The Contributions of Excitatory and Inhibitory Amino Acid Neurotransmitters to Vestibular Plasticity

Neurochemistry of the Vestibular System

Volumn , Issue , 2023, Pages 381-401

  Smith, Paul F ^a   Darlington, Cynthia L ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0004498552     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/9780203745922-24     Document Type: Chapter

References (180)

1. Anastasio, T.T, Simulating vestibular compensation using recurrent back-propagation, Biol. Cybem., 66: 389.1992.
2. Aoki, M, Miyata, H, Mizuta, K, and Ito, Y, Evidence for tlie involvement of NMDA receptors in vestibular compensation, J. Vest. Res., 6: 315, 1996.
3. Azzena, GB, Mameli, O, and Tolu, E, Vestibular units during decompensation, Experientici, 33: 234, 1977.
4. Baker, R, Neuronal Mechanisms of Adaptation: A Viewpoint. In: Adapative Processes in the Visited and Oculomotor System (Keller, EL, and Zee, DS, Eds.), pp. 419-426. New York: Pergamon, 1985.
5. Benazet, M, Serafin, M, de Waele, C, Chat, M, Lapeyre, P, and Vidal, PP, Imnvo modulation of tlie NMDA receptor by its glycinergic site in the guinea pig vestibular nuclei, Soc. Neurosci., Abstr, 19: 136.1993.
6. Blair, SM, and Gavin, M, Brainstem vestibular commissures and control of time constant of vestibular nystagmus, Acta. Otolaryngol., 91: 1, 1981.
7. Bliss, TVP, and Collingridge, GL, A synaptic model of memory: Long-term potentiation in tlie hippocampus, Nature, Lond., 361: 31, 1993.
8. Calza, L, Giardino, L, Zanni, M Galetti, R, Parclii, P, and Galetti, G, Involvement of Cholinergic and GABAergic Systems in Vestibular Compensation. In: Vestibular Compensation: Facts, Theories and Clin-ical Perspectives, (Lacour M, Toupet M, Denise P, and Cliristen Y, Eds.), pp. 189-199, Paris: Elsevier, 1989.
9. Caria, MA, Melis, F, Podda, MV, Solinas, A, and Deriu, F, Does long-term potentiation occur in guinea pig Deiter's nucleus?, NeuroReport 1: 2303, 1996.
10. Capocchi G, Della Torre, G, Grassi, S, Pettorossi, VE, and Zampolini, M, NMDA-receptor-mediated longterm modulation of electrically evoked field potentials in tlie rat medial vestibular nuclei, Exp. Brain Res., 90: 546, 1992.
11. Carpenter, DO, and Hori, N, Neurotransmitter and peptide receptors on medial vestibular nucleus neurons, Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 656: 668, 1992.
12. Cass, SP, and Goshgarian HG Vestibular compensation after labyrinthectomy and vestibular neurectomy in rats, Otolaryngol. Head Neck Sing., 104: 14, 1991.
13. Chan-Palay, V, Ito, M, Tongroach, P, Sakurai, M, and Palay, S, Inhibitory effect of motilin, somatostatin, [Leu]enkephalin, [Met]enkephalin and taurineomieuronsoftlielateralvestibulamucleus:interactionswitli gamma-aminobutyric acid, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 79: 3355, 1982.
14. Cochran, SL, Kasik, P, and Precht, W, Pharmacological aspects of excitatory synaptic transmission to second-order vestibular neurons in the frog, Synapse, 1: 102, 1987.
15. Cohen, B, Helwig, D, and Raphan, T, Baclofen and velocity storage: A model of tlie effects of the drug on the vestibulo-ocular reflex in the rhesus monkey, J. Physiol., 393: 701, 1987.
16. Curthoys, IS, and Halmagyi, GM, Behavioural and neural correlates of vestibular compensation, in: Bailliere+s Clinical Neurology, Vol. 1 (2), pp. 345-372, London: Bailliere Tindall, 1992.
17. Curthoys, IS, and Halmagyi, GM, Vestibular compensation: A review of oculomotor, neural and clinical consequences of unilateral vestibular loss, J. Vest. Res., 5: 67, 1995.
18. Curthoys, IS, Harris, RA, and Smith, PF, The effect of unilateral labyrinthectomy on neural activity in the guinea pig vestibular nuclei, in: The Vestibular System: Neiirophvsiologic and Clinical Research (Graham MD, and Kemink JL, Eds.), pp. 677-687, New York: Raven Press, 1987.
19. Curtis, DR, Duggan, AW, and Felix, D, GABA and inhibition of Deiter’s neurones, Brain Res., 23: 117, 1970.
20. Darlington, CL, Flohr H, and Smith, PF, Molecular mechanisms of brainstem plasticity: The vestibular compensation model, Mol. Neurobiol., 5: 355, 1991.
21. Darlington, CL, Gallagher, JP, and Smith, PF, In vitro electrophysiological studies of the vestibular nucleus complex, Prog. Neurobiol., 45: 335, 1995.
22. Darlington, CL, and Smith, PF, NMDA receptor antagonists disrupt the development of vestibular compensation in tlie guinea pig, Eur J. Pharmacol., 174: 273, 1989.
23. Darlington, CL, and Smith, PF, Pre-treatment with a calcium channel antagonist facilitates vestibular compensation, NeuroReport, 3: 143, 1992.
24. Darlington, CL, and Smith, PF, Middle ear procaine injection before surgical labyrinthectomy reduces nystagmus, NeuroReport, 4: 1353, 1993.
25. Darlington, CL, and Smith, PF, The intrinsic properties of vestibular nucleus neurons and recovery of motor function following peripheral vestibular deafferentation: Is there a link? Hum. Mov. Sci., 12: 195.1993.
26. Darlington, CL, and Smith, PF, Metabotropic glutamate receptors in tlie guinea pig medial vestibular nucleus in vitro, NeuroReport, 6: 1799, 1995.
27. Darlington, CL, and Smith, PF, Recovery of static vestibular function following peripheral vestibular lesions (vestibular compensation) in mammals: The intrinsic mechanism hypothesis, J. Vest. Res., 6: 185, 1996.
28. Darlington, CL, Smith, PF, and Gilchrist, DPD, Comparison of tlie effects of ACTH-(4-10) on medial vestibular nucleus neurons in brainstem slices from labyrinthine-intact and compensated guinea pigs, Neurosci. Lett., 145: 97, 1992.
29. Darlington, CL, Smith, PF, and Gilchrist, DPD, The contributions of vestibular studies to understanding tlie beneficial effects of short ACTH fragments in the CNS: Reply to Pranzatelli., Exp. Neurol., 128: 155.1994.
30. Darlington, CL, Smith, PF, and Hubbard, JI, Neuronal activity in tlie guinea pig medial vestibular nucleus in vitro following chronic unilateral labyrinthectomy, Neurosci. Lett., 105: 143, 1989.
31. Darlington, CL, Smith, PF, and Gilchrist, DPD, Comparison of tlie effects of ACTH-(4-10) on medial vestibular nucleus neurons in brainstem slices from labyrinthine-intact and compensated guinea pigs, Neurosci. Lett., 145: 97, 1992.
32. Darlington, CL, Smith, PF, and Gilchrist, DPD, The effects of combined pre-treatment with an NMDA receptor antagonist and post-treatment with a synthetic ACTH-(4-9) fragment on spontaneous nystagmus compensation following vestibular deafferentation, Neurosci. Res. Commun., 14: 133.1994.
33. Dieringer, N, and Precht, W, Modification of synaptic input following unilateral labyrinthectomy, Nature, London, 269: 431, 1977.
34. Dieringer, N, Precht, W, Mechanism of compensation for vestibular deficits in tlie frog. II. Modifications of tlie inhibitory pathway, Exp. Brain Res., 36: 329, 1979.
35. Doi, K, Tsumoto, T, and Matsunaga, T, Actions of excitatory amino acid anatgonists on synaptic inputs to tlie rat medial vestibular nucleus: An electrophysiological study in vitro, Exp. Brain Res., 82: 254, 1990.
36. Dutia, MB, Johnston, AR, and McQueen, DS, Tonic activity of rat medial vestibular nucleus neurones in vitro and its inhibition by GABA, Exp. Brain Res., 88: 466, 1992.
37. Feeney, DM, and Baron, JC, Diaschisis, Stroke, 17: 817, 1986.
38. Fetter, M, and Zee, DS, Recovery from unilateral labyrinthectomy in rhesus monkey, J. Neurophysiol., 59: 370, 1988.
39. Flohr, H, Abeln, W, and Luneburg, U, Neurotransmitter and neuromodulator systems involved in vestibular compensation, in: Adapative Mechanisms In Gaze Control: Facts and Theories (Berthoz A, Melvill Jones G, Eds.), pp. 269-277, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1981.
40. Flohr, H, Bienhold, H, Abeln, W, and Macskovics, I, Concepts of vestibular compensation, in Lesion-Induced Neuronal Plasticity in Sensorimotor Systems (Flohr H, Precht W, Eds.), pp. 153-172, Amsterdam: Springer, 1981.
41. Flohr, H, and Luneburg, U, Effects of ACTH-(4-10) on vestibular compensation, Brain Res., 248: 169, 1982.
42. Flohr, H, and Luneburg, U, Role of NMDA receptors in lesion-induced plasticity, Arch. Ital. Biol., 131: 173.1993.
43. Fonnum, F, Storm-Mathisen, J, and Walberg, F, Glutamate decarboxylase in inhibitory neurons. A study of tlie enzyme in Purkinje cell axons and boutons in tlie cat, Brain Res., 20: 259, 1970.
44. Funabiki, K, Mishina, M, and Hirano, T, Retarded vestibular compensation in mutant mice deficient in d-2 glutamate receptor subunit, NeuroReport, 7: 189, 1995.
45. Furuya, N, Yabe, T, and Koizumi, T, Neurotransmitters in tlie vestibular commissural system of tlie cat, Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 656: 594, 1992.
46. Gacek, RR, Lyon, MT, and Sclioonmaker, J, Ultrastructural changes in vestibulo-ocularneuronsfollowing vestibular neurectomy in tlie cat^4nn. Otol. Rhinol. Otolaryngol., 97: 42, 1988.
47. Galiana, HL, Flohr, H, and Melvill-Jones, G, A re-evaluation of intervestibulaniuclear coupling: its role in vestibular compensation, J. Neurophysiol., 51: 258, 1984.
48. Gallager, DW, Lakoski, JM, Gonsalves, SF, and Rauch, SL, Chronic benzodiazepine treatment decreases postsynaptic GABA sensitivity, Nature, 308: 74, 1984.
49. Gallagher, JP, Lewis, MR, and Sliinnick-Gallaglier, P, An electrophysiological investigation of tlie rat medial vestibular nucleus in vitro, in: Contemporary Sensory Neurobiology, (Correia MT, Peracliio AA, Eds.) pp. 293-304, New York: A.R. Liss, 1985.
50. Gallagher, JP, Phelan, KD, and Sliinnick-Gallaglier, P, Modulation of excitatory transmission at tlie rat medial vestibular nucleus synapse, Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 656: 630, 1992.
51. Gilchrist, DPD, Darlington, CL, and Smith, PF, The effects of tlunarizine on ocular motor and postural compensation following peripheral vestibular deafferentation in guinea pig, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav, 44: 99, 1993.
52. Gilchrist, DPD, Darlington, CL, and Smith, PF, A dose-response analysis of tlie beneficial effects of the ACTH-(4-9) analogue Org 2766 on behavioural recovery following unilateral labyrinthectomy in guinea pig, Brit. J. Pharmacol., 3: 358, 1994.
53. Gilchrist, DPD, Darlington, CL, and Smith, PF, Org 2766 treatment prevents disruption of vestibular compensation by an NMDA receptor antagonist, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 252: Rl, 1994.
54. Gilchrist, DPD, Smith, PF, and Darlington, CL, ACTH-(4-10) accelerates ocular motor recovery in the guinea pig following vestibular deafferentation, Neurosci. Lett., 118: 14, 1990.
55. Grassi, S, Zampolini, M, Della Torre, G, Capocchi, G, and Pettorossi, VE, GABA-mediated vestibular long-term depression (LTD), Eur: J. Neurosci. Suppl., 7: 219, 1994.
56. Hamann, KF, and Lannou, J, Dynamic characteristics of vestibular nuclear neurons responses to vestibular and optokinetic stimulation during vestibular compensation in tlie rat,. Acta. Otolaryngol. (Stockholm) Suppl, 455: 1-19, 1988.
57. Henley, CM, and Igarashi, M, Amino acid assay of vestibular nuclei 10 months after unilateral labyrinth-ectomy in squirrel monkeys, Acta. Otolaryngol. (Stockholm) Suppl., 481: 407, 1991.
58. Hironaka, T, Morita, Y, Hagiliira, S, Tateno, E, Kita, H, and Tohyama, M, Localization of GABAa- receptor al subunit niRNA-containing neurons in tlie lower brainstem of tlie rat, Mol. Brain Res., 7: 335, 1990.
59. Holstein, GR, Gannon, PJ, Martinelli, GP, and Cohen, B, L-Baclofen-sensitive GABAg binding sites are present on primary vestibular afferents in tlie medial vestibular nucleus, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr:, 20: 570.1994.
60. Holstein, GR, Martinelli, GP, and Cohen, B, L-baclofen-sensitive GABAg binding sites in tlie medial vestibular nucleus localized by immimocytocliemistry, Brain Res., 581: 175, 1992.
61. Houser, CR, Barber, RP, and Vaughn, JE, Immimocytocliemical localization of glutamic acid decarboxylase in tlie dorsal lateral vestibular nucleus: Evidence for an intrinsic and extrinsic GABA-ergic innervation, Neurosci. Lett., 47: 213, 1984.
62. Hutchinson, M, Smith, PF, and Darlington, CL, Tolerance to tlie ataxic effects of diazepam in guinea pig is not associated with a reduced sensitivity of GABAa receptors in tlie vestibular nucleus, Euu J. Pharmacol., 301: 83, 1996.
63. Igarashi, M, Ishikawa, K, Ishii, M, and Schmidt, K, Effect of ACTH-(4-10) on equilibrium compensation after unilateral labyrinthectomy in the squirrel monkey, Em: J. Pharmacol., 119: 239, 1985.
64. Ito, M, Highstein, SM, and Fukuda, J, Cerebellar inhibition of tlie vestibulo-ocular reflex in rabbit and cat and its blockage by picrotoxin, Brain Res., 17: 524, 1970.
65. Ito, M, Kawai, N, and Udo, M, Hie origin of cerebellar-induced inhibition of Deiter’s neurones III. Localization of the inhibitory zone, Exp. Brain Res., 4: 310, 1968.
66. Ito, M, Kawai, N, Udo, M, and Sato, N, Cerebellar-evoked disinliibition in dorsal Deiter’s neurones, Exp. Brain Res., 6: 247, 1968.
67. Ito, M, and Yosliida, M, The origin of cerebellar-induced inhibition of Deiter’s neurones I. Monosynaptic initiation of the inhibitory postsynaptic potential, Exp. Brain Res., 2: 330, 1966.
68. Jensen, DW, Survival of function in the deafferented vestibular nerve, Brain Res., 273: 175, 1983.
69. Jerram, A, Darlington, CL, and Smith, PF, Methylprednisolone enhances vestibular compensation of spontaneous ocular nystagmus following unilateral labyrinthectomy in guinea pig, Eur J. Pharmacol., 275: 291, 1995.
70. Johnston, AR, MacLeod, NK, and Dutia, MB, Ionic conductances contributing to spike repolarization and after-potentials in rat medial vestibular nucleus neurones, J. Physiol. (London), 481: 61, 1994.
71. Kevetter GA, and Perachio, AA, Cytochrome oxidase histochemistry in Scarpa+s ganglion after heniila-byrinthectomy, Neurosci. Lett., 175: 141, 1994.
72. Kim, MS, Jin, BK, Chun, SW, Lee, MY, Lee, SH, Kim, JH, and Park, BR, Role of vestibulocerebellar N-metliyl-D-aspartate receptors for behavioral recovery following unilateral labyrinthectomy, Neumsci. Lett, 222: 171, 1997.
73. Kinney, GA, Peterson, BW, and Slater, NT, Long-term synaptic plasticity in the rat medial vestibular nucleus studied using patch-clamp recording in an in vitro brain slice preparation, Soc. Neurosc. Abstr, 19: 1491, 1993.
74. Kinney, GA, Peterson, BW, and Slater, NT, The synaptic activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in tlie rat medial vestibular nucleus, J. Neurophysiol., 72: 1588, 1994.
75. Kitihara, T, Takeda, N, Saika, T, Kubo, T, and Kiyama, H, Effects of MK-801 on Fos expression in the rat brainstem after unilateral labyrinthectomy, Brain Res., 700: 182, 1995.
76. Knopfel, T, Evidence for N-metliyl-D-aspartic acid receptor-mediated modulation of the commissural input to central vestibular neurons of the frog, Brain Res., 426: 212, 1987.
77. Knopfel, T, and Dieringer, N, Lesion-induced vestibular plasticity in the frog: Are N-metliyl-D-aspartate receptors involved? Exp. Brain Res., 72: 129, 1988.
78. Korte, GE, and Friedrich, VL, The fine structure of tlie feline superior vestibular nucleus: identification and synaptology of tlie primary vestibular afferents, Brain Res., 176: 3, 1979.
79. Kunkel, AW, and Dieringer, N, Morphological and electrophysiological consequences of unilateral pre-versus post-ganglionic vestibular lesions in tlie frog, J. Comp. Physiol., A 171: 621, 1994.
80. Kumoi, K, Saito, N, and Tanaka, C, Immunohistochemical localization of ganmia-aniinobutyric acid and aspartate-containing neurons in the guinea pig vestibular nuclei, Brain Res., 416: 22, 1987.
81. Lacour, M, Ez-Zaher, L, and Raymond, J, Plasticity mechanisms in vestibular compensation in the cat are improved by an extract of Ginkgo Biloba (EGb 761), Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav, 40: 367, 1991.
82. Lacour, M, Toupet, M, Denise, P, and Christen, Y, (Eds.) Vestibular Compensation: Facts, Theories and Clinical Perspectives, Paris: Elsevier, 1989.
83. Lapeyre, PNM, and de Waele, C, Dual glycinergic modulation of spontaneously active guinea pig medial vestibular nucleus neurons: An in vitro study, Neumsci. Lett., 188: 155, 1995.
84. Leinlios, P, and Flohr, H, Calcium antagonists and lesion-induced neural plasticity, Em: J. Neurosci. Suppl., 5: 74, 1992.
85. Lewis, MR, Gallagher, JP, and Shimiick-Gallagher, P, An in vitro brain slice preparation to study the pharmacology of central vestibular neurons, J. Pharmacol. Meth., 18: 267, 1987.
86. Lewis, MR, Phelan, KD, Shimiick-Gallagher, P, and Gallagher, JP, Primary afferent excitatory transmission recorded intracellularly in vitro from rat medial vestibular neurons, Synapse, 3: 149, 1989.
87. Li, H, Godfrey, TG, Godfrey, DA, and Rubin, AM, Quantitative changes of amino acid distributions in rat vestibular nuclear complex after unilateral vestibular ganglionectomy, J. Neurochem., 66: 1550, 1996.
88. Li, H, Godfrey, TG, Godfrey, DA, and Rubin, AM, Immunohistochemical study of the distributions of AMPA receptor subtypes in rat vestibular nuclear complex after unilateral deafferentation, Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 653, 1995
89. 3H]dizocilpine maleate binding in rat vestibular nuclear complex after unilateral deafferentation, with comparison to cochlear nucleus, Neurosci., 77: 473, 1997.
90. Lisberger, SG, Pavelko, TA, and Broussard, DM, Neural basis for motor learning in the vestibuloocular reflex of primates. I. Changes in the responses of brainstem neurons, J. Neurophysiol., 72: 928.1994.
91. Lisberger, SG, and Sejnowski, T.T, Motor learning in a recurrent network model based on the vestibuloocular reflex, Nature, Lond., 360: 159, 1992.
92. Llinas, R, and Walton, K, Vestibular compensation: A distributed property of the central nervous system. in: Integration In The Nervous System (Asanuma, H and Wilson, VJ, Eds.), pp. 145-166, Tokyo: Igaku- Shon, 1979.
93. Lopez, I, Baloh, RW, and Honrubia, V, Glycine receptor immunolocalization in tlie chinchilla vestibular nuclear complex, Soc Neumsci. Abstr., 20: 569, 1994.
94. 14C]2-deoxyglucose study, Brain Res., 373: 68, 1986.
95. McBain, CJ, Mayer, and ML, N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor structure and function, Physiol. Revs., 74: 723, 1994
96. Maclennan, K, Smith, PF, and Darlington, CL, Ginkgolide B accelerates vestibular compensation of spontaneous ocular nystagmus following unilateral labyrinthectomy in guinea pig, Exp. Neurol., 131: 273.1995.
97. Martinelli, GP, Holstein, GR, and Cohen, B, L-Baclofen-sensitive GABAB binding sites are present on some commissural axon tenninals in the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN), Soc. Neurosci. Abstr-., 20: 570, 1994.
98. Matsmnitsu, Y, and Sekitani, T, Effect of electric stimulation on vestibular compensation in guinea pigs, Acta. Otolaryngol. (Stockholm) 111: 807, 1991.
99. Monaghan, DT, and Cotman, CW, Distribution of N-methyl-D-aspartate-sensitive L-[3H] glutamate binding sites in rat brain, J. Neurosci., 5: 2909, 1985.
100. Nakamura, J, Sasa, M, and Takaori, S, Ethanol potentiates tlie effect of ganinia-aniinobutyric acid on medial vestibular nucleus neurons responding to horizontal rotation, Life Sci., 45: 971, 1989.
101. Nakao, S, Sasaki, S, Schor, RH, and Sliimazu, H, Functional organization of premotor neurons in tlie cat medial vestibular nucleus related to slow and fast phases of vestibular nystagmus, Exp. Brain Res., 45: 371, 1982.
102. Newlands, SD, and Peracliio, AA, Compensation of horizontal canal-related activity in the medial vestibular nucleus following unilateral labyrinth ablation in the decerebrate gerbil. I. Type I neurons, Exp. Brain Res., 82: 359, 1990.
103. Newlands, SD, and Peracliio, AA, Compensation of horizontal canal-related activity in the medial vestibular nucleus following unilateral labyrinth ablation in tlie decerebrate gerbil. II. Type II neurons, Exp. Brain Res., 82: 373, 1990.
104. Newlands, SD, and Peracliio, AA, Effect of T2 spinal transection on compensation of horizontal canal-related activity in the medial vestibular nucleus following unilateral labyrinth ablation in the decerbrate gerbil, Brain Res., 541: 129, 1991
105. Niklasson, M, Tham, R, Larsby, B, and Eriksson, B, Effects of GABAB activation and inhibition on vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic responses in tlie pigmented rat, Brain Res., 649: 151, 1994.
106. Nomura, I, Senba, E, Kubo, T, Shiraislii, T, Matsunaga, T, Tohyama, M, Sliiotani, Y, and Wu, JY, Neuropeptides and gamma-aminobutyric acid in the vestibular nuclei of the rat: An ininiuohistocheni- ical analysis, I. Distribution. Brain Res., 311: 109, 1984.
107. Obata, K, Ito, M, Ochi, R, and Sato, N, Pharmacological properties of tlie postsynaptic inhibition by Purkinje cell axons and tlie action of GABA on Deiter’s neurons, Exp. Brain Res., 4: 43, 1967.
108. Obata, K, and Takeda, K, Release of GABA into tlie fourth ventricle induced by stimulation of tlie cat’s cerebellum, J. Neurochem., 16: 1043, 1969.
109. Obata,, K, Takeda, K, and Sliinozaki, H, Further study on pharmacological properties of the cerebellar- induced inhibition of Deiter’s neurons, Exp. Brain Res., 11: 327, 1970.
110. Padoan, S, Korttila, K, Magnusson, M, Pyyko, I, and Schalen, L, Reduction of gain and time constant of vestibulo-ocular reflex in man induced by diazepam and thiopental, J. Vest. Res., 1: 97, 1990.
111. Perachio, AA, Newlands, SD, Reply to: PF. Smith and I.S. Curthoys, Exp. Brain Res., 86: 681, 1991.
112. Pettorossi, VE, Della Torre, G, Grassi, S, Zampolini, M, Capocchi, G, and Errico, P, Role of NMDA receptors in tlie compensation of ocular nystagmus induced by liemilabyrintliectomy in tlie guinea pig, Arch. Ital. Biol., 130: 303, 1992.
113. Pompeiano, O, Xerri, C, Gianni, S, and Manzoni, D, Central compensation of vestibular deficits. II. Influences of roll tilt on different size lateral vestibular neurons after ipsilateral labyrinth deafferentation, J. Neurophysiol., 52: 18, 1984.
114. Popper, P, Rodrigo, JP, Alvarez, JC, Lopez, I, andHonrubia, V, Expression ofthe AMPA-selective receptor subunits in tlie vestibular nuclei of tlie chinchilla, Mol. Brain Res., 44: 21, 1997.
115. Precht, W, Schwindt, PC, and Baker, R, Removal of vestibular commissural inhibition by antagonists of GABA and glycine, Brain Res., 62: 222, 1973.
116. Precht, W, Sliimazu, H, and Markham, CH, A mechanism of central compensation of vestibular function following liemilabyrintliectomy, J. Neurophysiol., 29: 996, 1966.
117. Raymond, J, Nieoullon, A, Dememes, D, and Sans, A, Evidence for glutamate as a neurotransmitter in tlie cat vestibular nerve, Exp. Brain Res., 56: 523, 1984.
118. Raymond, J, Touati, J, and Dememes, D, Changes in the glutamate binding sites in the rat vestibular nuclei following heniilabyrinthectoniy, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 15:, 1989.
119. Reichenberger, I, and Dieringer, N, Size-related colocalization of glycine- and glutaniate-ininiunoreac-tivity in frog and rat vestibular afferents, J. Comp. Neurol., 349: 603, 1994.
120. Reichenberger, I, Straka, H, Ottersen, OP, Streit, P, Gerrits, NM, and Dieringer, N, Distribution of GABA, glycine and glutamate immimoreactivities in the vestibular nuclear complex of the frog, J. Comp. Neurol, 377:149, 1997.
121. Ried, S, Maioli, C, and Precht, W, Vestibular nuclear neuron activity in chronically labyrintliectomized cats, Acta. Otolaryngol. (Stockholm), 98:1, 1984.
122. Ris, L, Capron, B, De Waele, C, Vidal, PP, Godaux, E, Dissociations between behavioural recovery and restoration of vestibular activity in the unilabyrintliectomized guinea pig, J. Physiol., 500:509, 1997.
123. Ris, L., De Waele, C, Serafin, M, Vidal, PP, Godaux, E, Neuronal activity in the ipsilateral vestibular nucleus following unilateral labyrinthectomy in tlie alert guinea pig, J. Neurophysiol., 74:2887, 1995.
124. Sansoni, AJ, Darlington, CL, and Smith, PF, Intraventricular administration of an N-methyl-D-aspartate, receptor antagonist disrupts vestibular compensation, Neuropharmacol., 29:83, 1990.
125. Sansoni, AJ, Darlington, CL, and Smith, PF, Pre-treatment with MK-801 reduces spontaneous nystagmus following unilateral labyrinthectomy, Eut: J. Pharmacol., 220:123, 1992.
126. Sansoni, AJ, Darlington, CL, and Smith, PF, Comparison of the effects of pre-treatment with competitive or non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonists on vestibular compensation, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 46: 807, 1993.
127. Sansoni, AJ, Darlington, CL, Smith, PF, Gilchrist, DPD, Keenan, CJ, and Kenyon, R, Injection of calmidazolium chloride into the ipsilateral vestibular nucleus or IVth ventricle reduces spontaneous ocular nystagmus following unilateral labyrinthectomy in guinea pig, Exp. Brain Res., 93:271, 1993.
128. Schaefer, KP, and Meyer, DL, Compensation of vestibular lesions, in: Handbook of Sensory Physiology’ (Koniliuber HH, ed.), Vol. VI(2), pp. 463-490, Berlin: Springer, 1974.
129. Scott, SJ, Smith, PF, and Darlington, CL, Quantification of tlie depressive effects of diazepam on the guinea pig righting reflex, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 47:739, 1994.
130. Serafin, M, Khateb, A, de Waele, C, Vidal, PP, and Muhletlialer, M, Low threshold calcium spikes in medial vestibular nuclei neurones in vitro: A role in tlie generation of tlie vestibular nystagmus quick phase in vivo? Exp. Brain Res., 82:187, 1990.
131. Serafin, M, Khateb, A, de Waele, C, Vidal, PP, and Muhletlialer, M, Medial vestibular nucleus in tlie guinea pig: NMDA-induced oscillations, Exp. Brain Res., 88:187, 1992.
132. Serafin, M, Ris, L, Bernard, P, Muhletlialer, M, Godaux, E, and Vidal, PP, Neuronal correlates of vestibuloocular reflex adaptation in tlie alert guinea pig, Eut: J. Neurosci., 11:1827, 1999.
133. Serafin, M, De Waele, C, Kliateb, A, Vidal, PP, Miihletlialer, M, Medial vestibular nucleus in the guinea pig. I. Intrinsic membrane properties in brainstem slices, Exp. Brain Res., 84:417, 1991.
134. Serafin, M, De Waele, C, Kliateb, A, Vidal, PP, and Miihletlialer, M, Medial vestibular nucleus in the guinea pig II. Ionic basis of tlie intrinsic membrane properties in brainstem slices, Exp. Brain Res., 84: 426, 1991.
135. Sliimazu, H, and Precht, W, Inhibition of central vestibular neurons from tlie contralateral labyrinth and its mediating pathway, J. Neurophysiol., 29: 467, 1966.
136. Sirkin, DW, Precht, W, Couijon, JH, Initial, rapid phase of recovery from unilateral vestibular lesion in rat is not dependent on survival of central portion of vestibular nerve, Brain Res., 302: 245, 1984.
137. Smith, PF, and Curtlioys, IS, Neuronal activity in tlie contralateral medial vestibular nucleus of the guinea pig following unilateral labyrinthectomy, Brain Res., 444: 295, 1988.
138. Smith, PF, and Curtlioys, IS, Neuronal activity in the ipsilateral medial vestibular nucleus of tlie guinea pig following unilateral labyrinthectomy, Brain Res., 444: 308, 1988.
139. Smith, PF, and Curtlioys, IS, Mechanisms of recovery from unilateral labyrinthectomy, Brain Res. Revs., 14: 155, 1989.
140. Smith, PF, and Curtlioys, IS, Comments to: S.D. Newlands and A.A. Peracliio: Neuronal activity in the medial vestibular nuclei following unilateral labyrinthectomy, Exp. Brain Res., 86: 679, 1991.
141. Smith, PF, and Darlington, CL, The NMDA receptor antagonists MK-801 and CPP disrupt compensation for unilateral labyrinthectomy in the guinea pig, Neurosci. Lett., 94: 309, 1988.
142. Smith, PF, and Darlington, CL, Neurochemical mechanisms of recovery from peripheral vestibular lesions (vestibular compensation), Brain Res. Revs., 16: 117, 1991.
143. Smith, PF, and Darlington, CL, Comparison of tlie effects of NMDA receptor antagonists on medial vestibular nucleus neurons in brainstem slices from labyrinthine-intact and chronically labyrintliecto- mized guinea pigs, Brain Res., 590: 345, 1992.
144. Smith, PF, and Darlington, CL, The effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA receptor antagonists on vestibular compensation in tlie guinea pig: in vivo and in vitro studies, in: The Head/Neck Sensorimotor System (Berthoz A, GrafW, and Vidal PP, Eds.), pp. 631-635, New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
145. Smith, PF, and Darlington, CL, The pharmacology of tlie vestibular system. In: Bailliere’s Clinical Neurology: Neurotology (Baloh R, Ed.), Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 467-484, London: Bailliere Tindall, 1994.
146. Smith, PF, and Darlington, CL, Can vestibular compensation be enhanced by drug treatment? J. Vest. Res., 4: 169, 1994.
147. Smith, PF, and Darlington, CL, Rapid tolerance to the depressive effects of diazepam on guinea pig motor control using divided doses, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav, 48: 535, 1994.
148. Smith, PF, and Darlington, CL, The contribution of NMDA receptors to lesion-induced plasticity in the vestibular nucleus, Prog. Neurobiol., 53:517, 1997.
149. Smith, PF, Darlington, CL, and Curtlioys, IS, Vestibular compensation without brainstem commissures in tlie guinea pig, Neurosci. Lett., 65: 209, 1986.
150. Smith, PF, Darlington, CL, and Hubbard, JI, Evidence that NMDA receptors contribute to synaptic function in the guinea pig medial vestibular nucleus, Brain Res., 513: 149, 1990.
151. Smith, PF, Darlington, CL, and Hubbard, JI, Evidence for inhibitory ammo acid receptors on guinea pig medial vestibular nucleus neurons in vitro, Neurosci. Lett., 121: 244, 1991.
152. Smith, PF, Darlington, CL, and Hubbard, JI, Direct evidence for inhibitory ammo acid receptors in tlie medial vestibular nucleus, Int. J. Neumsci., 57: 276, 1991.
153. Smith, PF, de Waele, C, Vidal, PP, and Darlington, CL, Excitatory amino acid receptors in normal and abnormal vestibular function, Mol. Neurobiol., 5: 369, 1991.
154. Spencer, RF, Wenthold, RJ, and Baker, R, Evidence for glycine as an inhibitory neurotransmitter of vestibular, reticular and prepositus hypoglossi neurons that project to tlie cat abducens nucleus, J. Neurosci., 9: 2718, 1989.
155. Spiegel, EA, Demetriades, TD, Die zentrale compensation des labyrinthverlustes, Pflug Arch. Ges. Physiol., 210: 215, 1925.
156. Spruijt, BM, Josephy, M, Van Rijzingen, I, Maaswinkel, H, The ACTH-(4-9) analog Org 2766 modulates tlie behavioral changes induced by NMDA and tlie NMDA receptor antagonist AP5, J. Neurosci., 14: 3225, 1994.
157. Straka, H, and Dieringer, N, Uncrossed disynaptic inhibition of second-order vestibular neurons and its interaction with monosynaptic excitation from vestibular nerve afferent fibers in the frog, J. Neurophysiol, 76: 3087, 1996.
158. Straka, H, Debler, K, and Dieringer, N, Size-related properties of vestibular afferent fibers in tlie frog: differential synaptic activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate and non-N-metliyl-D-aspartate receptors, Neuroscience, 70: 697, 1996.
159. Straka, H, Reichenberger, I, and Dieringer, N, Size-related properties of vestibular afferent fibers in the frog: uptake of and immunoreactivity for glycine and aspartate/glutamate, Neuroscience, 70: 685, 1996.
160. Takahashi, Y, Takahashi, MP, Tsumoto, T, Doi, K, and Matsunaga, T, Synaptic input-induced increase in intraneuronal calcium in the medial vestibular nucleus of young rats, Neuroscience Res., 21: 59, 1994.
161. Takahashi, Y, Tsumoto, T, and Kubo, T, NMDA receptors contribute to afferent synaptic transmission in tlie medial vestibular nucleus of young rats, Brain Res., 659: 287, 1994.
162. Ten Bruggencate, G, and Enberg, I, Effects of GABA and related amino acids on neurones in Deiter+s nucleus. Brain Res 14: 533-536.
163. Ten Bruggencate G, Enberg I Tlie effect of strychnine on inhibition in Deiter+s nucleus induced by GABA and glycine, Brain Res., 14: 536, 1969.
164. Thompson, GC, Igarashi, M, and Cortez, AM, GABA imbalance in squirrel monkey after unilateral vestibular end-organ ablation, Brain Res., 370: 182, 1986.
165. Tolu, E, Mameli, O, Caria, MA, and Melis, F, Improvement of vestibular plasticity in tlie guinea pig with a calcium entry blocker, Acta. Otolaryngol. (Stockholm), Suppl. 460: 72-79, 1988.
166. 3H] glutamate binding sites in rat vestibular nuclei, Exp. Brain Res., 76: 646, 1989.
167. Ueniura, T, and Cohen, B, Vestibulo-ocular reflexes: effects of vestibular nuclear lesions, in: Basic Aspects Of Central Vestibular Mechanisms (Brodal AA, Pompeiano O, Eds.), Prog. Brain Res., 37, pp. 515-528. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1972.
168. Vibert, N, Serafin, M, Khateb, A, Vidal, PP, and Muhletlialer, M, Effects of amino acids on medial vestibular neurones in guinea pig, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 18, 1992.
169. Vibert, N, Serafin, M, Vidal, PP, and Muhletlialer, M, Effects of baclofen on medial vestibular nucleus neurons in guinea pig brainstem slices, Neurosci. Lett., 183: 193, 1995.
170. Vidal, PP, Babalian, A, De Waele, C, Serafin, M, Vibert, N, and Muhletlialer, M, NMDA receptors of the vestibular nuclei neurones, Brain Res. Bull., 40: 347, 1996.
171. De Waele, C, Abitbol, M, Chat, M, Menini, C, Mallet, J, and Vidal, PP, Distribution of glutamatergic receptors and GAD mRNA-containing neurons in tlie vestibular nuclei of nonnal and heniilabyrinth- ectomized rats, Eur J. Neurosci., 6: 565, 1994.
172. De Waele, C, Muhletlialer, M, and Vidal, PP, Neurochemistry of central vestibular pathways: A review, Brain Res. Revs., 20: 24, 1995.
173. De Waele, C, Vibert, N, Baudrimont, M, and Vidal, PP, NMDA receptors contribute to tlie resting discharge of vestibular neurons in the nonnal and heniilabyrintliectoniized guinea pig, Exp. Brain Res., 81: 125, 1990.
174. Waespe, W, Schwarz, U, Wolfensberger, M, Firing characteristics of vestibular nuclei neurons in the alert monkey after bilateral vestibular neurectomy, Exp. Brain Res., 89: 311, 1992.
175. Walberg, F, Ottersen, OP, and Rinvik, E, GABA, glycine, aspartate, glutamate and taurine in the vestibular nuclei: An immunocytocliemical investigation in the cat, Exp. Brain Res., 79: 547, 1990.
176. Xerri, C, Gianni, S, Manzoni, D, and Pompeiano, O, Compensation of central vestibular deficits. I. Response characteristics of lateral vestibular neurons to roll tilt after ipsilateral labyrinth deafferentation, J. Neurophysiol., 50: 428, 1983.
177. Yamanaka, T, Sasa, M, Amano, T, Miyahara, H, and Matsunaga, T, Role of glucocorticoid in vestibular compensation in relation to activation of vestibular nucleus neurons, Acta. Otolaryngol. (Stockholm) Suppl, 519: 168, 1995.
178. Yamanaka, T, Sasa, M, and Matsunaga, T, Release of glutamate from tlie vestibular nerve in tlie medial vestibular nucleus as a neurotrasnniitter: in vivo microdialysis, Acta. Otolaryngol. (Stockholm) Suppl., 520: 92, 1995.
179. Zanni, M, Giardino, L, Toschi L, Galetti, G, and Calza, L, Distribution of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and receptors in the vestibular nuclei complex of the rat: An ininiunocytocheniical, in situ hybridization and quantitiative receptor autoradiographic study, Brain Res. Bull., 36: 443, 1995.
180. Zennou-Azogui, Y, Borel, L, Lacour, M, Ez-Zaher, L, and Ouakine, M, Recovery of head postural control following unilateral vestibular neurectomy in the cat, Acta. Otolaryngol. (Stockholm) Suppl., 509: 119, 1993.