Fire management of rangelands in the kimberley low-rainfall zone: a review

Rangeland Journal

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 39-70

  Craig, A B ^a  

^a Frank Wise Institute   (Australia)

Author keywords

Fire management; Fire regimes; Kimberley; Pastoralism; Spinifex

Indexed keywords

EID: 0004509747     PISSN: 10369872     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1071/RJ9990039     Document Type: Article

References (129)

1. Bailey, A.W., Brockelt, B.H. and Mentis, MT. (1993). Fire management in Pilanesberg National Park, Bophuthatswana, using expert systems as aids to decision making. Afr. J. Range Sei. 10: 25-30.
2. Beard, J.S. (1979). Kimberley. Explanatory notes to sheet 1:1,000,000 series, vegetation survey of Western Australia University of W.A. Press, Western Australia.
3. Bellamy, J.A., Lowes, D.. Ash, A.J., Mclvor, J.G. and MacLeod (1996). A decision support approach to sustainable grazing management for spatially heterogeneous paddocks. Rangel. J. 18: 370-91.
4. Beurle, D.M. and Mullan, G. (1990). Cherrabun Resource Survey Report. Unpublished report. Rangeland Management Branch, Department of Agriculture, Derby.
5. Bishop, H.G. (1973). Gulf country pastures. Oiieensl. Agric. J. 99: 433-8.
6. Bogusiak, A., Andrew. M. and Murray, R. (1992). Soil surface properties in central Australia: the effects of fire on water repellence. Proceedings of the Fifth Queensland Fire Research Workshop, Charleville, Queensland, pp. 14-6.
7. Bogusiak, A., Rice, B. and Westoby, M. (1990). Seedling emergence in relation to the effects of fire. Aust. Rangel. J. 12: 25-8.
8. Bolton, B.L. and Latz, P.K. (1978). The western hare-wallaby, Lagorchestes hirsittus (Gould) (Macropodidae), in the Tanami Desert. Aust. Wildl. Res. 5: 285-93).
9. Bradstock, R.A., Bedward, M., Scott, J. and Keith, D.A. (1996). Simulation of the effect of spatial and temporal variation in fire regimes on the population viability of a Banksia species. Conserv. Biol. 10: 776-84.
10. Buckley, R.C. (1986). Fire in Australian arid sandridge vegetation. In: Rangelands: a resource under siege. Proceedings of the Second International Rangeland Congress, Adelaide, 1984 (Eds P.J. Joss, P.W. Lynch and O.D. Williams) pp. 593-4. Australian Academy of Science, Canberra.
11. Burbidge, A.A. (1985). Fire and mammals in hummock grasslands of the arid zone. In: Fire ecology and management in Western Australian ecosystems (Ed. J.R. Ford) Proceedings of seminar, Perth, May 1985. WAIT Environmental Studies Group Report No. 14, pp. 91-4. Western Australian Institute of Technology, Perth.
12. Burbidge, N.T. (1944a). Ecological notes on the vegetation of 80-mile beach. J. R. Soc. West. Aust. 28: 157-64.
13. Burbidge, N.T. (1944b). Ecological succession observed during regeneration of Triodia pungens R. Br. afterburning. J R. Soc. West. Aust. 28: 149-56.
14. Bureau of Meteorology (1996). Climatic survey: Kimberley Western Australia. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
15. Bureau of Meteorology (1997a). Monthly rainfall data. National Climate Centre, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne.
16. Bureau of Meteorology (1997b). Climatological summary for Halls Creek A.M.O. National Climate Centre, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne.
17. Burrows, N., Ward, B. and Robinson, A. (1991). Fire behaviour in spinifex fuels on the Gibson Desert Nature Reserve, Western Australia. J. Arid Environ. 20: 189-204.
18. Butt, S. and Lund, R. (1994). Fire damage doesn't spell the end. In: Wires and pliers: the farm fencing manual (Ed. M.F. Casey) pp. 73-4. Kondinin Group, Belmont, W.A.
19. Casson, N.E. (1994). The biology and ecology of Triodia basedowii and T. wiseana associations in relation to aridity and lire. Unpublished Ph. D. thesis, Curtin University of Technology, Perth.
20. Casson, N.E. and Fox, J.E.D. (1987). The post-fire regeneration responses of Triodia wiseana and T. basedowii. Aust. Rangel. J. 9: 53-5.
21. Cheney, N.P. and Gould, J.S. (1995). Separating fire spread prediction and fire danger rating. CALMSci. Suppl. 4: 3-8.
22. Cheney, P. and Sullivan, A. (1997). 'Grassfires: fuel, weather and fire behaviour.' CS1RO Publishing, Melbourne.
23. Clark, R. (1996). Sustainable beef production systems project: beyond awareness to continuous improvement. Project Report Series Q096002, Department of Primary Industries, Queensland.
24. Clewett. J.F., Clarkson, N.M., Owens, D.T. and Abrecht, D.G. (1994). Australian Rainman: Rainfall information for better management. Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane.
25. Craig, A.B. (1992). The post-fire regeneration of plant communities dominated by Triodia pungens, in the vicinity of Newman, W.A. Unpublished MSc thesis. School of Environmental Biology, Curtin University of Technology, Perth.
26. Craig, A.B. (1997). A review of information on the effects of fire in relation to the management of rangelands in the Kimberley high-rainfall zone. Trop. Grossi. 31: 161-87.
27. Craig, R.L., Evans, F.L., Smith, R.G.C., Steber, M.T. and Wyllie, A. (1995). Firewatch - the use of NOAA-AVHRR data for the detection of bushfires in Western Australia. Proceedings of the 2nd North Australian Remote Sensing and GIS Forum pp. 27-33. Darwin, July 1995.
28. Cridland, S., Burnside D. and Smith, R. (1996). The NDVI - use in rangeland environment. In: Rangelands in a sustainable biosphere. Proceedings of 5th International Rangeland Congress, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1995 (Ed. N.E. West) pp. 105-6. Society for Range Management, Denver.
29. Davis, J.R., Nanninga, P.M., Hoare, J.R.L. and Press, A.J. (1989). Transferring scientific knowledge to natural resource managers using artificial intelligence concepts. Ecol. Model. 46: 73-89.
30. Department of Regional Development and the Northwest, and Department of Planning and Urban Development (1990). Kimberley Region Plan Study Report, Perth.
31. Division of National Mapping (1986). 'Atlas of Australian Resources. Third Series. Volume 4: Climate.' Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra.
32. Fitzgerald, K. (1975). Regional pasture development and associated problems. I. Northern Western Australia. Trop. Grassl. 9: 77-82.
33. Fitzpatrick, E.A. and Nix, H.A. (1975). The climatic factor in Australian grassland ecology. In: Australian Grasslands (Ed. R.M. Moore) pp. 3-26. Australian National University Press, Canberra.
34. Fitzpatrick, E.A., Slatyer, R.O. and Krishnan, A.I. (1967). Incidence and duration of plant growth in central Australia as estimated from climatic data. Agric. Meteorol. 4: 389-404.
35. Freudenberger, D.O., Noble, J.C. and Hodgkinson, K.C. (1997). Management for production and conservation goals in rangelands. In: Landscape ecology, function and management: principles from Australia's rangelands (Eds J.A. Ludwig, D.J. Tongway, D.O. Freudenberger, J.C. Noble, and K.C. Hodgkinson) pp. 93-106. CSIRO, Melbourne.
36. Gentilli. J. (1971). Dynamics of the Australian troposphere. In: Climates of Australia and New Zealand. World Survey of Climatology Vol. 13 (Ed. J. Gentilli) pp. 53-117. Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam.
37. Gill, A.M. (1975). Fire and the Australian flora: a review. Atist. For. 38: 4-25.
38. Gill, A.M., Burrows, N.D. and Bradstock, R.A. (1995). Fire modelling and fire weather in an Australian desert. CALMSci. Suppl. 4: 29-34.
39. Gooding, C.D. and Harrison, L.A. (1953). The wallaby menace in the Kimberleys. Report on initial survey and control experiments - 1952. J. Agric. West. Aust. 3rd Series 12: 333-40.
40. Gould, R.A. (1969). Subsistence behaviour among the Western Desert Aborigines of Australia. Oceania 39: 253-74.
41. Gould, R.A. (1971). Uses and effects of fire among the Western Desert Aborigines of Australia. Mankind 8:14-24.
42. Griffin, G.F. (1984a). Climate, vegetation, man and fire. In: Anticipating the inevitable: a patch-burn strategy for fire management at Uluru (Ayers Rock-Mt Olga) National Park (Ed. E.G. Saxon) pp. 7-12. CSIRO Australia, Melbourne.
43. Griffin, G.F. (1984b). Vegetation patterns. In: Anticipating the inevitable: a patch-burn strategy for fire management at Uluru (Ayers Rock-Mt Olga) National Park (Ed. E.G. Saxon) pp. 25-54. CSIRO Australia, Melbourne.
44. Griffin, G.F. (1991). Will it burn - should it burn? Management of the spinifex grasslands of inland Australia. In: Desertified grasslands: their biology and management (Ed. O.P. Chapman) pp. 63-76. Academic Press, London.
45. Griffin, G.F. (1993). The spread of buffel grass in inland Australia: land use conflicts. Proceedings 10th Australian Weeds Conference, Brisbane, 6-10th September, pp. 501-4.
46. Griffin, G.F. and Allan, G.E. (1984). Fire behaviour. In: Anticipating the inevitable: a patch-burn strategy for fire management at Uluru (Ayers Rock-Mt Olga) National Park (Ed. E.G. Saxon) pp. 55-68. CSIRO Australia, Melbourne.
47. Griffin, G.F. and Allan, G.E. (1993). CSIRO/CCNT Bushfires Research Project. Volume 1: Summary Report. CSIRO Division of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation. Commission of the Northern Territory Wildlife Division (S), Alice Springs, N.T.
48. Griffin, G.F., Price, N.F. and Portlock, H.F. (1983). Wildfires in the central Australian rangelands, 1970-1980. J. Environ. Manage. 17: 311-23.
49. Hardstaff, S.B. (1992). Mapping bushfires in the Kimberley region using NOAA-AVHRR data. Unpublished B. Se. (lions) thesis, School of Surveying and Land Information. Curtin University of Technology, Perth.
50. Harrington, G.N., Friedel, M.H., Hodgkinson, K.C. and Noble, J.C. (1984). Vegetation ecology and management. In: Management of Australia's rangelands (Eds G.N. Harrington, A.D. Wilson and M.D. Young) pp. 41-61. CSIRO, Australia.
51. Hart, A. (1986). 'Knowledge acquisition for expert systems.' Kogan Page, London.
52. Hodgkinson, K.C. (1991). Shrub recruitment response to intensity and season of fire in a semi-arid woodland. J. Appl. Ecol. 28, 60-70.
53. Hodgkinson, K.C. and Griffin, G.F. (1982). Adaptation of shrub species to fires in the arid zone. In: Evolution of the Flora and Fauna of Arid Australia (Eds W.R. Barker and P.J.M. Greenslade) pp. 145-52. Peacock Publications, Adelaide.
54. Hodgkinson, K.C., Harrington, G.N., Griffin, G.F., Noble, J.C. and Young, M.D. (1984). Management of vegetation with fire. in;: Management of Australia's rangelands (Eds G.N. Harrington, A.D. Wilson and M.D. Young) pp. 141-56. CSIRO, Australia.
55. Holm, A. McR. and Allen, R.J. (1988). Seasonal changes in the nutritive value of grass species in spinifex pastures of Western Australia. Aitst. Rangel. J. 10: 60-4.
56. Holm, A. McR. and Eliot, G.J. (1980). Seasonal changes in the nutritive value of some native pasture species in north-western Australia. Aust. Rangel. J. 2: 175-82.
57. Jacobs, S.W.L. (1984). Spinifex. In: Arid Australia (Eds H.G. Cogger and E.E. Cameron) pp. 131-42. Australian Museum, Sydney.
58. Jacobs, S.W.L. (1992). Spinifex (Triodia, Plectraclme, Symplectrodia and Monodia: Poaceae) in Australia. In: Desertified grasslands: their biology and management (Ed. G.F. Chapman) pp. 47-62. Academic Press, London.
59. Keighery, G. and Gibson, N. (1993). Biogeography and composition of the flora of the Cape Range peninsula, Western Australia. In;: Biogeography and composition of flora of the Cape Range peninsula, Western Australia (Ed. W.F. Humphreys) pp. 51-85 Rec. West. Aust. Mus., Supplement No. 45.
60. Kimber. R. (1983). Black lightning: Aborigines and fire in Central Australia and the Western Desert. Archaeol. Oceania 18: 38-45.
61. Kimberley Language Resource Centre (1996). 'Introduction to the Kija language.' Kimberley Language Resource Centre, Halls Creek, W.A.
62. Latz, P.K. and Griffin, G.F. (1978). Changes in Aboriginal land management in relation to fire and to food plants in central Australia. In: The nutrition of Aborigines in relation to the ecosystem in central Australia (Eds B.S. Hetzel and H.J. Frith) pp. 77-85. CSIRO, Melbourne.
63. Latz, P. (1995). 'Bushfires and bushtucker.' IAD Press, Alice Springs.
64. Lazarides, M. (1997). A revision ofTriodia including Plectrachne (Poaceae, Eragrostideae, Triodiinae). Anst. System. Bot. 10: 381-489.
65. Lee, D.M. and Neal, A.B. (1984). The climate of northern Australia. In: Northern Australia: the arenas of life and ecosystems on half a continent (Ed. D. Parkes) pp. 29-55. Academic Press, Sydney.
66. Leigh, J.H. and Noble, J.C. (1981). The role of fire in the management of rangelands in Australia. In;: Fire and the Australian biota (Eds A.M. Gill, R.H. Groves and I.R. Noble) pp. 471-95. Australian Academy of Science, Canberra.
67. Lenegan, G. (1988). The Kimberley and fire: a report on aerial burning operations, bush fire protection and fire management in the Kimberley region of W.A. Bush Fires Board of W.A., Perth.
68. Lord, B. (1996). Long term effects of repeated burning on understorey and modelling of fire impacts. In: Fire and biodiversity: the effects and effectiveness of fire management. Paper No. 8, Biodiversity Unit. pp. 57-65. Department of Environment, Sport and Territories, Canberra.
69. Lorimer, M.S. (1978). Forage selection studies. 1. The botanical composition of forage selected by sheep grazing Astrebla spp. pasture in north-west Queensland. Trop. Grossi. 12: 97-108.
70. Lowe, P. and Pike, J. (1990). 'Jilji. Life in the Great Sandy Desert.' Magabala Books, Broome, Western Australia.
71. Ludwig, J.A. (1988). Expert advice for shrub control. Aust. Rangel. J. 10: 100-5.
72. McCartney, R. (1991). A review of plant introductions in the Kimberley: 1955 to 1987. Miscellaneous Publication No. 31/91, Department of Agriculture, Western Australia.
73. McClelland, R. (1997). Fire as a management tool in the Queensland Gulf country. In: Fire in the management of northern Australian pastoral lands (Eds A.C. Grice and S.M. Slatter) pp. 56-7. Occasional Publication No. 8. Tropical Grasslands Society of Australia, St Lucia, Queensland.
74. Macleod, N.D. and Ludwig, J.A. (1991). Using BurnEcon to evaluate the economics of fire management in semi-arid woodlands. J. Environ. Manage. 33: 65-77.
75. Macleod, N.D. and Noble, J.C. (1991). The economic impact of prescribed fire on grazing leases in the mallee eucalypt regions of southwestern New South Wales. Environ. Int. 17: 151-62.
76. Maconochie, J.R. (1982). Regeneration of arid-zone plants: a floristic survey. In: Evolution of the flora and fauna of arid Australia (Eds W.R. Barker and P.J.M. Greenslade) pp. 141-4. Peacock Publications, Adelaide.
77. Masters, P. (1996). The effects of fire-driven succession on reptiles in spinifex grasslands at Uluru National Park, Northern Territory. Wildl. Res. 23: 39-48.
78. Mills, L.J. and Adam, P. (1986). Annual rainfall characteristics of the Kimberley Region. Report No. WH9. Water Resources Directorate. Water Authority of Western Australia.
79. Morrison, D.A., Gary, G.J., Pengelly, S.M., Ross, D.G., Mullins, B.J., Thomas, C.R. and Anderson, T.S. (1995). Effects of fire frequency on plant species composition in the Sydney region: inter-fire interval and time-since-fire. Aust. J. Ecol. 20, 239-47.
80. Mulham, W.E. (1985). Vegetation changes alter fire on two land systems in arid north-west New South Wales. Aust. Rangel. J. 7: 80-7.
81. Nash, D. (1991). Warlpiri fire management. In: Management of spinifex deserts for nature conservation (Ed. D.J. Pearson). Proceedings of workshop held in May 1990 in Como, W.A. Occasional paper 1/91, p 12. Department of Conservation and Land Management, Perth.
82. Nicholson, P.H. (1981). Fire and the Australian Aborigine. In: Fire and the Australian biota (Eds A.M. Gill, R.H. Groves and I.R. Noble) pp. 55-76. Australian Academy of Science, Canberra.
83. Noble, I.R. and Gitay, H. (1996). A functional classification for predicting the dynamics of landscapes. J. Veg. Sei. 7: 329-36.
84. Noble, J.C., Harrington, G.N. and Hodgkinson, K.C. (1986). The ecological significance of irregular fire in Australian rangelands. In: Rangelands: a resource under siege. Proceedings of the Second International Rangeland Congress, Adelaide, 1984 (Eds P.J. Joss, P.W. Lynch and O.S. Williams) pp. 577-80. Australian Academy of Science, Canberra.
85. Orr, D.M. (1975). A review of Astrebla (Mitchell Grass) pastures in Australia. Trop. Grassl. 9: 21-36.
86. Paltridge, G.W. and Barber, J. (1988). Monitoring grassland dryness and fire potential in Australia with NOAA/AVHRR data. Remote Sens. Environ. 25: 381-94.
87. Payne, A.L., Kubicki, A. and Wilcox, D.G. (1974). Range condition guides for the West Kimberley area, W.A. Western Australian Department of Agriculture, Perth.
88. Peasley, W.J. (1983). 'The last of the nomads.' Fremantle Arts Centre Press, Fremantle, W.A.
89. Perry, R.A. (1970). Vegetation of the Ord-Victoria area. In: Lands of the Ord-Victoria area. W.A. and N.T. (Eds O.A. Stewart et al.) pp. 104-19. Land Research Series No. 28, CS1RO Australia.
90. Petheram, R.J. and Kok, D. (1986). 'Plants of the Kimberley Region of Western Australia.' University of Western Australia Press, Nedlands, W.A.
91. Piddington, M. and Piddington, P. (1932). Report of field work in north-western Australia. Oceania 2: 342-58.
92. Pivello, V.R. and Norton, O.A. (1996). FIRETOOL: an expert system for the use of prescribed fires in Brazilian savannas. J. Appl. Ecol. 33: 348-56.
93. Playford, P.E., Cope, R.N., Cockbain, A.E., Low, G.H. and Lowry, D.C. (1975). Canning Basin. In: Geology of Western Australia, Memoir 2. West Australian Geological Survey, Perth.
94. Pressland, A.J. (1982). Fire in the management of grazing lands in Queensland. Trop. Grossi. 16: 104-12.
95. Rice, B.L., Westoby, M., Griffin, G.F. and Friedel, M.H. (1994). Effects of supplementary soil nutrients on hummock grasses. Aust. J. Bot. 42: 687-703.
96. Ryan, P., Russell-Smith, J. and DuRieu, R. (1995). Long term satellite monitoring of fire regimes in Kakadu National Park, Northern Territory, Australia. Proceedings of the 2nd North Australian Remote Sensing and GIS Forum, pp. 13-26. Darwin, July 1995.
97. Saint, P. (1993). 'The Kimberley and fire: a general summary.' Bush Fires Board of W.A., Perth.
98. Saxon, E.G. and Allan, G.E. (1984). Patch-burn management: site selection. In: Anticipating the inevitable: a patch-burn strategy for fire management at Uluru (Ayers Rock-Mt Olga) National Park (Ed. E.G. Saxon) pp. 69-78. CS1RO Australia, Melbourne.
99. Scanlan, J.C. (1980). Effects of spring wildfires on Astrebla (Mitchell grass) grasslands in north-west Queensland under varying levels of growing season rainfall. Aust. Rangel. J. 2: 162-8.
100. Scanlan, J.C. (1983). Changes in tiller and tussock characteristics of Astrebla hppacea (curly Mitchell grass) after burning. Aust. Rangel. J. 5: 13-9.
101. Scanlan, J.C. and O'Rourke, P.K. (1982). Effect of spring wildfires on Iseilema (Flinders grass) populations in the Mitchell grass region of north-western Queensland. Aust. J. Bot. 30: 591-600.
102. Scotter, D.R. (1970). Soil temperatures under grass fires. Aust. J. Soil Sei. 8: 273-9.
103. Slatyer, R.O. (1970). Climate of the Ord-Victoria area. In: Lands of the Ord-Victoria area, W.A. and N.T. (Eds O.A. Stewart et al.) pp. 62-74. Land Research Series No. 28, CSIRO Australia.
104. Smith, R., Browne, C., Craig, R., Adams, J. and Steber, M. (1996). Mapping of bushfires in northern Australia. WALIS News No. 8, January 1996: 7-10.
105. Speck, N.H. (1964). Introduction and summary description of the West Kimberley area. In: General report on lands of the West Kimberley, W.A. Land Research Series No. 9, pp. 9-23. CSIRO Australia, Melbourne.
106. Speck, N.H., Wright, R.L. and Rutherford, G.K. (1964a). Land systems of the West Kimberley area. In: General report on lands of the West Kimberley, W.A. Land Research Series No. 9, pp. 24-75. CSIRO Australia, Melbourne.
107. Speck, N.H., Fitzgerald. K. and Perry, R.A. (1964b). The pasture lands of the West Kimberley area. In: General Report on lands of the West Kimberley, W.A. Land Research Series No. 9, pp. 175-91. CSIRO Australia, Melbourne.
108. Stafford Smith, D.M. and Morion, S.R. (1990). A framework for the ecology of arid Australia. J. Arid Environ. 18: 255-78.
109. Stewart. G.A., Perry, R.A., Paterson, S.J., Sleeman, J.R. and Traves, D.M. (1970). Land systems of the Ord-Victoria area. In: Lands of the Ord-Victoria area, W.A. and N.T. Land Research Series No. 28, pp. 11-61. CSIRO Australia.
110. Stretch, J. (1996). Fire management of spinifex pastures in the coastal and west Pilbara. Miscellaneous Publication 23/96. Agriculture Western Australia, Perth.
111. Stuth, J.W. and Stafford Smith, M. (1993). Decision support for grazing lands: an overview. In: Man and the biosphere series. Vol. 11. Decision support systems for the management of grazing lands: emerging issues. (Eds J.W. Stuth and B.C. Lyons) pp. 1-35. UNESCO, Paris.
112. Suijdendorp, H. (1967). The influence of management practices on 'spinifex' (Triodia pungens) grazing. Unpublished M. Se. (Agric.) thesis. University of Western Australia, Perth.
113. Suijdendorp, H. (1969). Deferred grazing improves soft spinifex association. J. Agric. West. Aust. 4th Series 10: 487-8.
114. Suijdendorp, H. (1981). Responses of the hummock grasslands of northwestern Australia. In: Fire and the Australian biota (Eds A.M. Gill, R.H. Groves and I.R. Noble) pp. 417-24. Australian Academy of Science, Canberra.
115. Tapper, N.J., Garden, G., Gill, J. and Fernon, J. (1993). The climatology and meteorology of high fire danger in the Northern Territory. Rangel. J. 15: 339-51.
116. Tauss, R. (1991). Fire in the spinifex. Preliminary report for the Wiluna Land Conservation District. Department of Agriculture. Western Australia.
117. Tindale, N.B. and Lindsay, H.A. (1963). 'Aboriginal Australians.' Jacaranda Press, Brisbane.
118. Tongway, D.J. and Ludwig, J.A. (1997). The conservation of water and nutrients within landscapes. In: Landscape ecology, function and management: principles from Australia's rangelands (Eds J.A. Ludwig, D.J. Tongway, D.O. Freudenberger, J.C. Noble, and K.C. Hodgkinson) pp. 13-22. CSIRO, Melbourne.
119. Tonkinson, R. (1991). 'The Mardu Aborigines: living the dream in Australia's desert.' Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Fort Worth, Texas.
120. Tothill. J.C. and Gillies, C. (1992). The pasture lands of northern Australia. Occasional Publication No. 5. Tropical Grassland Society of Australia, Brisbane.
121. Trollope, W.S.W. (1978). Fire behaviour - a preliminary study. Proc. Grassl. Soc. South. Afr. 13, 123-8.
122. Turner, E.J. (1979). Report on management of the eucalypt, spinifex woodlands of central western Queensland. Report 79/2. Division of Land Utilisation, Queensland Department of Primary Industries.
123. Walsh, F.J. (1990). An ecological study of traditional Aboriginal use of'country': Martu in the Great and Little Sandy Deserts, Western Australia. Proc. Ecol. Soc. Aust. 16: 23-37.
124. Westoby, M., Rice, B., Griffin, G. and Friedel, M. (1988). The soil seed bank of Triodia basedowii in relation to time since fire. Aust. J. Ecol. 13: 161-9.
125. Whelan, R.J. (1995). 'The ecology of fire. Cambridge.' University Press, Melbourne.
126. Wheeler, J.R. (Ed.), Rye B.L., Koch, B.L. and Wilson, A.J.G. (1992). 'Flora of the Kimberley region.' Department of Conservation and Land Management, Perth.
127. Williams, A.R., Addison, J.S. and McKenzie G.J. (1987). A resource inventory with management considerations for Quanbun Downs and Laurel Downs Station, West Kimberley. Rangeland Management Branch, Department of Agriculture, Derby. Unpublished report.
128. Williams, A.R. and Tauss, R. (1990). The utilisation of spinifex for pastoral purposes. Proceedings of a workshop at Yeelirrie Station, Nov. 14, 1989. Sandstone Land Conservation District.
129. Yu, S., Hudson, J., Nies, Y., Gilbert, P. and Davey, C. (Eds) (1991). 'Kimberley Aboriginal Communities.' Jawa Curriculum Support Centre, Broome, W.A.