeth S. Bird, "Storytelling on the Far Side: Journalism and the Weekly Tabloid," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 7 (December 1990): 377-89; Bird, For Inquiring Minds; Elizabeth S. Bird and Robert W. Dardenne, "Myth, Chronicle, and Story: Exploring the Narrative Qualities of News," in Media, Myths, and Narratives, ed. James W. Carey (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1988), 67-87; John Fiske, "Popularity and the Politics of Information," in Journalism and Popular Culture, ed. P. Dahlgren and C. Sparks (London: Sage, 1992), 45-63; Graham Knight, "Reality Effects: Tabloid Television News," Queen's Quarterly 96 (spring 1989): 94-108.
25. Bessie, Jazz Journalism; Elizabeth S. Bird, "Storytelling on the Far Side: Journalism and the Weekly Tabloid," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 7 (December 1990): 377-89; Bird, For Inquiring Minds; Elizabeth S. Bird and Robert W. Dardenne, "Myth, Chronicle, and Story: Exploring the Narrative Qualities of News," in Media, Myths, and Narratives, ed. James W. Carey (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1988), 67-87; John Fiske, "Popularity and the Politics of Information," in Journalism and Popular Culture, ed. P. Dahlgren and C. Sparks (London: Sage, 1992), 45-63; Graham Knight, "Reality Effects: Tabloid Television News," Queen's Quarterly 96 (spring 1989): 94-108.
26. Dwight Dewerth-Pallmeyer and Paul Hirsch, "TV News Magazines Vs. the New Tabloids: Getting Past Content - An Organizational Approach" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Atlanta, 1994); see also Richard V. Ericson, "Mass Media, Crime, Law and Justice," The British Journal of Criminology 31 (summer 1991): 219-49. Yet, Stevens, "Social Utility of Sensational News," argues that traditional news emphasizes crime to at least the same extent as tabloid journalism.
27. Dwight Dewerth-Pallmeyer and Paul Hirsch, "TV News Magazines Vs. the New Tabloids: Getting Past Content - An Organizational Approach" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Atlanta, 1994); see also Richard V. Ericson, "Mass Media, Crime, Law and Justice," The British Journal of Criminology 31 (summer 1991): 219-49. Yet, Stevens, "Social Utility of Sensational News," argues that traditional news emphasizes crime to at least the same extent as tabloid journalism.
28. Dwight Dewerth-Pallmeyer and Paul Hirsch, "TV News Magazines Vs. the New Tabloids: Getting Past Content - An Organizational Approach" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Atlanta, 1994); see also Richard V. Ericson, "Mass Media, Crime, Law and Justice," The British Journal of Criminology 31 (summer 1991): 219-49. Yet, Stevens, "Social Utility of Sensational News," argues that traditional news emphasizes crime to at least the same extent as tabloid journalism.
29. Ruel, "Body Bag Journalism."
30. Dewerth-Pallmeyer and Hirsch, "TV News Magazines Vs. the New Tabloids"; Fiske, "Popularity and the Politics of Information"; J. D. Halloran, Mass Media and Society. The Challenge of Research (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1974); J. Mersey, "The Legend on the License," Yale Review 70 (1981): 1-25; Klaus B. Jensen, Making Sense of the News: Toward A Theory and Empirical Model For the Study of Mass Communication (Arhus, Denmark: Ar bus University Press, 1986); Denise Kervin, "Reality According To Television News: Pictures From El Salvador," Wide Angle 7 (spring 1985): 61-70; Ruel, "Body Bag Journalism."
31. Dewerth-Pallmeyer and Hirsch, "TV News Magazines Vs. the New Tabloids"; Fiske, "Popularity and the Politics of Information"; J. D. Halloran, Mass Media and Society. The Challenge of Research (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1974); J. Mersey, "The Legend on the License," Yale Review 70 (1981): 1-25; Klaus B. Jensen, Making Sense of the News: Toward A Theory and Empirical Model For the Study of Mass Communication (Arhus, Denmark: Ar bus University Press, 1986); Denise Kervin, "Reality According To Television News: Pictures From El Salvador," Wide Angle 7 (spring 1985): 61-70; Ruel, "Body Bag Journalism."
32. Dewerth-Pallmeyer and Hirsch, "TV News Magazines Vs. the New Tabloids"; Fiske, "Popularity and the Politics of Information"; J. D. Halloran, Mass Media and Society. The Challenge of Research (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1974); J. Mersey, "The Legend on the License," Yale Review 70 (1981): 1-25; Klaus B. Jensen, Making Sense of the News: Toward A Theory and Empirical Model For the Study of Mass Communication (Arhus, Denmark: Ar bus University Press, 1986); Denise Kervin, "Reality According To Television News: Pictures From El Salvador," Wide Angle 7 (spring 1985): 61-70; Ruel, "Body Bag Journalism."
33. Dewerth-Pallmeyer and Hirsch, "TV News Magazines Vs. the New Tabloids"; Fiske, "Popularity and the Politics of Information"; J. D. Halloran, Mass Media and Society. The Challenge of Research (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1974); J. Mersey, "The Legend on the License," Yale Review 70 (1981): 1-25; Klaus B. Jensen, Making Sense of the News: Toward A Theory and Empirical Model For the Study of Mass Communication (Arhus, Denmark: Ar bus University Press, 1986); Denise Kervin, "Reality According To Television News: Pictures From El Salvador," Wide Angle 7 (spring 1985): 61-70; Ruel, "Body Bag Journalism."
34. Dewerth-Pallmeyer and Hirsch, "TV News Magazines Vs. the New Tabloids"; Fiske, "Popularity and the Politics of Information"; J. D. Halloran, Mass Media and Society. The Challenge of Research (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1974); J. Mersey, "The Legend on the License," Yale Review 70 (1981): 1-25; Klaus B. Jensen, Making Sense of the News: Toward A Theory and Empirical Model For the Study of Mass Communication (Arhus, Denmark: Ar bus University Press, 1986); Denise Kervin, "Reality According To Television News: Pictures From El Salvador," Wide Angle 7 (spring 1985): 61-70; Ruel, "Body Bag Journalism."
35. Dewerth-Pallmeyer and Hirsch, "TV News Magazines Vs. the New Tabloids"; Fiske, "Popularity and the Politics of Information"; J. D. Halloran, Mass Media and Society. The Challenge of Research (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1974); J. Mersey, "The Legend on the License," Yale Review 70 (1981): 1-25; Klaus B. Jensen, Making Sense of the News: Toward A Theory and Empirical Model For the Study of Mass Communication (Arhus, Denmark: Ar bus University Press, 1986); Denise Kervin, "Reality According To Television News: Pictures From El Salvador," Wide Angle 7 (spring 1985): 61-70; Ruel, "Body Bag Journalism."
36. Dewerth-Pallmeyer and Hirsch, "TV News Magazines Vs. the New Tabloids"; Fiske, "Popularity and the Politics of Information"; J. D. Halloran, Mass Media and Society. The Challenge of Research (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1974); J. Mersey, "The Legend on the License," Yale Review 70 (1981): 1-25; Klaus B. Jensen, Making Sense of the News: Toward A Theory and Empirical Model For the Study of Mass Communication (Arhus, Denmark: Ar bus University Press, 1986); Denise Kervin, "Reality According To Television News: Pictures From El Salvador," Wide Angle 7 (spring 1985): 61-70; Ruel, "Body Bag Journalism."
37. Bird, "Storytelling on the Far Side"; Bird, For Inquiring Minds; Bird and Dardenne, "Myth, Chronicle, and Story"; Steve Chibnall, "The Production of Knowledge By Crime Reporters," in The Manufacture of News, ed. Stanley Cohen and Jock Young (London: Constable, 1981), 75-97; Dan Schiller, Objectivity: The Public and the Rise of Commercial Journalism (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981); Michael Schudson, Discovering News: A Social History of American Newspapers (NY: Basic Books, 1978); Michael Schudson, "The Politics of Narrative Form: The Emergence of News Conventions in Print and Television," Daedalus 111 (fall 1982): 97-112; Gaye Tuchman, Making News: A Study in the Construction of Reality (NY: Free Press, 1978). See also E. Efron, The News Twisters (LA: Nash Publishing, 1971), who cites Bill Moyers as saying that objectivity is the most profound of all myths about journalism. David Brinkley has said that objectivity is not humanly possible because it reduces the journalist to a vegetable.
38. Bird, "Storytelling on the Far Side"; Bird, For Inquiring Minds; Bird and Dardenne, "Myth, Chronicle, and Story"; Steve Chibnall, "The Production of Knowledge By Crime Reporters," in The Manufacture of News, ed. Stanley Cohen and Jock Young (London: Constable, 1981), 75-97; Dan Schiller, Objectivity: The Public and the Rise of Commercial Journalism (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981); Michael Schudson, Discovering News: A Social History of American Newspapers (NY: Basic Books, 1978); Michael Schudson, "The Politics of Narrative Form: The Emergence of News Conventions in Print and Television," Daedalus 111 (fall 1982): 97-112; Gaye Tuchman, Making News: A Study in the Construction of Reality (NY: Free Press, 1978). See also E. Efron, The News Twisters (LA: Nash Publishing, 1971), who cites Bill Moyers as saying that objectivity is the most profound of all myths about journalism. David Brinkley has said that objectivity is not humanly possible because it reduces the journalist to a vegetable.
39. Bird, "Storytelling on the Far Side"; Bird, For Inquiring Minds; Bird and Dardenne, "Myth, Chronicle, and Story"; Steve Chibnall, "The Production of Knowledge By Crime Reporters," in The Manufacture of News, ed. Stanley Cohen and Jock Young (London: Constable, 1981), 75-97; Dan Schiller, Objectivity: The Public and the Rise of Commercial Journalism (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981); Michael Schudson, Discovering News: A Social History of American Newspapers (NY: Basic Books, 1978); Michael Schudson, "The Politics of Narrative Form: The Emergence of News Conventions in Print and Television," Daedalus 111 (fall 1982): 97-112; Gaye Tuchman, Making News: A Study in the Construction of Reality (NY: Free Press, 1978). See also E. Efron, The News Twisters (LA: Nash Publishing, 1971), who cites Bill Moyers as saying that objectivity is the most profound of all myths about journalism. David Brinkley has said that objectivity is not humanly possible because it reduces the journalist to a vegetable.
40. Bird, "Storytelling on the Far Side"; Bird, For Inquiring Minds; Bird and Dardenne, "Myth, Chronicle, and Story"; Steve Chibnall, "The Production of Knowledge By Crime Reporters," in The Manufacture of News, ed. Stanley Cohen and Jock Young (London: Constable, 1981), 75-97; Dan Schiller, Objectivity: The Public and the Rise of Commercial Journalism (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981); Michael Schudson, Discovering News: A Social History of American Newspapers (NY: Basic Books, 1978); Michael Schudson, "The Politics of Narrative Form: The Emergence of News Conventions in Print and Television," Daedalus 111 (fall 1982): 97-112; Gaye Tuchman, Making News: A Study in the Construction of Reality (NY: Free Press, 1978). See also E. Efron, The News Twisters (LA: Nash Publishing, 1971), who cites Bill Moyers as saying that objectivity is the most profound of all myths about journalism. David Brinkley has said that objectivity is not humanly possible because it reduces the journalist to a vegetable.
41. Bird, "Storytelling on the Far Side"; Bird, For Inquiring Minds; Bird and Dardenne, "Myth, Chronicle, and Story"; Steve Chibnall, "The Production of Knowledge By Crime Reporters," in The Manufacture of News, ed. Stanley Cohen and Jock Young (London: Constable, 1981), 75-97; Dan Schiller, Objectivity: The Public and the Rise of Commercial Journalism (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981); Michael Schudson, Discovering News: A Social History of American Newspapers (NY: Basic Books, 1978); Michael Schudson, "The Politics of Narrative Form: The Emergence of News Conventions in Print and Television," Daedalus 111 (fall 1982): 97-112; Gaye Tuchman, Making News: A Study in the Construction of Reality (NY: Free Press, 1978). See also E. Efron, The News Twisters (LA: Nash Publishing, 1971), who cites Bill Moyers as saying that objectivity is the most profound of all myths about journalism. David Brinkley has said that objectivity is not humanly possible because it reduces the journalist to a vegetable.
42. Bird, "Storytelling on the Far Side"; Bird, For Inquiring Minds; Bird and Dardenne, "Myth, Chronicle, and Story"; Steve Chibnall, "The Production of Knowledge By Crime Reporters," in The Manufacture of News, ed. Stanley Cohen and Jock Young (London: Constable, 1981), 75-97; Dan Schiller, Objectivity: The Public and the Rise of Commercial Journalism (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981); Michael Schudson, Discovering News: A Social History of American Newspapers (NY: Basic Books, 1978); Michael Schudson, "The Politics of Narrative Form: The Emergence of News Conventions in Print and Television," Daedalus 111 (fall 1982): 97-112; Gaye Tuchman, Making News: A Study in the Construction of Reality (NY: Free Press, 1978). See also E. Efron, The News Twisters (LA: Nash Publishing, 1971), who cites Bill Moyers as saying that objectivity is the most profound of all myths about journalism. David Brinkley has said that objectivity is not humanly possible because it reduces the journalist to a vegetable.
43. Bird, "Storytelling on the Far Side"; Bird, For Inquiring Minds; Bird and Dardenne, "Myth, Chronicle, and Story"; Steve Chibnall, "The Production of Knowledge By Crime Reporters," in The Manufacture of News, ed. Stanley Cohen and Jock Young (London: Constable, 1981), 75-97; Dan Schiller, Objectivity: The Public and the Rise of Commercial Journalism (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981); Michael Schudson, Discovering News: A Social History of American Newspapers (NY: Basic Books, 1978); Michael Schudson, "The Politics of Narrative Form: The Emergence of News Conventions in Print and Television," Daedalus 111 (fall 1982): 97-112; Gaye Tuchman, Making News: A Study in the Construction of Reality (NY: Free Press, 1978). See also E. Efron, The News Twisters (LA: Nash Publishing, 1971), who cites Bill Moyers as saying that objectivity is the most profound of all myths about journalism. David Brinkley has said that objectivity is not humanly possible because it reduces the journalist to a vegetable.
44. Bird, "Storytelling on the Far Side"; Bird, For Inquiring Minds; Bird and Dardenne, "Myth, Chronicle, and Story"; Steve Chibnall, "The Production of Knowledge By Crime Reporters," in The Manufacture of News, ed. Stanley Cohen and Jock Young (London: Constable, 1981), 75-97; Dan Schiller, Objectivity: The Public and the Rise of Commercial Journalism (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981); Michael Schudson, Discovering News: A Social History of American Newspapers (NY: Basic Books, 1978); Michael Schudson, "The Politics of Narrative Form: The Emergence of News Conventions in Print and Television," Daedalus 111 (fall 1982): 97-112; Gaye Tuchman, Making News: A Study in the Construction of Reality (NY: Free Press, 1978). See also E. Efron, The News Twisters (LA: Nash Publishing, 1971), who cites Bill Moyers as saying that objectivity is the most profound of all myths about journalism. David Brinkley has said that objectivity is not humanly possible because it reduces the journalist to a vegetable.
45. Bird, "Storytelling on the Far Side"; Bird, For Inquiring Minds; Bird and Dardenne, "Myth, Chronicle, and Story"; Steve Chibnall, "The Production of Knowledge By Crime Reporters," in The Manufacture of News, ed. Stanley Cohen and Jock Young (London: Constable, 1981), 75-97; Dan Schiller, Objectivity: The Public and the Rise of Commercial Journalism (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981); Michael Schudson, Discovering News: A Social History of American Newspapers (NY: Basic Books, 1978); Michael Schudson, "The Politics of Narrative Form: The Emergence of News Conventions in Print and Television," Daedalus 111 (fall 1982): 97-112; Gaye Tuchman, Making News: A Study in the Construction of Reality (NY: Free Press, 1978). See also E. Efron, The News Twisters (LA: Nash Publishing, 1971), who cites Bill Moyers as saying that objectivity is the most profound of all myths about journalism. David Brinkley has said that objectivity is not humanly possible because it reduces the journalist to a vegetable.
46. Chibnall, "The Production of Knowledge By Crime Reporters."
47. Bird, "Storytelling on the Far Side"; Bird, For Inquiring Minds; Bird and Dardenne, "Myth, Chronicle, and Story"; Doris Graber, Processing the News: How People Tame the Information Tide (NY: Longman, 1984); Stuart Hall, "The Narrative Construction of Reality: An Interview With Stuart Hall," Southern Review 17 (spring 1984): 3-17; Susan J. LaBaschin, "The Ritual of Newswatching: Why More News Is Not Better," Etc. 43 (spring 1986): 27-32; Albert Bates Lord, The Singer of Tales (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971).
48. Bird, "Storytelling on the Far Side"; Bird, For Inquiring Minds; Bird and Dardenne, "Myth, Chronicle, and Story"; Doris Graber, Processing the News: How People Tame the Information Tide (NY: Longman, 1984); Stuart Hall, "The Narrative Construction of Reality: An Interview With Stuart Hall," Southern Review 17 (spring 1984): 3-17; Susan J. LaBaschin, "The Ritual of Newswatching: Why More News Is Not Better," Etc. 43 (spring 1986): 27-32; Albert Bates Lord, The Singer of Tales (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971).
49. Bird, "Storytelling on the Far Side"; Bird, For Inquiring Minds; Bird and Dardenne, "Myth, Chronicle, and Story"; Doris Graber, Processing the News: How People Tame the Information Tide (NY: Longman, 1984); Stuart Hall, "The Narrative Construction of Reality: An Interview With Stuart Hall," Southern Review 17 (spring 1984): 3-17; Susan J. LaBaschin, "The Ritual of Newswatching: Why More News Is Not Better," Etc. 43 (spring 1986): 27-32; Albert Bates Lord, The Singer of Tales (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971).
50. Bird, "Storytelling on the Far Side"; Bird, For Inquiring Minds; Bird and Dardenne, "Myth, Chronicle, and Story"; Doris Graber, Processing the News: How People Tame the Information Tide (NY: Longman, 1984); Stuart Hall, "The Narrative Construction of Reality: An Interview With Stuart Hall," Southern Review 17 (spring 1984): 3-17; Susan J. LaBaschin, "The Ritual of Newswatching: Why More News Is Not Better," Etc. 43 (spring 1986): 27-32; Albert Bates Lord, The Singer of Tales (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971).
51. Bird, "Storytelling on the Far Side"; Bird, For Inquiring Minds; Bird and Dardenne, "Myth, Chronicle, and Story"; Doris Graber, Processing the News: How People Tame the Information Tide (NY: Longman, 1984); Stuart Hall, "The Narrative Construction of Reality: An Interview With Stuart Hall," Southern Review 17 (spring 1984): 3-17; Susan J. LaBaschin, "The Ritual of Newswatching: Why More News Is Not Better," Etc. 43 (spring 1986): 27-32; Albert Bates Lord, The Singer of Tales (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971).
52. Bird, "Storytelling on the Far Side"; Bird, For Inquiring Minds; Bird and Dardenne, "Myth, Chronicle, and Story"; Doris Graber, Processing the News: How People Tame the Information Tide (NY: Longman, 1984); Stuart Hall, "The Narrative Construction of Reality: An Interview With Stuart Hall," Southern Review 17 (spring 1984): 3-17; Susan J. LaBaschin, "The Ritual of Newswatching: Why More News Is Not Better," Etc. 43 (spring 1986): 27-32; Albert Bates Lord, The Singer of Tales (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971).
53. Bird, "Storytelling on the Far Side"; Bird, For Inquiring Minds; Bird and Dardenne, "Myth, Chronicle, and Story"; Doris Graber, Processing the News: How People Tame the Information Tide (NY: Longman, 1984); Stuart Hall, "The Narrative Construction of Reality: An Interview With Stuart Hall," Southern Review 17 (spring 1984): 3-17; Susan J. LaBaschin, "The Ritual of Newswatching: Why More News Is Not Better," Etc. 43 (spring 1986): 27-32; Albert Bates Lord, The Singer of Tales (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971).
54. Knight, "Reality Effects," 106.
55. Graber, Processing the News.
56. Bird and Dardenne, "Myth, Chronicle, and Story."
57. Graber, Processing the News; Joan Rayfield, "What Is A Story?" American Anthropologist 74 (1972): 1085-1106; Diamond, The Tin Kazoo.
58. Graber, Processing the News; Joan Rayfield, "What Is A Story?" American Anthropologist 74 (1972): 1085-1106; Diamond, The Tin Kazoo.
59. Graber, Processing the News; Joan Rayfield, "What Is A Story?" American Anthropologist 74 (1972): 1085-1106; Diamond, The Tin Kazoo.
60. Diamond, The Tin Kazoo.
61. Lewis Donahew, "Newswriting Styles: What Arouses the Reader?" Newspaper Research Journal 3 (January 1983): 3-6.
62. LaBaschin, "The Ritual of Newswatching"; see, also, Paul Ricoeur, "The Narrative Function," in Paul Ricoeur: Hermaneutics and the Human Sciences, ed. J. B. Thompson (NY: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 274-96; Robert J. Roshier, "Selection of Crime News By the Press," in The Manufacture of News, ed. Cohen and Young, 28-39; Robert Scholes, Semiotics and Interpretation (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982).
63. LaBaschin, "The Ritual of Newswatching"; see, also, Paul Ricoeur, "The Narrative Function," in Paul Ricoeur: Hermaneutics and the Human Sciences, ed. J. B. Thompson (NY: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 274-96; Robert J. Roshier, "Selection of Crime News By the Press," in The Manufacture of News, ed. Cohen and Young, 28-39; Robert Scholes, Semiotics and Interpretation (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982).
64. LaBaschin, "The Ritual of Newswatching"; see, also, Paul Ricoeur, "The Narrative Function," in Paul Ricoeur: Hermaneutics and the Human Sciences, ed. J. B. Thompson (NY: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 274-96; Robert J. Roshier, "Selection of Crime News By the Press," in The Manufacture of News, ed. Cohen and Young, 28-39; Robert Scholes, Semiotics and Interpretation (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982).
65. LaBaschin, "The Ritual of Newswatching"; see, also, Paul Ricoeur, "The Narrative Function," in Paul Ricoeur: Hermaneutics and the Human Sciences, ed. J. B. Thompson (NY: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 274-96; Robert J. Roshier, "Selection of Crime News By the Press," in The Manufacture of News, ed. Cohen and Young, 28-39; Robert Scholes, Semiotics and Interpretation (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982).
66. Cremedas and Chew, "The Influence of Tabloid" concludes that tabloid style reporting does not significantly influence the recall of story content, nor does it have significant impact on viewer interest and the perception of story importance.
67. Bird and Dardenne, "Myth, Chronicle, and Story."
68. Bird and Dardenne, "Myth, Chronicle, and Story"; Bird, "Storytelling on the Far Side"; Bird, For Inquiring Minds; Graham Knight and Tony Dean, "Myth and the Structure of News," Journal of Communication 32 (spring 1982): 144-61; Knight, "Reality Effects."
69. Bird and Dardenne, "Myth, Chronicle, and Story"; Bird, "Storytelling on the Far Side"; Bird, For Inquiring Minds; Graham Knight and Tony Dean, "Myth and the Structure of News," Journal of Communication 32 (spring 1982): 144-61; Knight, "Reality Effects."
70. Bird and Dardenne, "Myth, Chronicle, and Story"; Bird, "Storytelling on the Far Side"; Bird, For Inquiring Minds; Graham Knight and Tony Dean, "Myth and the Structure of News," Journal of Communication 32 (spring 1982): 144-61; Knight, "Reality Effects."
71. Bird and Dardenne, "Myth, Chronicle, and Story"; Bird, "Storytelling on the Far Side"; Bird, For Inquiring Minds; Graham Knight and Tony Dean, "Myth and the Structure of News," Journal of Communication 32 (spring 1982): 144-61; Knight, "Reality Effects."
72. Bird and Dardenne, "Myth, Chronicle, and Story"; Bird, "Storytelling on the Far Side"; Bird, For Inquiring Minds; Graham Knight and Tony Dean, "Myth and the Structure of News," Journal of Communication 32 (spring 1982): 144-61; Knight, "Reality Effects."
73. Interestingly, according to Simon Barber, "The Boss Don't Like Swindle Make It Robbery," Washington Journalism Review, July-August, 1982, 46-50, the National Inquirer has one of the largest research departments and has been commended by Editor and Publisher as the most accurate paper in the country.
74. Herbert J. Gans, Popular Culture and High Culture: An Analysis and Evaluation of Taste (NY: Basic Books, 1974), traces the historical development of the terms mass, low, and popular culture. Low culture provides the mirror concept of high culture. Mass culture originally referred to the culture of the nonaristrocratic and uneducated. However, as Gans argues, the word mass refers to an undifferentiated collectivity, therefore denying the existence of individual members of that group. The term popular culture can be seen as a less offensive term. However, there are high culture elitists who argue that high culture can also be popular and that the term mass culture best describes the phenomenon of an artifact which exists solely for the purpose of mass consumption. For the purposes of this study the three terms, mass, popular, and low culture will be used interchangeably.
75. See Pierre Bourdieu, Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984), for an indepth investigation of the relationship between class and taste. He argues that through the consumption of specific artifacts, social classes achieve distinction from each other.
76. Gans, Popular Culture and High Culture, 10.
77. Richard Shusterman, Pragmatist Aesthetics: Living Beauty, Rethinking Art (Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1992).
78. Ruel, "Body Bag Journalism," 9.
79. Ruel, "Body Bag Journalism"; see also Ernest Van den Haag, "Of Happiness and of Despair We Have No Measure," in Mass Culture: The Popular Arts in America, ed. Bernard Rosenberg and David M. White (Glencoe, IL: The Free Press, 1957), 531-34.
80. Ruel, "Body Bag Journalism"; see also Ernest Van den Haag, "Of Happiness and of Despair We Have No Measure," in Mass Culture: The Popular Arts in America, ed. Bernard Rosenberg and David M. White (Glencoe, IL: The Free Press, 1957), 531-34.
81. Shusterman, Pragmatist Aesthetics, 187.
82. See Daniel Bell, The End of Ideology (NY: Collier Books, 1961); Jose Ortega Gasset, Revolt of the Masses (NY: W. W. Norton, 1957); Norman Jacobs, Culture For the Millions (Boston: Beacon, 1959); Dwight Macdonald, "A Theory of Mass Culture," in Mass Culture, ed. Rosenberg and White, 59-73; Herbert Read, To Hell With Culture (NY: Schocken Books, 1966); Shusterman, Pragmatist Aesthetics.
83. See Daniel Bell, The End of Ideology (NY: Collier Books, 1961); Jose Ortega Gasset, Revolt of the Masses (NY: W. W. Norton, 1957); Norman Jacobs, Culture For the Millions (Boston: Beacon, 1959); Dwight Macdonald, "A Theory of Mass Culture," in Mass Culture, ed. Rosenberg and White, 59-73; Herbert Read, To Hell With Culture (NY: Schocken Books, 1966); Shusterman, Pragmatist Aesthetics.
84. See Daniel Bell, The End of Ideology (NY: Collier Books, 1961); Jose Ortega Gasset, Revolt of the Masses (NY: W. W. Norton, 1957); Norman Jacobs, Culture For the Millions (Boston: Beacon, 1959); Dwight Macdonald, "A Theory of Mass Culture," in Mass Culture, ed. Rosenberg and White, 59-73; Herbert Read, To Hell With Culture (NY: Schocken Books, 1966); Shusterman, Pragmatist Aesthetics.
85. See Daniel Bell, The End of Ideology (NY: Collier Books, 1961); Jose Ortega Gasset, Revolt of the Masses (NY: W. W. Norton, 1957); Norman Jacobs, Culture For the Millions (Boston: Beacon, 1959); Dwight Macdonald, "A Theory of Mass Culture," in Mass Culture, ed. Rosenberg and White, 59-73; Herbert Read, To Hell With Culture (NY: Schocken Books, 1966); Shusterman, Pragmatist Aesthetics.
86. See Daniel Bell, The End of Ideology (NY: Collier Books, 1961); Jose Ortega Gasset, Revolt of the Masses (NY: W. W. Norton, 1957); Norman Jacobs, Culture For the Millions (Boston: Beacon, 1959); Dwight Macdonald, "A Theory of Mass Culture," in Mass Culture, ed. Rosenberg and White, 59-73; Herbert Read, To Hell With Culture (NY: Schocken Books, 1966); Shusterman, Pragmatist Aesthetics.
87. See Daniel Bell, The End of Ideology (NY: Collier Books, 1961); Jose Ortega Gasset, Revolt of the Masses (NY: W. W. Norton, 1957); Norman Jacobs, Culture For the Millions (Boston: Beacon, 1959); Dwight Macdonald, "A Theory of Mass Culture," in Mass Culture, ed. Rosenberg and White, 59-73; Herbert Read, To Hell With Culture (NY: Schocken Books, 1966); Shusterman, Pragmatist Aesthetics.
88. Gasset, Revolt of the Masses, 1.8.
89. William Kornhauser, The Politics of Mass Society (Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1959).
90. Serge R. Denisoff, "Massification and Popular Music," Journal of Popular Culture 9 (spring 1976): 886-94; Herbert J. Gans, "Popular Culture in America: Social Problem in A Mass Society Or Social Asset in A Pluralist Society?" in Social Problems: A Modern Approach, ed. Howard S. Becker (NY: John Wiley, 1967), 549-620; Norval Glenn, "Massification Versus Differentiation: Some Trend Data From National Surveys," Social Forces 46 (December 1967): 172-80; Paul Hirsch, A Progress Report on An Explanatory Study of Youth Culture and the Popular Music Industry (Ann Arbor, MI: Survey Research Center, Institute For Social Research, University of Michigan, 1971); George H. Lewis, "Cultural Socialization and the Development of Taste Cultures and Culture Classes in American Popular Music: Existing Evidence and Proposed Research Directions," Popular Music and Society 4 (summer 1975): 226-41; George H. Lewis, "Taste Cultures and Culture Classes in Mass Society," International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music 8 (1977): 39-47; George H. Lewis, "Mapping the Fault Lines: The Core Values Trap in Country Music." Popular Music and Society 11 (spring 1985): 7-16; Seymor, M. Lipset, "A Changing American Character," in Culture and Social Character, ed. Seymor M. Lipset and Leo Lowenthal (NY: Free Press, 1961), 136-74; Talcott Parsons and Winston White, "The Mass Media and the Structure of American Society," Journal of Social Issues 16 (1960): 67-77; Richard A. Peterson, "The Production of Cultural Change: The Case of Contemporary Country Music," Social Research 45 (summer 1978): 292-314; Richard A. Peterson, "Class Unconsciousness In Country Music," in You Wrote My Life: Lyrical Themes in Country Music, ed. Melton A. McLaurin and Richard Peterson (Philadelphia: Gordon and Breach, 1992), 35-62; Richard A. Peterson and Paul DiMaggio, "From Region To Class, the Changing Locus of Country Music: A Test of The Massification Hypothesis," Social Forces 53 (March 1975): 497-506; John S. Reed, The Enduring South: Subcultural Persistence in Mass Society (Lexington, MA: Heath, 1972); Michael J. Schneider, "An Empirical Investigation of Media Program Preferences and Tastes" (paper
91. Serge R. Denisoff, "Massification and Popular Music," Journal of Popular Culture 9 (spring 1976): 886-94; Herbert J. Gans, "Popular Culture in America: Social Problem in A Mass Society Or Social Asset in A Pluralist Society?" in Social Problems: A Modern Approach, ed. Howard S. Becker (NY: John Wiley, 1967), 549-620; Norval Glenn, "Massification Versus Differentiation: Some Trend Data From National Surveys," Social Forces 46 (December 1967): 172-80; Paul Hirsch, A Progress Report on An Explanatory Study of Youth Culture and the Popular Music Industry (Ann Arbor, MI: Survey Research Center, Institute For Social Research, University of Michigan, 1971); George H. Lewis, "Cultural Socialization and the Development of Taste Cultures and Culture Classes in American Popular Music: Existing Evidence and Proposed Research Directions," Popular Music and Society 4 (summer 1975): 226-41; George H. Lewis, "Taste Cultures and Culture Classes in Mass Society," International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music 8 (1977): 39-47; George H. Lewis, "Mapping the Fault Lines: The Core Values Trap in Country Music." Popular Music and Society 11 (spring 1985): 7-16; Seymor, M. Lipset, "A Changing American Character," in Culture and Social Character, ed. Seymor M. Lipset and Leo Lowenthal (NY: Free Press, 1961), 136-74; Talcott Parsons and Winston White, "The Mass Media and the Structure of American Society," Journal of Social Issues 16 (1960): 67-77; Richard A. Peterson, "The Production of Cultural Change: The Case of Contemporary Country Music," Social Research 45 (summer 1978): 292-314; Richard A. Peterson, "Class Unconsciousness In Country Music," in You Wrote My Life: Lyrical Themes in Country Music, ed. Melton A. McLaurin and Richard Peterson (Philadelphia: Gordon and Breach, 1992), 35-62; Richard A. Peterson and Paul DiMaggio, "From Region To Class, the Changing Locus of Country Music: A Test of The Massification Hypothesis," Social Forces 53 (March 1975): 497-506; John S. Reed, The Enduring South: Subcultural Persistence in Mass Society (Lexington, MA: Heath, 1972); Michael J. Schneider, "An Empirical Investigation of Media Program Preferences and Tastes" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Broadcast Education Association, Las Vegas, 1984); James K. Skipper, "Musical Tastes of Canadian and American College Students: An Examination of the Massification and Americanization Theses," Canadian Journal of Sociology 1 (spring 1975): 49-59; Harold L. Wilensky, "Mass Society and Mass Culture: Interdependence Or Independence?" American Sociological Review 29 (April 1964): 173-97; Louis Wirth, "Consensus and Mass Communication," American Sociological Review 13 (1948): 1-15; and Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert Merton "Mass Communication, Popular Taste and Organized Social Action," in Mass Culture, ed. Rosenberg and White, 457-73, for a discussion of the massification hypothesis.
92. Serge R. Denisoff, "Massification and Popular Music," Journal of Popular Culture 9 (spring 1976): 886-94; Herbert J. Gans, "Popular Culture in America: Social Problem in A Mass Society Or Social Asset in A Pluralist Society?" in Social Problems: A Modern Approach, ed. Howard S. Becker (NY: John Wiley, 1967), 549-620; Norval Glenn, "Massification Versus Differentiation: Some Trend Data From National Surveys," Social Forces 46 (December 1967): 172-80; Paul Hirsch, A Progress Report on An Explanatory Study of Youth Culture and the Popular Music Industry (Ann Arbor, MI: Survey Research Center, Institute For Social Research, University of Michigan, 1971); George H. Lewis, "Cultural Socialization and the Development of Taste Cultures and Culture Classes in American Popular Music: Existing Evidence and Proposed Research Directions," Popular Music and Society 4 (summer 1975): 226-41; George H. Lewis, "Taste Cultures and Culture Classes in Mass Society," International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music 8 (1977): 39-47; George H. Lewis, "Mapping the Fault Lines: The Core Values Trap in Country Music." Popular Music and Society 11 (spring 1985): 7-16; Seymor, M. Lipset, "A Changing American Character," in Culture and Social Character, ed. Seymor M. Lipset and Leo Lowenthal (NY: Free Press, 1961), 136-74; Talcott Parsons and Winston White, "The Mass Media and the Structure of American Society," Journal of Social Issues 16 (1960): 67-77; Richard A. Peterson, "The Production of Cultural Change: The Case of Contemporary Country Music," Social Research 45 (summer 1978): 292-314; Richard A. Peterson, "Class Unconsciousness In Country Music," in You Wrote My Life: Lyrical Themes in Country Music, ed. Melton A. McLaurin and Richard Peterson (Philadelphia: Gordon and Breach, 1992), 35-62; Richard A. Peterson and Paul DiMaggio, "From Region To Class, the Changing Locus of Country Music: A Test of The Massification Hypothesis," Social Forces 53 (March 1975): 497-506; John S. Reed, The Enduring South: Subcultural Persistence in Mass Society (Lexington, MA: Heath, 1972); Michael J. Schneider, "An Empirical Investigation of Media Program Preferences and Tastes" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Broadcast Education Association, Las Vegas, 1984); James K. Skipper, "Musical Tastes of Canadian and American College Students: An Examination of the Massification and Americanization Theses," Canadian Journal of Sociology 1 (spring 1975): 49-59; Harold L. Wilensky, "Mass Society and Mass Culture: Interdependence Or Independence?" American Sociological Review 29 (April 1964): 173-97; Louis Wirth, "Consensus and Mass Communication," American Sociological Review 13 (1948): 1-15; and Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert Merton "Mass Communication, Popular Taste and Organized Social Action," in Mass Culture, ed. Rosenberg and White, 457-73, for a discussion of the massification hypothesis.
93. Serge R. Denisoff, "Massification and Popular Music," Journal of Popular Culture 9 (spring 1976): 886-94; Herbert J. Gans, "Popular Culture in America: Social Problem in A Mass Society Or Social Asset in A Pluralist Society?" in Social Problems: A Modern Approach, ed. Howard S. Becker (NY: John Wiley, 1967), 549-620; Norval Glenn, "Massification Versus Differentiation: Some Trend Data From National Surveys," Social Forces 46 (December 1967): 172-80; Paul Hirsch, A Progress Report on An Explanatory Study of Youth Culture and the Popular Music Industry (Ann Arbor, MI: Survey Research Center, Institute For Social Research, University of Michigan, 1971); George H. Lewis, "Cultural Socialization and the Development of Taste Cultures and Culture Classes in American Popular Music: Existing Evidence and Proposed Research Directions," Popular Music and Society 4 (summer 1975): 226-41; George H. Lewis, "Taste Cultures and Culture Classes in Mass Society," International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music 8 (1977): 39-47; George H. Lewis, "Mapping the Fault Lines: The Core Values Trap in Country Music." Popular Music and Society 11 (spring 1985): 7-16; Seymor, M. Lipset, "A Changing American Character," in Culture and Social Character, ed. Seymor M. Lipset and Leo Lowenthal (NY: Free Press, 1961), 136-74; Talcott Parsons and Winston White, "The Mass Media and the Structure of American Society," Journal of Social Issues 16 (1960): 67-77; Richard A. Peterson, "The Production of Cultural Change: The Case of Contemporary Country Music," Social Research 45 (summer 1978): 292-314; Richard A. Peterson, "Class Unconsciousness In Country Music," in You Wrote My Life: Lyrical Themes in Country Music, ed. Melton A. McLaurin and Richard Peterson (Philadelphia: Gordon and Breach, 1992), 35-62; Richard A. Peterson and Paul DiMaggio, "From Region To Class, the Changing Locus of Country Music: A Test of The Massification Hypothesis," Social Forces 53 (March 1975): 497-506; John S. Reed, The Enduring South: Subcultural Persistence in Mass Society (Lexington, MA: Heath, 1972); Michael J. Schneider, "An Empirical Investigation of Media Program Preferences and Tastes" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Broadcast Education Association, Las Vegas, 1984); James K. Skipper, "Musical Tastes of Canadian and American College Students: An Examination of the Massification and Americanization Theses," Canadian Journal of Sociology 1 (spring 1975): 49-59; Harold L. Wilensky, "Mass Society and Mass Culture: Interdependence Or Independence?" American Sociological Review 29 (April 1964): 173-97; Louis Wirth, "Consensus and Mass Communication," American Sociological Review 13 (1948): 1-15; and Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert Merton "Mass Communication, Popular Taste and Organized Social Action," in Mass Culture, ed. Rosenberg and White, 457-73, for a discussion of the massification hypothesis.
94. Serge R. Denisoff, "Massification and Popular Music," Journal of Popular Culture 9 (spring 1976): 886-94; Herbert J. Gans, "Popular Culture in America: Social Problem in A Mass Society Or Social Asset in A Pluralist Society?" in Social Problems: A Modern Approach, ed. Howard S. Becker (NY: John Wiley, 1967), 549-620; Norval Glenn, "Massification Versus Differentiation: Some Trend Data From National Surveys," Social Forces 46 (December 1967): 172-80; Paul Hirsch, A Progress Report on An Explanatory Study of Youth Culture and the Popular Music Industry (Ann Arbor, MI: Survey Research Center, Institute For Social Research, University of Michigan, 1971); George H. Lewis, "Cultural Socialization and the Development of Taste Cultures and Culture Classes in American Popular Music: Existing Evidence and Proposed Research Directions," Popular Music and Society 4 (summer 1975): 226-41; George H. Lewis, "Taste Cultures and Culture Classes in Mass Society," International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music 8 (1977): 39-47; George H. Lewis, "Mapping the Fault Lines: The Core Values Trap in Country Music." Popular Music and Society 11 (spring 1985): 7-16; Seymor, M. Lipset, "A Changing American Character," in Culture and Social Character, ed. Seymor M. Lipset and Leo Lowenthal (NY: Free Press, 1961), 136-74; Talcott Parsons and Winston White, "The Mass Media and the Structure of American Society," Journal of Social Issues 16 (1960): 67-77; Richard A. Peterson, "The Production of Cultural Change: The Case of Contemporary Country Music," Social Research 45 (summer 1978): 292-314; Richard A. Peterson, "Class Unconsciousness In Country Music," in You Wrote My Life: Lyrical Themes in Country Music, ed. Melton A. McLaurin and Richard Peterson (Philadelphia: Gordon and Breach, 1992), 35-62; Richard A. Peterson and Paul DiMaggio, "From Region To Class, the Changing Locus of Country Music: A Test of The Massification Hypothesis," Social Forces 53 (March 1975): 497-506; John S. Reed, The Enduring South: Subcultural Persistence in Mass Society (Lexington, MA: Heath, 1972); Michael J. Schneider, "An Empirical Investigation of Media Program Preferences and Tastes" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Broadcast Education Association, Las Vegas, 1984); James K. Skipper, "Musical Tastes of Canadian and American College Students: An Examination of the Massification and Americanization Theses," Canadian Journal of Sociology 1 (spring 1975): 49-59; Harold L. Wilensky, "Mass Society and Mass Culture: Interdependence Or Independence?" American Sociological Review 29 (April 1964): 173-97; Louis Wirth, "Consensus and Mass Communication," American Sociological Review 13 (1948): 1-15; and Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert Merton "Mass Communication, Popular Taste and Organized Social Action," in Mass Culture, ed. Rosenberg and White, 457-73, for a discussion of the massification hypothesis.
95. Serge R. Denisoff, "Massification and Popular Music," Journal of Popular Culture 9 (spring 1976): 886-94; Herbert J. Gans, "Popular Culture in America: Social Problem in A Mass Society Or Social Asset in A Pluralist Society?" in Social Problems: A Modern Approach, ed. Howard S. Becker (NY: John Wiley, 1967), 549-620; Norval Glenn, "Massification Versus Differentiation: Some Trend Data From National Surveys," Social Forces 46 (December 1967): 172-80; Paul Hirsch, A Progress Report on An Explanatory Study of Youth Culture and the Popular Music Industry (Ann Arbor, MI: Survey Research Center, Institute For Social Research, University of Michigan, 1971); George H. Lewis, "Cultural Socialization and the Development of Taste Cultures and Culture Classes in American Popular Music: Existing Evidence and Proposed Research Directions," Popular Music and Society 4 (summer 1975): 226-41; George H. Lewis, "Taste Cultures and Culture Classes in Mass Society," International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music 8 (1977): 39-47; George H. Lewis, "Mapping the Fault Lines: The Core Values Trap in Country Music." Popular Music and Society 11 (spring 1985): 7-16; Seymor, M. Lipset, "A Changing American Character," in Culture and Social Character, ed. Seymor M. Lipset and Leo Lowenthal (NY: Free Press, 1961), 136-74; Talcott Parsons and Winston White, "The Mass Media and the Structure of American Society," Journal of Social Issues 16 (1960): 67-77; Richard A. Peterson, "The Production of Cultural Change: The Case of Contemporary Country Music," Social Research 45 (summer 1978): 292-314; Richard A. Peterson, "Class Unconsciousness In Country Music," in You Wrote My Life: Lyrical Themes in Country Music, ed. Melton A. McLaurin and Richard Peterson (Philadelphia: Gordon and Breach, 1992), 35-62; Richard A. Peterson and Paul DiMaggio, "From Region To Class, the Changing Locus of Country Music: A Test of The Massification Hypothesis," Social Forces 53 (March 1975): 497-506; John S. Reed, The Enduring South: Subcultural Persistence in Mass Society (Lexington, MA: Heath, 1972); Michael J. Schneider, "An Empirical Investigation of Media Program Preferences and Tastes" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Broadcast Education Association, Las Vegas, 1984); James K. Skipper, "Musical Tastes of Canadian and American College Students: An Examination of the Massification and Americanization Theses," Canadian Journal of Sociology 1 (spring 1975): 49-59; Harold L. Wilensky, "Mass Society and Mass Culture: Interdependence Or Independence?" American Sociological Review 29 (April 1964): 173-97; Louis Wirth, "Consensus and Mass Communication," American Sociological Review 13 (1948): 1-15; and Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert Merton "Mass Communication, Popular Taste and Organized Social Action," in Mass Culture, ed. Rosenberg and White, 457-73, for a discussion of the massification hypothesis.
96. Serge R. Denisoff, "Massification and Popular Music," Journal of Popular Culture 9 (spring 1976): 886-94; Herbert J. Gans, "Popular Culture in America: Social Problem in A Mass Society Or Social Asset in A Pluralist Society?" in Social Problems: A Modern Approach, ed. Howard S. Becker (NY: John Wiley, 1967), 549-620; Norval Glenn, "Massification Versus Differentiation: Some Trend Data From National Surveys," Social Forces 46 (December 1967): 172-80; Paul Hirsch, A Progress Report on An Explanatory Study of Youth Culture and the Popular Music Industry (Ann Arbor, MI: Survey Research Center, Institute For Social Research, University of Michigan, 1971); George H. Lewis, "Cultural Socialization and the Development of Taste Cultures and Culture Classes in American Popular Music: Existing Evidence and Proposed Research Directions," Popular Music and Society 4 (summer 1975): 226-41; George H. Lewis, "Taste Cultures and Culture Classes in Mass Society," International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music 8 (1977): 39-47; George H. Lewis, "Mapping the Fault Lines: The Core Values Trap in Country Music." Popular Music and Society 11 (spring 1985): 7-16; Seymor, M. Lipset, "A Changing American Character," in Culture and Social Character, ed. Seymor M. Lipset and Leo Lowenthal (NY: Free Press, 1961), 136-74; Talcott Parsons and Winston White, "The Mass Media and the Structure of American Society," Journal of Social Issues 16 (1960): 67-77; Richard A. Peterson, "The Production of Cultural Change: The Case of Contemporary Country Music," Social Research 45 (summer 1978): 292-314; Richard A. Peterson, "Class Unconsciousness In Country Music," in You Wrote My Life: Lyrical Themes in Country Music, ed. Melton A. McLaurin and Richard Peterson (Philadelphia: Gordon and Breach, 1992), 35-62; Richard A. Peterson and Paul DiMaggio, "From Region To Class, the Changing Locus of Country Music: A Test of The Massification Hypothesis," Social Forces 53 (March 1975): 497-506; John S. Reed, The Enduring South: Subcultural Persistence in Mass Society (Lexington, MA: Heath, 1972); Michael J. Schneider, "An Empirical Investigation of Media Program Preferences and Tastes" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Broadcast Education Association, Las Vegas, 1984); James K. Skipper, "Musical Tastes of Canadian and American College Students: An Examination of the Massification and Americanization Theses," Canadian Journal of Sociology 1 (spring 1975): 49-59; Harold L. Wilensky, "Mass Society and Mass Culture: Interdependence Or Independence?" American Sociological Review 29 (April 1964): 173-97; Louis Wirth, "Consensus and Mass Communication," American Sociological Review 13 (1948): 1-15; and Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert Merton "Mass Communication, Popular Taste and Organized Social Action," in Mass Culture, ed. Rosenberg and White, 457-73, for a discussion of the massification hypothesis.
97. Serge R. Denisoff, "Massification and Popular Music," Journal of Popular Culture 9 (spring 1976): 886-94; Herbert J. Gans, "Popular Culture in America: Social Problem in A Mass Society Or Social Asset in A Pluralist Society?" in Social Problems: A Modern Approach, ed. Howard S. Becker (NY: John Wiley, 1967), 549-620; Norval Glenn, "Massification Versus Differentiation: Some Trend Data From National Surveys," Social Forces 46 (December 1967): 172-80; Paul Hirsch, A Progress Report on An Explanatory Study of Youth Culture and the Popular Music Industry (Ann Arbor, MI: Survey Research Center, Institute For Social Research, University of Michigan, 1971); George H. Lewis, "Cultural Socialization and the Development of Taste Cultures and Culture Classes in American Popular Music: Existing Evidence and Proposed Research Directions," Popular Music and Society 4 (summer 1975): 226-41; George H. Lewis, "Taste Cultures and Culture Classes in Mass Society," International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music 8 (1977): 39-47; George H. Lewis, "Mapping the Fault Lines: The Core Values Trap in Country Music." Popular Music and Society 11 (spring 1985): 7-16; Seymor, M. Lipset, "A Changing American Character," in Culture and Social Character, ed. Seymor M. Lipset and Leo Lowenthal (NY: Free Press, 1961), 136-74; Talcott Parsons and Winston White, "The Mass Media and the Structure of American Society," Journal of Social Issues 16 (1960): 67-77; Richard A. Peterson, "The Production of Cultural Change: The Case of Contemporary Country Music," Social Research 45 (summer 1978): 292-314; Richard A. Peterson, "Class Unconsciousness In Country Music," in You Wrote My Life: Lyrical Themes in Country Music, ed. Melton A. McLaurin and Richard Peterson (Philadelphia: Gordon and Breach, 1992), 35-62; Richard A. Peterson and Paul DiMaggio, "From Region To Class, the Changing Locus of Country Music: A Test of The Massification Hypothesis," Social Forces 53 (March 1975): 497-506; John S. Reed, The Enduring South: Subcultural Persistence in Mass Society (Lexington, MA: Heath, 1972); Michael J. Schneider, "An Empirical Investigation of Media Program Preferences and Tastes" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Broadcast Education Association, Las Vegas, 1984); James K. Skipper, "Musical Tastes of Canadian and American College Students: An Examination of the Massification and Americanization Theses," Canadian Journal of Sociology 1 (spring 1975): 49-59; Harold L. Wilensky, "Mass Society and Mass Culture: Interdependence Or Independence?" American Sociological Review 29 (April 1964): 173-97; Louis Wirth, "Consensus and Mass Communication," American Sociological Review 13 (1948): 1-15; and Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert Merton "Mass Communication, Popular Taste and Organized Social Action," in Mass Culture, ed. Rosenberg and White, 457-73, for a discussion of the massification hypothesis.
98. Serge R. Denisoff, "Massification and Popular Music," Journal of Popular Culture 9 (spring 1976): 886-94; Herbert J. Gans, "Popular Culture in America: Social Problem in A Mass Society Or Social Asset in A Pluralist Society?" in Social Problems: A Modern Approach, ed. Howard S. Becker (NY: John Wiley, 1967), 549-620; Norval Glenn, "Massification Versus Differentiation: Some Trend Data From National Surveys," Social Forces 46 (December 1967): 172-80; Paul Hirsch, A Progress Report on An Explanatory Study of Youth Culture and the Popular Music Industry (Ann Arbor, MI: Survey Research Center, Institute For Social Research, University of Michigan, 1971); George H. Lewis, "Cultural Socialization and the Development of Taste Cultures and Culture Classes in American Popular Music: Existing Evidence and Proposed Research Directions," Popular Music and Society 4 (summer 1975): 226-41; George H. Lewis, "Taste Cultures and Culture Classes in Mass Society," International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music 8 (1977): 39-47; George H. Lewis, "Mapping the Fault Lines: The Core Values Trap in Country Music." Popular Music and Society 11 (spring 1985): 7-16; Seymor, M. Lipset, "A Changing American Character," in Culture and Social Character, ed. Seymor M. Lipset and Leo Lowenthal (NY: Free Press, 1961), 136-74; Talcott Parsons and Winston White, "The Mass Media and the Structure of American Society," Journal of Social Issues 16 (1960): 67-77; Richard A. Peterson, "The Production of Cultural Change: The Case of Contemporary Country Music," Social Research 45 (summer 1978): 292-314; Richard A. Peterson, "Class Unconsciousness In Country Music," in You Wrote My Life: Lyrical Themes in Country Music, ed. Melton A. McLaurin and Richard Peterson (Philadelphia: Gordon and Breach, 1992), 35-62; Richard A. Peterson and Paul DiMaggio, "From Region To Class, the Changing Locus of Country Music: A Test of The Massification Hypothesis," Social Forces 53 (March 1975): 497-506; John S. Reed, The Enduring South: Subcultural Persistence in Mass Society (Lexington, MA: Heath, 1972); Michael J. Schneider, "An Empirical Investigation of Media Program Preferences and Tastes" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Broadcast Education Association, Las Vegas, 1984); James K. Skipper, "Musical Tastes of Canadian and American College Students: An Examination of the Massification and Americanization Theses," Canadian Journal of Sociology 1 (spring 1975): 49-59; Harold L. Wilensky, "Mass Society and Mass Culture: Interdependence Or Independence?" American Sociological Review 29 (April 1964): 173-97; Louis Wirth, "Consensus and Mass Communication," American Sociological Review 13 (1948): 1-15; and Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert Merton "Mass Communication, Popular Taste and Organized Social Action," in Mass Culture, ed. Rosenberg and White, 457-73, for a discussion of the massification hypothesis.
99. Serge R. Denisoff, "Massification and Popular Music," Journal of Popular Culture 9 (spring 1976): 886-94; Herbert J. Gans, "Popular Culture in America: Social Problem in A Mass Society Or Social Asset in A Pluralist Society?" in Social Problems: A Modern Approach, ed. Howard S. Becker (NY: John Wiley, 1967), 549-620; Norval Glenn, "Massification Versus Differentiation: Some Trend Data From National Surveys," Social Forces 46 (December 1967): 172-80; Paul Hirsch, A Progress Report on An Explanatory Study of Youth Culture and the Popular Music Industry (Ann Arbor, MI: Survey Research Center, Institute For Social Research, University of Michigan, 1971); George H. Lewis, "Cultural Socialization and the Development of Taste Cultures and Culture Classes in American Popular Music: Existing Evidence and Proposed Research Directions," Popular Music and Society 4 (summer 1975): 226-41; George H. Lewis, "Taste Cultures and Culture Classes in Mass Society," International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music 8 (1977): 39-47; George H. Lewis, "Mapping the Fault Lines: The Core Values Trap in Country Music." Popular Music and Society 11 (spring 1985): 7-16; Seymor, M. Lipset, "A Changing American Character," in Culture and Social Character, ed. Seymor M. Lipset and Leo Lowenthal (NY: Free Press, 1961), 136-74; Talcott Parsons and Winston White, "The Mass Media and the Structure of American Society," Journal of Social Issues 16 (1960): 67-77; Richard A. Peterson, "The Production of Cultural Change: The Case of Contemporary Country Music," Social Research 45 (summer 1978): 292-314; Richard A. Peterson, "Class Unconsciousness In Country Music," in You Wrote My Life: Lyrical Themes in Country Music, ed. Melton A. McLaurin and Richard Peterson (Philadelphia: Gordon and Breach, 1992), 35-62; Richard A. Peterson and Paul DiMaggio, "From Region To Class, the Changing Locus of Country Music: A Test of The Massification Hypothesis," Social Forces 53 (March 1975): 497-506; John S. Reed, The Enduring South: Subcultural Persistence in Mass Society (Lexington, MA: Heath, 1972); Michael J. Schneider, "An Empirical Investigation of Media Program Preferences and Tastes" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Broadcast Education Association, Las Vegas, 1984); James K. Skipper, "Musical Tastes of Canadian and American College Students: An Examination of the Massification and Americanization Theses," Canadian Journal of Sociology 1 (spring 1975): 49-59; Harold L. Wilensky, "Mass Society and Mass Culture: Interdependence Or Independence?" American Sociological Review 29 (April 1964): 173-97; Louis Wirth, "Consensus and Mass Communication," American Sociological Review 13 (1948): 1-15; and Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert Merton "Mass Communication, Popular Taste and Organized Social Action," in Mass Culture, ed. Rosenberg and White, 457-73, for a discussion of the massification hypothesis.
100. Serge R. Denisoff, "Massification and Popular Music," Journal of Popular Culture 9 (spring 1976): 886-94; Herbert J. Gans, "Popular Culture in America: Social Problem in A Mass Society Or Social Asset in A Pluralist Society?" in Social Problems: A Modern Approach, ed. Howard S. Becker (NY: John Wiley, 1967), 549-620; Norval Glenn, "Massification Versus Differentiation: Some Trend Data From National Surveys," Social Forces 46 (December 1967): 172-80; Paul Hirsch, A Progress Report on An Explanatory Study of Youth Culture and the Popular Music Industry (Ann Arbor, MI: Survey Research Center, Institute For Social Research, University of Michigan, 1971); George H. Lewis, "Cultural Socialization and the Development of Taste Cultures and Culture Classes in American Popular Music: Existing Evidence and Proposed Research Directions," Popular Music and Society 4 (summer 1975): 226-41; George H. Lewis, "Taste Cultures and Culture Classes in Mass Society," International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music 8 (1977): 39-47; George H. Lewis, "Mapping the Fault Lines: The Core Values Trap in Country Music." Popular Music and Society 11 (spring 1985): 7-16; Seymor, M. Lipset, "A Changing American Character," in Culture and Social Character, ed. Seymor M. Lipset and Leo Lowenthal (NY: Free Press, 1961), 136-74; Talcott Parsons and Winston White, "The Mass Media and the Structure of American Society," Journal of Social Issues 16 (1960): 67-77; Richard A. Peterson, "The Production of Cultural Change: The Case of Contemporary Country Music," Social Research 45 (summer 1978): 292-314; Richard A. Peterson, "Class Unconsciousness In Country Music," in You Wrote My Life: Lyrical Themes in Country Music, ed. Melton A. McLaurin and Richard Peterson (Philadelphia: Gordon and Breach, 1992), 35-62; Richard A. Peterson and Paul DiMaggio, "From Region To Class, the Changing Locus of Country Music: A Test of The Massification Hypothesis," Social Forces 53 (March 1975): 497-506; John S. Reed, The Enduring South: Subcultural Persistence in Mass Society (Lexington, MA: Heath, 1972); Michael J. Schneider, "An Empirical Investigation of Media Program Preferences and Tastes" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Broadcast Education Association, Las Vegas, 1984); James K. Skipper, "Musical Tastes of Canadian and American College Students: An Examination of the Massification and Americanization Theses," Canadian Journal of Sociology 1 (spring 1975): 49-59; Harold L. Wilensky, "Mass Society and Mass Culture: Interdependence Or Independence?" American Sociological Review 29 (April 1964): 173-97; Louis Wirth, "Consensus and Mass Communication," American Sociological Review 13 (1948): 1-15; and Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert Merton "Mass Communication, Popular Taste and Organized Social Action," in Mass Culture, ed. Rosenberg and White, 457-73, for a discussion of the massification hypothesis.
101. Serge R. Denisoff, "Massification and Popular Music," Journal of Popular Culture 9 (spring 1976): 886-94; Herbert J. Gans, "Popular Culture in America: Social Problem in A Mass Society Or Social Asset in A Pluralist Society?" in Social Problems: A Modern Approach, ed. Howard S. Becker (NY: John Wiley, 1967), 549-620; Norval Glenn, "Massification Versus Differentiation: Some Trend Data From National Surveys," Social Forces 46 (December 1967): 172-80; Paul Hirsch, A Progress Report on An Explanatory Study of Youth Culture and the Popular Music Industry (Ann Arbor, MI: Survey Research Center, Institute For Social Research, University of Michigan, 1971); George H. Lewis, "Cultural Socialization and the Development of Taste Cultures and Culture Classes in American Popular Music: Existing Evidence and Proposed Research Directions," Popular Music and Society 4 (summer 1975): 226-41; George H. Lewis, "Taste Cultures and Culture Classes in Mass Society," International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music 8 (1977): 39-47; George H. Lewis, "Mapping the Fault Lines: The Core Values Trap in Country Music." Popular Music and Society 11 (spring 1985): 7-16; Seymor, M. Lipset, "A Changing American Character," in Culture and Social Character, ed. Seymor M. Lipset and Leo Lowenthal (NY: Free Press, 1961), 136-74; Talcott Parsons and Winston White, "The Mass Media and the Structure of American Society," Journal of Social Issues 16 (1960): 67-77; Richard A. Peterson, "The Production of Cultural Change: The Case of Contemporary Country Music," Social Research 45 (summer 1978): 292-314; Richard A. Peterson, "Class Unconsciousness In Country Music," in You Wrote My Life: Lyrical Themes in Country Music, ed. Melton A. McLaurin and Richard Peterson (Philadelphia: Gordon and Breach, 1992), 35-62; Richard A. Peterson and Paul DiMaggio, "From Region To Class, the Changing Locus of Country Music: A Test of The Massification Hypothesis," Social Forces 53 (March 1975): 497-506; John S. Reed, The Enduring South: Subcultural Persistence in Mass Society (Lexington, MA: Heath, 1972); Michael J. Schneider, "An Empirical Investigation of Media Program Preferences and Tastes" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Broadcast Education Association, Las Vegas, 1984); James K. Skipper, "Musical Tastes of Canadian and American College Students: An Examination of the Massification and Americanization Theses," Canadian Journal of Sociology 1 (spring 1975): 49-59; Harold L. Wilensky, "Mass Society and Mass Culture: Interdependence Or Independence?" American Sociological Review 29 (April 1964): 173-97; Louis Wirth, "Consensus and Mass Communication," American Sociological Review 13 (1948): 1-15; and Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert Merton "Mass Communication, Popular Taste and Organized Social Action," in Mass Culture, ed. Rosenberg and White, 457-73, for a discussion of the massification hypothesis.
102. Serge R. Denisoff, "Massification and Popular Music," Journal of Popular Culture 9 (spring 1976): 886-94; Herbert J. Gans, "Popular Culture in America: Social Problem in A Mass Society Or Social Asset in A Pluralist Society?" in Social Problems: A Modern Approach, ed. Howard S. Becker (NY: John Wiley, 1967), 549-620; Norval Glenn, "Massification Versus Differentiation: Some Trend Data From National Surveys," Social Forces 46 (December 1967): 172-80; Paul Hirsch, A Progress Report on An Explanatory Study of Youth Culture and the Popular Music Industry (Ann Arbor, MI: Survey Research Center, Institute For Social Research, University of Michigan, 1971); George H. Lewis, "Cultural Socialization and the Development of Taste Cultures and Culture Classes in American Popular Music: Existing Evidence and Proposed Research Directions," Popular Music and Society 4 (summer 1975): 226-41; George H. Lewis, "Taste Cultures and Culture Classes in Mass Society," International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music 8 (1977): 39-47; George H. Lewis, "Mapping the Fault Lines: The Core Values Trap in Country Music." Popular Music and Society 11 (spring 1985): 7-16; Seymor, M. Lipset, "A Changing American Character," in Culture and Social Character, ed. Seymor M. Lipset and Leo Lowenthal (NY: Free Press, 1961), 136-74; Talcott Parsons and Winston White, "The Mass Media and the Structure of American Society," Journal of Social Issues 16 (1960): 67-77; Richard A. Peterson, "The Production of Cultural Change: The Case of Contemporary Country Music," Social Research 45 (summer 1978): 292-314; Richard A. Peterson, "Class Unconsciousness In Country Music," in You Wrote My Life: Lyrical Themes in Country Music, ed. Melton A. McLaurin and Richard Peterson (Philadelphia: Gordon and Breach, 1992), 35-62; Richard A. Peterson and Paul DiMaggio, "From Region To Class, the Changing Locus of Country Music: A Test of The Massification Hypothesis," Social Forces 53 (March 1975): 497-506; John S. Reed, The Enduring South: Subcultural Persistence in Mass Society (Lexington, MA: Heath, 1972); Michael J. Schneider, "An Empirical Investigation of Media Program Preferences and Tastes" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Broadcast Education Association, Las Vegas, 1984); James K. Skipper, "Musical Tastes of Canadian and American College Students: An Examination of the Massification and Americanization Theses," Canadian Journal of Sociology 1 (spring 1975): 49-59; Harold L. Wilensky, "Mass Society and Mass Culture: Interdependence Or Independence?" American Sociological Review 29 (April 1964): 173-97; Louis Wirth, "Consensus and Mass Communication," American Sociological Review 13 (1948): 1-15; and Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert Merton "Mass Communication, Popular Taste and Organized Social Action," in Mass Culture, ed. Rosenberg and White, 457-73, for a discussion of the massification hypothesis.
103. Serge R. Denisoff, "Massification and Popular Music," Journal of Popular Culture 9 (spring 1976): 886-94; Herbert J. Gans, "Popular Culture in America: Social Problem in A Mass Society Or Social Asset in A Pluralist Society?" in Social Problems: A Modern Approach, ed. Howard S. Becker (NY: John Wiley, 1967), 549-620; Norval Glenn, "Massification Versus Differentiation: Some Trend Data From National Surveys," Social Forces 46 (December 1967): 172-80; Paul Hirsch, A Progress Report on An Explanatory Study of Youth Culture and the Popular Music Industry (Ann Arbor, MI: Survey Research Center, Institute For Social Research, University of Michigan, 1971); George H. Lewis, "Cultural Socialization and the Development of Taste Cultures and Culture Classes in American Popular Music: Existing Evidence and Proposed Research Directions," Popular Music and Society 4 (summer 1975): 226-41; George H. Lewis, "Taste Cultures and Culture Classes in Mass Society," International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music 8 (1977): 39-47; George H. Lewis, "Mapping the Fault Lines: The Core Values Trap in Country Music." Popular Music and Society 11 (spring 1985): 7-16; Seymor, M. Lipset, "A Changing American Character," in Culture and Social Character, ed. Seymor M. Lipset and Leo Lowenthal (NY: Free Press, 1961), 136-74; Talcott Parsons and Winston White, "The Mass Media and the Structure of American Society," Journal of Social Issues 16 (1960): 67-77; Richard A. Peterson, "The Production of Cultural Change: The Case of Contemporary Country Music," Social Research 45 (summer 1978): 292-314; Richard A. Peterson, "Class Unconsciousness In Country Music," in You Wrote My Life: Lyrical Themes in Country Music, ed. Melton A. McLaurin and Richard Peterson (Philadelphia: Gordon and Breach, 1992), 35-62; Richard A. Peterson and Paul DiMaggio, "From Region To Class, the Changing Locus of Country Music: A Test of The Massification Hypothesis," Social Forces 53 (March 1975): 497-506; John S. Reed, The Enduring South: Subcultural Persistence in Mass Society (Lexington, MA: Heath, 1972); Michael J. Schneider, "An Empirical Investigation of Media Program Preferences and Tastes" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Broadcast Education Association, Las Vegas, 1984); James K. Skipper, "Musical Tastes of Canadian and American College Students: An Examination of the Massification and Americanization Theses," Canadian Journal of Sociology 1 (spring 1975): 49-59; Harold L. Wilensky, "Mass Society and Mass Culture: Interdependence Or Independence?" American Sociological Review 29 (April 1964): 173-97; Louis Wirth, "Consensus and Mass Communication," American Sociological Review 13 (1948): 1-15; and Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert Merton "Mass Communication, Popular Taste and Organized Social Action," in Mass Culture, ed. Rosenberg and White, 457-73, for a discussion of the massification hypothesis.
104. Serge R. Denisoff, "Massification and Popular Music," Journal of Popular Culture 9 (spring 1976): 886-94; Herbert J. Gans, "Popular Culture in America: Social Problem in A Mass Society Or Social Asset in A Pluralist Society?" in Social Problems: A Modern Approach, ed. Howard S. Becker (NY: John Wiley, 1967), 549-620; Norval Glenn, "Massification Versus Differentiation: Some Trend Data From National Surveys," Social Forces 46 (December 1967): 172-80; Paul Hirsch, A Progress Report on An Explanatory Study of Youth Culture and the Popular Music Industry (Ann Arbor, MI: Survey Research Center, Institute For Social Research, University of Michigan, 1971); George H. Lewis, "Cultural Socialization and the Development of Taste Cultures and Culture Classes in American Popular Music: Existing Evidence and Proposed Research Directions," Popular Music and Society 4 (summer 1975): 226-41; George H. Lewis, "Taste Cultures and Culture Classes in Mass Society," International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music 8 (1977): 39-47; George H. Lewis, "Mapping the Fault Lines: The Core Values Trap in Country Music." Popular Music and Society 11 (spring 1985): 7-16; Seymor, M. Lipset, "A Changing American Character," in Culture and Social Character, ed. Seymor M. Lipset and Leo Lowenthal (NY: Free Press, 1961), 136-74; Talcott Parsons and Winston White, "The Mass Media and the Structure of American Society," Journal of Social Issues 16 (1960): 67-77; Richard A. Peterson, "The Production of Cultural Change: The Case of Contemporary Country Music," Social Research 45 (summer 1978): 292-314; Richard A. Peterson, "Class Unconsciousness In Country Music," in You Wrote My Life: Lyrical Themes in Country Music, ed. Melton A. McLaurin and Richard Peterson (Philadelphia: Gordon and Breach, 1992), 35-62; Richard A. Peterson and Paul DiMaggio, "From Region To Class, the Changing Locus of Country Music: A Test of The Massification Hypothesis," Social Forces 53 (March 1975): 497-506; John S. Reed, The Enduring South: Subcultural Persistence in Mass Society (Lexington, MA: Heath, 1972); Michael J. Schneider, "An Empirical Investigation of Media Program Preferences and Tastes" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Broadcast Education Association, Las Vegas, 1984); James K. Skipper, "Musical Tastes of Canadian and American College Students: An Examination of the Massification and Americanization Theses," Canadian Journal of Sociology 1 (spring 1975): 49-59; Harold L. Wilensky, "Mass Society and Mass Culture: Interdependence Or Independence?" American Sociological Review 29 (April 1964): 173-97; Louis Wirth, "Consensus and Mass Communication," American Sociological Review 13 (1948): 1-15; and Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert Merton "Mass Communication, Popular Taste and Organized Social Action," in Mass Culture, ed. Rosenberg and White, 457-73, for a discussion of the massification hypothesis.
105. Serge R. Denisoff, "Massification and Popular Music," Journal of Popular Culture 9 (spring 1976): 886-94; Herbert J. Gans, "Popular Culture in America: Social Problem in A Mass Society Or Social Asset in A Pluralist Society?" in Social Problems: A Modern Approach, ed. Howard S. Becker (NY: John Wiley, 1967), 549-620; Norval Glenn, "Massification Versus Differentiation: Some Trend Data From National Surveys," Social Forces 46 (December 1967): 172-80; Paul Hirsch, A Progress Report on An Explanatory Study of Youth Culture and the Popular Music Industry (Ann Arbor, MI: Survey Research Center, Institute For Social Research, University of Michigan, 1971); George H. Lewis, "Cultural Socialization and the Development of Taste Cultures and Culture Classes in American Popular Music: Existing Evidence and Proposed Research Directions," Popular Music and Society 4 (summer 1975): 226-41; George H. Lewis, "Taste Cultures and Culture Classes in Mass Society," International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music 8 (1977): 39-47; George H. Lewis, "Mapping the Fault Lines: The Core Values Trap in Country Music." Popular Music and Society 11 (spring 1985): 7-16; Seymor, M. Lipset, "A Changing American Character," in Culture and Social Character, ed. Seymor M. Lipset and Leo Lowenthal (NY: Free Press, 1961), 136-74; Talcott Parsons and Winston White, "The Mass Media and the Structure of American Society," Journal of Social Issues 16 (1960): 67-77; Richard A. Peterson, "The Production of Cultural Change: The Case of Contemporary Country Music," Social Research 45 (summer 1978): 292-314; Richard A. Peterson, "Class Unconsciousness In Country Music," in You Wrote My Life: Lyrical Themes in Country Music, ed. Melton A. McLaurin and Richard Peterson (Philadelphia: Gordon and Breach, 1992), 35-62; Richard A. Peterson and Paul DiMaggio, "From Region To Class, the Changing Locus of Country Music: A Test of The Massification Hypothesis," Social Forces 53 (March 1975): 497-506; John S. Reed, The Enduring South: Subcultural Persistence in Mass Society (Lexington, MA: Heath, 1972); Michael J. Schneider, "An Empirical Investigation of Media Program Preferences and Tastes" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Broadcast Education Association, Las Vegas, 1984); James K. Skipper, "Musical Tastes of Canadian and American College Students: An Examination of the Massification and Americanization Theses," Canadian Journal of Sociology 1 (spring 1975): 49-59; Harold L. Wilensky, "Mass Society and Mass Culture: Interdependence Or Independence?" American Sociological Review 29 (April 1964): 173-97; Louis Wirth, "Consensus and Mass Communication," American Sociological Review 13 (1948): 1-15; and Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert Merton "Mass Communication, Popular Taste and Organized Social Action," in Mass Culture, ed. Rosenberg and White, 457-73, for a discussion of the massification hypothesis.
106. Serge R. Denisoff, "Massification and Popular Music," Journal of Popular Culture 9 (spring 1976): 886-94; Herbert J. Gans, "Popular Culture in America: Social Problem in A Mass Society Or Social Asset in A Pluralist Society?" in Social Problems: A Modern Approach, ed. Howard S. Becker (NY: John Wiley, 1967), 549-620; Norval Glenn, "Massification Versus Differentiation: Some Trend Data From National Surveys," Social Forces 46 (December 1967): 172-80; Paul Hirsch, A Progress Report on An Explanatory Study of Youth Culture and the Popular Music Industry (Ann Arbor, MI: Survey Research Center, Institute For Social Research, University of Michigan, 1971); George H. Lewis, "Cultural Socialization and the Development of Taste Cultures and Culture Classes in American Popular Music: Existing Evidence and Proposed Research Directions," Popular Music and Society 4 (summer 1975): 226-41; George H. Lewis, "Taste Cultures and Culture Classes in Mass Society," International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music 8 (1977): 39-47; George H. Lewis, "Mapping the Fault Lines: The Core Values Trap in Country Music." Popular Music and Society 11 (spring 1985): 7-16; Seymor, M. Lipset, "A Changing American Character," in Culture and Social Character, ed. Seymor M. Lipset and Leo Lowenthal (NY: Free Press, 1961), 136-74; Talcott Parsons and Winston White, "The Mass Media and the Structure of American Society," Journal of Social Issues 16 (1960): 67-77; Richard A. Peterson, "The Production of Cultural Change: The Case of Contemporary Country Music," Social Research 45 (summer 1978): 292-314; Richard A. Peterson, "Class Unconsciousness In Country Music," in You Wrote My Life: Lyrical Themes in Country Music, ed. Melton A. McLaurin and Richard Peterson (Philadelphia: Gordon and Breach, 1992), 35-62; Richard A. Peterson and Paul DiMaggio, "From Region To Class, the Changing Locus of Country Music: A Test of The Massification Hypothesis," Social Forces 53 (March 1975): 497-506; John S. Reed, The Enduring South: Subcultural Persistence in Mass Society (Lexington, MA: Heath, 1972); Michael J. Schneider, "An Empirical Investigation of Media Program Preferences and Tastes" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Broadcast Education Association, Las Vegas, 1984); James K. Skipper, "Musical Tastes of Canadian and American College Students: An Examination of the Massification and Americanization Theses," Canadian Journal of Sociology 1 (spring 1975): 49-59; Harold L. Wilensky, "Mass Society and Mass Culture: Interdependence Or Independence?" American Sociological Review 29 (April 1964): 173-97; Louis Wirth, "Consensus and Mass Communication," American Sociological Review 13 (1948): 1-15; and Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert Merton "Mass Communication, Popular Taste and Organized Social Action," in Mass Culture, ed. Rosenberg and White, 457-73, for a discussion of the massification hypothesis.
107. Serge R. Denisoff, "Massification and Popular Music," Journal of Popular Culture 9 (spring 1976): 886-94; Herbert J. Gans, "Popular Culture in America: Social Problem in A Mass Society Or Social Asset in A Pluralist Society?" in Social Problems: A Modern Approach, ed. Howard S. Becker (NY: John Wiley, 1967), 549-620; Norval Glenn, "Massification Versus Differentiation: Some Trend Data From National Surveys," Social Forces 46 (December 1967): 172-80; Paul Hirsch, A Progress Report on An Explanatory Study of Youth Culture and the Popular Music Industry (Ann Arbor, MI: Survey Research Center, Institute For Social Research, University of Michigan, 1971); George H. Lewis, "Cultural Socialization and the Development of Taste Cultures and Culture Classes in American Popular Music: Existing Evidence and Proposed Research Directions," Popular Music and Society 4 (summer 1975): 226-41; George H. Lewis, "Taste Cultures and Culture Classes in Mass Society," International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music 8 (1977): 39-47; George H. Lewis, "Mapping the Fault Lines: The Core Values Trap in Country Music." Popular Music and Society 11 (spring 1985): 7-16; Seymor, M. Lipset, "A Changing American Character," in Culture and Social Character, ed. Seymor M. Lipset and Leo Lowenthal (NY: Free Press, 1961), 136-74; Talcott Parsons and Winston White, "The Mass Media and the Structure of American Society," Journal of Social Issues 16 (1960): 67-77; Richard A. Peterson, "The Production of Cultural Change: The Case of Contemporary Country Music," Social Research 45 (summer 1978): 292-314; Richard A. Peterson, "Class Unconsciousness In Country Music," in You Wrote My Life: Lyrical Themes in Country Music, ed. Melton A. McLaurin and Richard Peterson (Philadelphia: Gordon and Breach, 1992), 35-62; Richard A. Peterson and Paul DiMaggio, "From Region To Class, the Changing Locus of Country Music: A Test of The Massification Hypothesis," Social Forces 53 (March 1975): 497-506; John S. Reed, The Enduring South: Subcultural Persistence in Mass Society (Lexington, MA: Heath, 1972); Michael J. Schneider, "An Empirical Investigation of Media Program Preferences and Tastes" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Broadcast Education Association, Las Vegas, 1984); James K. Skipper, "Musical Tastes of Canadian and American College Students: An Examination of the Massification and Americanization Theses," Canadian Journal of Sociology 1 (spring 1975): 49-59; Harold L. Wilensky, "Mass Society and Mass Culture: Interdependence Or Independence?" American Sociological Review 29 (April 1964): 173-97; Louis Wirth, "Consensus and Mass Communication," American Sociological Review 13 (1948): 1-15; and Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert Merton "Mass Communication, Popular Taste and Organized Social Action," in Mass Culture, ed. Rosenberg and White, 457-73, for a discussion of the massification hypothesis.
108. See Bourdieu, Distinction.
109. Bird, "Storytelling on the Far Side."
110. Simmons Market Research Bureau, "Studies of Media and Markets" (NY: Simmons Market Research Bureau, 1992); Bird, "Storytelling on the Far Side."
111. Simmons Market Research Bureau, "Studies of Media and Markets" (NY: Simmons Market Research Bureau, 1992); Bird, "Storytelling on the Far Side."
112. At the same time, Simmons reports indicate that 77.1% of people who regularly watch a traditional news magazine show such as 60 Minutes have graduated from high school or have further training, and 24.2% are major professionals, managers, or administrators.
113. The three shows which epitomize tabloid news (A Current Affair, Inside Edition, and Hard Copy) are all on the top-fifteen syndication list and each reaches approximately 20 million homes in America.
114. Dewerth-Pallmeyer and Hirsch, "TV News Magazines Vs. the New Tabloids."
115. The six-month period under investigation started before the beginning of the O.J. Simpson trial.
116. Melvin Lawrence DeFleur, "Occupational roles as portrayed on television," Public Opinion Quarterly 28(1964): 57-74; Rhoda Estep and Patrick T. Macdonald, "How prime time crime evolved on TV, 1976 -1981," Journalism Quarterly 60 (spring 1983), 293-300; Rhoda Estep and Patrick T. Macdonald, "Crime in the Afternoon; Murder and Robbery on Soap Operas," Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 29 (summer 1985): 323-31; and C.J. Papazian, "A Content Analysis of the Portrayal of Social Class on Prime Time Television Drama" (master's thesis, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 1983).
117. Melvin Lawrence DeFleur, "Occupational roles as portrayed on television," Public Opinion Quarterly 28(1964): 57-74; Rhoda Estep and Patrick T. Macdonald, "How prime time crime evolved on TV, 1976 -1981," Journalism Quarterly 60 (spring 1983), 293-300; Rhoda Estep and Patrick T. Macdonald, "Crime in the Afternoon; Murder and Robbery on Soap Operas," Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 29 (summer 1985): 323-31; and C.J. Papazian, "A Content Analysis of the Portrayal of Social Class on Prime Time Television Drama" (master's thesis, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 1983).
118. Melvin Lawrence DeFleur, "Occupational roles as portrayed on television," Public Opinion Quarterly 28(1964): 57-74; Rhoda Estep and Patrick T. Macdonald, "How prime time crime evolved on TV, 1976 -1981," Journalism Quarterly 60 (spring 1983), 293-300; Rhoda Estep and Patrick T. Macdonald, "Crime in the Afternoon; Murder and Robbery on Soap Operas," Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 29 (summer 1985): 323-31; and C.J. Papazian, "A Content Analysis of the Portrayal of Social Class on Prime Time Television Drama" (master's thesis, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 1983).
119. Melvin Lawrence DeFleur, "Occupational roles as portrayed on television," Public Opinion Quarterly 28(1964): 57-74; Rhoda Estep and Patrick T. Macdonald, "How prime time crime evolved on TV, 1976 -1981," Journalism Quarterly 60 (spring 1983), 293-300; Rhoda Estep and Patrick T. Macdonald, "Crime in the Afternoon; Murder and Robbery on Soap Operas," Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 29 (summer 1985): 323-31; and C.J. Papazian, "A Content Analysis of the Portrayal of Social Class on Prime Time Television Drama" (master's thesis, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 1983).
120. Klaus Krippendorff, Content Analysis: An Introduction (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1980).
121. Lyman Ott, An Introduction To Statistical Methods and Data Analysis (Boston: PWS-Kent Publishing Company, 1988).
122. Knight, "Reality Effects."
123. Robert Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure (Glencoe, IL: The Free Press, 1949).
124. Emile Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life (NY: The Free Press, 1915); The Division of Labor in Society (NY: The Free Press, 1933); and Knight, "Reality Effects."
125. Emile Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life (NY: The Free Press, 1915); The Division of Labor in Society (NY: The Free Press, 1933); and Knight, "Reality Effects."
126. Emile Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life (NY: The Free Press, 1915); The Division of Labor in Society (NY: The Free Press, 1933); and Knight, "Reality Effects."
127. Interestingly, tabloid and highbrow news magazine programs spent almost equal percentages of their crime story duration on the Simpson case.
128. This study treats television and its portrayal of crime as functional to maintaining social order. The goal is therefore not to argue from a moral stance what is just, fair or objectionable, but merely what is functional to maintaining the larger system's state of order. See Merton (1949) for the discussion of the functionalist approach to social science.
129. Bird, For Inquiring Minds.
130. Bird, For Inquiring Minds; Knight, "Reality Effects."
131. Bird, For Inquiring Minds; Knight, "Reality Effects."
132. Bird, For Inquiring Minds; Knight, "Reality Effects."
133. Bird, For Inquiring Minds; Knight, "Reality Effects."
134. Ericson, "Mass Media, Crime, Law and Justice."