Missions, respectability and civil rights: The cape colony, 1828-1854

Journal of Southern African Studies

Volumn 25, Issue 3, 1999, Pages

  Ross, Robert ^a  

^a LEIDEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

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EID: 0004377701     PISSN: 03057070     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/030570799108551     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. This account is taken from Holland's diary, as published in the Journal des Missions Evangeliques, 5 (1830), pp. 239-250, which I have checked against the microfiches of the original held in the archives of the Paris Evangelical Missionary Society, and restored the passages which were censored by the editors. I am currently preparing a translation and edition of Lemue and Holland's early letters and journals for the Van Riebeeck Society. In this case, I have augmented Holland's account with the reports in the South African Commercial Advertiser (hereafter SACA) for 13 March 1830, and subsequent issues.
2. Sic: the manuscript quite definitely notes du vin.
3. This section on the menu of the Bethelsdorp dinner, and also the part describing the men's tiepins and cravats, was omitted from the published version of Rolland's journal, by clear editorial decision.
4. This mattered. As John Philip wrote two decades later: 'The question between us and the government was one of civilisation. The criterion of a people's civilisation with Lord Charles Somerset [the governor of the Cape from 1812 to 1827] was whether the people used knives and forks'. See Philip, 'A Narrative Written for Buxton', Congregational Council for World Mission (formerly London Mission Society) archives, School of Oriental and African Studies, London (henceforth LMS), Africa Odds, Philip Papers, Box 3, folder 5.
5. An account of the meeting, provided by Reitz himself, is published in SACA, 6 April 1852 (the precise bicentennial of the foundation of the Cape Colony.) On the process as a whole, see T.E. Kirk, 'Self-Government and Self-Defense in South Africa: the Inter-relations between British and Cape Politics, 1846-1854', DPhil, Oxford, 1972, and S. Trapido, 'The Origins of the Cape Franchise Qualifications of 1853', Journal of African History, 5, 1 (1964), pp. 37-53; Robert Ross, Status and Respectability in the Cape Colony, 1770-1860: a Tragedy of Manners (Cambridge, 1999), esp. pp. 165-172.
6. An account of the meeting, provided by Reitz himself, is published in SACA, 6 April 1852 (the precise bicentennial of the foundation of the Cape Colony.) On the process as a whole, see T.E. Kirk, 'Self-Government and Self-Defense in South Africa: the Inter-relations between British and Cape Politics, 1846-1854', DPhil, Oxford, 1972, and S. Trapido, 'The Origins of the Cape Franchise Qualifications of 1853', Journal of African History, 5, 1 (1964), pp. 37-53; Robert Ross, Status and Respectability in the Cape Colony, 1770-1860: a Tragedy of Manners (Cambridge, 1999), esp. pp. 165-172.
7. An account of the meeting, provided by Reitz himself, is published in SACA, 6 April 1852 (the precise bicentennial of the foundation of the Cape Colony.) On the process as a whole, see T.E. Kirk, 'Self-Government and Self-Defense in South Africa: the Inter-relations between British and Cape Politics, 1846-1854', DPhil, Oxford, 1972, and S. Trapido, 'The Origins of the Cape Franchise Qualifications of 1853', Journal of African History, 5, 1 (1964), pp. 37-53; Robert Ross, Status and Respectability in the Cape Colony, 1770-1860: a Tragedy of Manners (Cambridge, 1999), esp. pp. 165-172.
8. An account of the meeting, provided by Reitz himself, is published in SACA, 6 April 1852 (the precise bicentennial of the foundation of the Cape Colony.) On the process as a whole, see T.E. Kirk, 'Self-Government and Self-Defense in South Africa: the Inter-relations between British and Cape Politics, 1846-1854', DPhil, Oxford, 1972, and S. Trapido, 'The Origins of the Cape Franchise Qualifications of 1853', Journal of African History, 5, 1 (1964), pp. 37-53; Robert Ross, Status and Respectability in the Cape Colony, 1770-1860: a Tragedy of Manners (Cambridge, 1999), esp. pp. 165-172.
9. This quotation, with its assumption that agreement necessarily followed upon understanding, makes clear where Reitz, who apparently wrote the report, and the South African Commercial Advertiser, which was edited by John Fairbairn, another of the 'popular four', stood on the issue. A sambuck, usually spelt sjambok, is a long hippopotamus-hide whip, used to drive oxen and flog underlings. It was and is the symbol of the naked power exercised by South African white farmers. Cobus Tidour, then aged about 70, and Cornelus Jantjes (42) were both woodcutters who had lived at Zuurbraak all their adult lives, and were presumably of Khoikhoi extraction. See Master and Servant: Addenda to the Documents on the Order in Council of the 21st of July 1846 (Cape Town, 1840), pp. 82, 85, 91.
10. J. Marincowitz, 'Proletarians, Privatisers and Public Property Rights: Mission Land Regulations in the Western Cape between Emancipation and Industrialisation', unpublished paper presented to the African History Seminar, School of Oriental and African Studies, London, January 1985; Master and Servant: Addenda, pp. 80-81, 98-101.
11. J. Marincowitz, 'Proletarians, Privatisers and Public Property Rights: Mission Land Regulations in the Western Cape between Emancipation and Industrialisation', unpublished paper presented to the African History Seminar, School of Oriental and African Studies, London, January 1985; Master and Servant: Addenda, pp. 80-81, 98-101.
12. SACA, 20 March 1830.
13. Hallbeck to [Latrobe], 9 July 1834, in Periodical Accounts Relating to the Missions of the Church of the United Brethren, 13 (1833-1835). p. 189 . Hallbeck did give evidence to the Select Committee [of the House of Commons] on Aborigines in 1835, when called to do so. See Report from the Select Committee on Aborigines (British Settlements), British Parliamentary Paper 538 of 1836, pp. 335-345.
14. Hallbeck to [Latrobe], 9 July 1834, in Periodical Accounts Relating to the Missions of the Church of the United Brethren, 13 (1833-1835). p. 189 . Hallbeck did give evidence to the Select Committee [of the House of Commons] on Aborigines in 1835, when called to do so. See Report from the Select Committee on Aborigines (British Settlements), British Parliamentary Paper 538 of 1836, pp. 335-345.
15. I. Hont and M. Ignatieff, 'Needs and Justice in The Wealth of Nations: an Introductory Essay', in I. Hont and M. Ignatieff (eds), Wealth and Virtue: the Shaping of Political Economy in the Scottish Enlightenment (Cambridge, 1983); R. Ross, 'James Cropper, John Philip and the Researches in South Africa', in H. Macmillan and S. Marks (eds), Africa and Empire: W.M. Macmillan, Historian and Social Critic (London, 1989) pp. 140-152.
16. I. Hont and M. Ignatieff, 'Needs and Justice in The Wealth of Nations: an Introductory Essay', in I. Hont and M. Ignatieff (eds), Wealth and Virtue: the Shaping of Political Economy in the Scottish Enlightenment (Cambridge, 1983); R. Ross, 'James Cropper, John Philip and the Researches in South Africa', in H. Macmillan and S. Marks (eds), Africa and Empire: W.M. Macmillan, Historian and Social Critic (London, 1989) pp. 140-152.
17. I appreciate that this appellation is anachronistic by more than a century.
18. A. Porter, 'Religion and Empire: British Expansion in the Long Nineteenth Century, 1780-1914', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 20, 3 (1992), p. 378;
19. J.A. de Jong, As the Waters Cover the Sea: Millenial Expectation in the Rise of Anglo-American Missions, 1640-1810 (Kampen, 1970).
20. I. H. Enkhar, Life and Work of Dr. J. Th. van der Kemp 1747-1811: Missionary Pioneer and Protagonist of Racial Equality in South Africa (Cape Town, 1988). His only fellow in this among missionaries in South Africa was the leader of the first party of Rhenish missionaries. Baron Theobald von Wurmb, who was quickly driven out of the mission field by his fellows, ostensibly for unilaterally appropriating mission funds for the purchase of the farm on which the mission station of Ebenezer was founded.
21. F.A. Steytler (ed), 'Minutes of the First Conference Held by the African Missionaries at Graaff-Reinet (1814)', Hertzog-annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns, 3 (1956), p. 110. Van der Kemp was of course dead by this time, and the comment is from the recollections of one of his colleagues.
22. J. Philip, Researches in South Africa Illustrating the Civil, Moral, and Religious Condition of the Native Tribes ... , 2 Vols (London, 1828), p. 98.
23. "' To Colonize the Mind": Evangelical Missionaries in Britain and the Eastern Cape, 1790-1837', D.Phil., Oxford, 1991, I would like to acknowledge my debt to Elizabeth, both to her thesis (and subsequent writings) and to the work I have done with her, which has resulted in E. Elboume and R. Ross, 'Combating Spiritual and Social Bondage: Early Missions in the Cape Colony', in R. Elphick and R. Davenport (eds), Christianity in South Africa: a Political, Social and Cultural History (Oxford and Cape Town, 1997), pp. 31-50.
24. "' To Colonize the Mind": Evangelical Missionaries in Britain and the Eastern Cape, 1790-1837', D.Phil., Oxford, 1991, I would like to acknowledge my debt to Elizabeth, both to her thesis (and subsequent writings) and to the work I have done with her, which has resulted in E. Elboume and R. Ross, 'Combating Spiritual and Social Bondage: Early Missions in the Cape Colony', in R. Elphick and R. Davenport (eds), Christianity in South Africa: a Political, Social and Cultural History (Oxford and Cape Town, 1997), pp. 31-50.
25. Read to Kitchingman, 13 May 1844, in B. Le Cordeur and C. Saunders (eds), The Kitchingman Papers: Missionary Letters and Journals from the Brenthurst collection, Johannesburg (Johannesburg, 1976), p. 248.
26. E. Casalis, My Life in Basutoland, translated by J. Brierly (London, 1889), p. 104.
27. Elbourne, "'To Colonize the Mind'", ch. 6; D. Stuart, "'Of Savages and Heroes": Discourses of Race, Nation and Gender in the Evangelical Missions to Southern Africa in the Early Nineteenth Century', PhD thesis, University of London, 1994, ch. 8.
28. Elbourne, "'To Colonize the Mind'", ch. 6; D. Stuart, "'Of Savages and Heroes": Discourses of Race, Nation and Gender in the Evangelical Missions to Southern Africa in the Early Nineteenth Century', PhD thesis, University of London, 1994, ch. 8.
29. R. Ross, The Social and Political Theology of Western Cape Missions, c. 1800-c. 1860', in H. Bredekamp and R. Ross (eds), Missions and Christianity in South African History (Johannesburg, 1995), pp. 97-112.
30. The Rev. Johannes Kicherer had written on 19 August 1803 that 'according to my ideas, Christianity requires propriety, cleanliness and decency of dress'. Kicherer to LMS directors, LMS, Incoming Letters, South Africa, (henceforth LMS-SA) 2/4/A, cited in Elbourne, "'To Colonise the Mind'", p. 132.
31. Philip, Researches, I, 218.
32. Perhaps the clearest expression of his views on lhe matter are to be found in his laudatory report on Bethelsdorp, written in 1825 and published in Researches, I, 216-224.
33. Researches, I, p. 366.
34. Researches, I, p. 378.
35. Ross, 'James Cropper, John Philip and the Researches in South Africa', p. 147; Elbourne, "'To Colonize the Mind'", pp. 275-277, 307-308.
36. Ross, 'James Cropper, John Philip and the Researches in South Africa', p. 147; Elbourne, "'To Colonize the Mind'", pp. 275-277, 307-308.
37. Researches, I, p. xxix
38. 'By their fruits ye shall know them.'
39. J.B. Peires, The British and the Cape: 1814-1834', in R. Elphick and H. Giliomee (eds), The Shaping of South African Society, 1652-1840, 2nd edn (Cape Town, 1989), pp. 494-499.
40. SACA, 20 March 1830.
41. Philip to Kitchingman, 24 October 1823, in Le Cordeur and Saunders (eds), Kitchingman Papers, p. 68.
42. This took some time to develop in the LMS missions at the Cape. See Elbourne, "'To Colonize the Mind'", pp. 196-197, 201. Later it became a major element of mission concern throughout Southern Africa. See for example, D. Gaitskell, 'Devout Domesticity? A Century of African Women's Christianity in South Africa', in C. Walker (ed), Women and Gender in Southern Africa to 1945 (Cape Town and London, 1990), p. 255; Hildi Hendrickson, 'The Long Dress and the Construction of Herero Identities in Southern Africa', African Studies, 52, 2 (1994), pp. 45-47; J.L. and J. Comaroff, Of Revelation and Revolution. Volume II: The Dialectics of Modernity on a South African Frontier (Chicago and London, 1997), pp. 218-273.
43. This took some time to develop in the LMS missions at the Cape. See Elbourne, "'To Colonize the Mind'", pp. 196-197, 201. Later it became a major element of mission concern throughout Southern Africa. See for example, D. Gaitskell, 'Devout Domesticity? A Century of African Women's Christianity in South Africa', in C. Walker (ed), Women and Gender in Southern Africa to 1945 (Cape Town and London, 1990), p. 255; Hildi Hendrickson, 'The Long Dress and the Construction of Herero Identities in Southern Africa', African Studies, 52, 2 (1994), pp. 45-47; J.L. and J. Comaroff, Of Revelation and Revolution. Volume II: The Dialectics of Modernity on a South African Frontier (Chicago and London, 1997), pp. 218-273.
44. This took some time to develop in the LMS missions at the Cape. See Elbourne, "'To Colonize the Mind'", pp. 196-197, 201. Later it became a major element of mission concern throughout Southern Africa. See for example, D. Gaitskell, 'Devout Domesticity? A Century of African Women's Christianity in South Africa', in C. Walker (ed), Women and Gender in Southern Africa to 1945 (Cape Town and London, 1990), p. 255; Hildi Hendrickson, 'The Long Dress and the Construction of Herero Identities in Southern Africa', African Studies, 52, 2 (1994), pp. 45-47; J.L. and J. Comaroff, Of Revelation and Revolution. Volume II: The Dialectics of Modernity on a South African Frontier (Chicago and London, 1997), pp. 218-273.
45. This took some time to develop in the LMS missions at the Cape. See Elbourne, "'To Colonize the Mind'", pp. 196-197, 201. Later it became a major element of mission concern throughout Southern Africa. See for example, D. Gaitskell, 'Devout Domesticity? A Century of African Women's Christianity in South Africa', in C. Walker (ed), Women and Gender in Southern Africa to 1945 (Cape Town and London, 1990), p. 255; Hildi Hendrickson, 'The Long Dress and the Construction of Herero Identities in Southern Africa', African Studies, 52, 2 (1994), pp. 45-47; J.L. and J. Comaroff, Of Revelation and Revolution. Volume II: The Dialectics of Modernity on a South African Frontier (Chicago and London, 1997), pp. 218-273.
46. J. Backhouse, Narrative of a Visit to the Mauritius and South Africa (London, 1844), pp. 128, 136, 147, 186.
47. Backhouse, Narrative, p. 134.
48. Philip, Researches, 1, p. 210.
49. Mrs Külpmann is here making an implicit reference to the vision of peace of the Prophet Micah (iv, 4), when, after the swords had been beaten into ploughshares and the spears into pruning-hooks, 'But they shall sit every man under his vine and under his fig tree; and none shall make them afraid: for the mouth of the Lord of hosts hath spoken it'.
50. Schwester H. Külpmann to friends in her home town. Altena, 19 June 1844, Das Missionsblatt, Herausgegeben von der Missions-Gesellschaft zu Barmen, 19, no 23.
51. Backhouse, Narrative, p. 97. Backhouse, too, referred to the vines and fig-trees around the houses, under which 'the poor and oppressed having found a refuge under the banner of the cross, were literally sitting ... , none making them afraid'. See also Pamela Scully, Liberating the Family? Gender and British Slave Emancipation in the Rural Western Cape, South Africa. 1823-1853 (Oxford. Portsmouth, NH and Cape Town, 1997), pp. 127-128; Tessa van Ryneveld, 'Merchants and Missions: Developments in the Caledon District, 1838-1850', BA Hons thesis, UCT, 1983, p. 48.
52. Backhouse, Narrative, p. 97. Backhouse, too, referred to the vines and fig-trees around the houses, under which 'the poor and oppressed having found a refuge under the banner of the cross, were literally sitting ... , none making them afraid'. See also Pamela Scully, Liberating the Family? Gender and British Slave Emancipation in the Rural Western Cape, South Africa. 1823-1853 (Oxford. Portsmouth, NH and Cape Town, 1997), pp. 127-128; Tessa van Ryneveld, 'Merchants and Missions: Developments in the Caledon District, 1838-1850', BA Hons thesis, UCT, 1983, p. 48.
53. Backhouse, Narrative, p. 97. Backhouse, too, referred to the vines and fig-trees around the houses, under which 'the poor and oppressed having found a refuge under the banner of the cross, were literally sitting ... , none making them afraid'. See also Pamela Scully, Liberating the Family? Gender and British Slave Emancipation in the Rural Western Cape, South Africa. 1823-1853 (Oxford. Portsmouth, NH and Cape Town, 1997), pp. 127-128; Tessa van Ryneveld, 'Merchants and Missions: Developments in the Caledon District, 1838-1850', BA Hons thesis, UCT, 1983, p. 48.
54. Backhouse, Narrative, pp. 109-110.
55. Backhouse, Narrative, pp. 128-129; on the transfer of the mission stations to freehold property, see Elbourne and Ross, 'Combatting Spiritual and Social Bondage', p. 47.
56. Backhouse, Narrative, pp. 128-129; on the transfer of the mission stations to freehold property, see Elbourne and Ross, 'Combatting Spiritual and Social Bondage', p. 47.
57. See above, and South African Commercial Advertiser, 20 March (?) 1830.
58. Backhouse, Narrative, p. 154.
59. Backhouse, Narrative, p. 189.
60. See, eg F.M.L. Thompson, The Rise of Respectable Society: a Social History of Victorian Britain (London, 1987); L. Davidoff and C. Hall, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780-1850 (London, 1987); M. Taylor, 'The Beginnings of Modern British Social History?', History Workshop Journal, 43 (1997); R.L. Bushman, The Refinement of America: Persons, Houses, Cities (New York, 1992); T.C. Holt, The Problem of Freedom: Race, Labor, and Politics in Jamaica and Britain, 1832-1938 (Baltimore and London, 1992); G. Heuman, The Killing Time: the Morant Bay Rebellion in Jamaica (London and Basingstoke, 1994); J. Belich, Making Peoples: a History of the New Zealandersfrom Polynesian Settlement to the End of the Nineteenth Century (Harmondworth, 1996), esp. pp. 278 ff.
61. See, eg F.M.L. Thompson, The Rise of Respectable Society: a Social History of Victorian Britain (London, 1987); L. Davidoff and C. Hall, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780-1850 (London, 1987); M. Taylor, 'The Beginnings of Modern British Social History?', History Workshop Journal, 43 (1997); R.L. Bushman, The Refinement of America: Persons, Houses, Cities (New York, 1992); T.C. Holt, The Problem of Freedom: Race, Labor, and Politics in Jamaica and Britain, 1832-1938 (Baltimore and London, 1992); G. Heuman, The Killing Time: the Morant Bay Rebellion in Jamaica (London and Basingstoke, 1994); J. Belich, Making Peoples: a History of the New Zealandersfrom Polynesian Settlement to the End of the Nineteenth Century (Harmondworth, 1996), esp. pp. 278 ff.
62. See, eg F.M.L. Thompson, The Rise of Respectable Society: a Social History of Victorian Britain (London, 1987); L. Davidoff and C. Hall, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780-1850 (London, 1987); M. Taylor, 'The Beginnings of Modern British Social History?', History Workshop Journal, 43 (1997); R.L. Bushman, The Refinement of America: Persons, Houses, Cities (New York, 1992); T.C. Holt, The Problem of Freedom: Race, Labor, and Politics in Jamaica and Britain, 1832-1938 (Baltimore and London, 1992); G. Heuman, The Killing Time: the Morant Bay Rebellion in Jamaica (London and Basingstoke, 1994); J. Belich, Making Peoples: a History of the New Zealandersfrom Polynesian Settlement to the End of the Nineteenth Century (Harmondworth, 1996), esp. pp. 278 ff.
63. See, eg F.M.L. Thompson, The Rise of Respectable Society: a Social History of Victorian Britain (London, 1987); L. Davidoff and C. Hall, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780-1850 (London, 1987); M. Taylor, 'The Beginnings of Modern British Social History?', History Workshop Journal, 43 (1997); R.L. Bushman, The Refinement of America: Persons, Houses, Cities (New York, 1992); T.C. Holt, The Problem of Freedom: Race, Labor, and Politics in Jamaica and Britain, 1832-1938 (Baltimore and London, 1992); G. Heuman, The Killing Time: the Morant Bay Rebellion in Jamaica (London and Basingstoke, 1994); J. Belich, Making Peoples: a History of the New Zealandersfrom Polynesian Settlement to the End of the Nineteenth Century (Harmondworth, 1996), esp. pp. 278 ff.
64. See, eg F.M.L. Thompson, The Rise of Respectable Society: a Social History of Victorian Britain (London, 1987); L. Davidoff and C. Hall, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780-1850 (London, 1987); M. Taylor, 'The Beginnings of Modern British Social History?', History Workshop Journal, 43 (1997); R.L. Bushman, The Refinement of America: Persons, Houses, Cities (New York, 1992); T.C. Holt, The Problem of Freedom: Race, Labor, and Politics in Jamaica and Britain, 1832-1938 (Baltimore and London, 1992); G. Heuman, The Killing Time: the Morant Bay Rebellion in Jamaica (London and Basingstoke, 1994); J. Belich, Making Peoples: a History of the New Zealandersfrom Polynesian Settlement to the End of the Nineteenth Century (Harmondworth, 1996), esp. pp. 278 ff.
65. See, eg F.M.L. Thompson, The Rise of Respectable Society: a Social History of Victorian Britain (London, 1987); L. Davidoff and C. Hall, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780-1850 (London, 1987); M. Taylor, 'The Beginnings of Modern British Social History?', History Workshop Journal, 43 (1997); R.L. Bushman, The Refinement of America: Persons, Houses, Cities (New York, 1992); T.C. Holt, The Problem of Freedom: Race, Labor, and Politics in Jamaica and Britain, 1832-1938 (Baltimore and London, 1992); G. Heuman, The Killing Time: the Morant Bay Rebellion in Jamaica (London and Basingstoke, 1994); J. Belich, Making Peoples: a History of the New Zealandersfrom Polynesian Settlement to the End of the Nineteenth Century (Harmondworth, 1996), esp. pp. 278 ff.
66. See, eg F.M.L. Thompson, The Rise of Respectable Society: a Social History of Victorian Britain (London, 1987); L. Davidoff and C. Hall, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780-1850 (London, 1987); M. Taylor, 'The Beginnings of Modern British Social History?', History Workshop Journal, 43 (1997); R.L. Bushman, The Refinement of America: Persons, Houses, Cities (New York, 1992); T.C. Holt, The Problem of Freedom: Race, Labor, and Politics in Jamaica and Britain, 1832-1938 (Baltimore and London, 1992); G. Heuman, The Killing Time: the Morant Bay Rebellion in Jamaica (London and Basingstoke, 1994); J. Belich, Making Peoples: a History of the New Zealandersfrom Polynesian Settlement to the End of the Nineteenth Century (Harmondworth, 1996), esp. pp. 278 ff.
67. N.Mostert, Frontiers: the Epic of South Africa's Creation and the Tragedy of the Xhosa People (London, 1992), pp. 1059, 1131.
68. K. McKenzie, 'Gender and Honour in Middle-Class Cape Town: the Making of Colonial Identities 1828-1850', DPhil, Oxford (1997); Scully, Liberating the Family?
69. K. McKenzie, 'Gender and Honour in Middle-Class Cape Town: the Making of Colonial Identities 1828-1850', DPhil, Oxford (1997); Scully, Liberating the Family?
70. Elliot to L.M.S., 3 June 1841, LMS-SA 18/1/C.
71. S. Newton-King, 'The Enemy Within: the Struggle for Ascendancy on the Cape Eastern Frontier, c. 1760-1800', PhD thesis. University of London, 1992; R. Elphick and V.C. Malherbe, The Khoisan to 1828', in Elphick and Giliomee (eds). Shaping, pp. 35-50.
72. S. Newton-King, 'The Enemy Within: the Struggle for Ascendancy on the Cape Eastern Frontier, c. 1760-1800', PhD thesis. University of London, 1992; R. Elphick and V.C. Malherbe, The Khoisan to 1828', in Elphick and Giliomee (eds). Shaping, pp. 35-50.
73. S. Trapido, 'The Emergence of Liberalism and the Making of "Hottentot Nationalism", 1815-1834', Collected Seminar Papers of the Institute of Commonwealth Studies, London: the Societies of Southern Africa in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, 17 (1992); R. Ross, 'The Kat River Rebellion and Khoikhoi Nationalism: the Fate of an Ethnic Identification', Kronos; Journal of Cape History, 24 (1997), 91-105.
74. S. Trapido, 'The Emergence of Liberalism and the Making of "Hottentot Nationalism", 1815-1834', Collected Seminar Papers of the Institute of Commonwealth Studies, London: the Societies of Southern Africa in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, 17 (1992); R. Ross, 'The Kat River Rebellion and Khoikhoi Nationalism: the Fate of an Ethnic Identification', Kronos; Journal of Cape History, 24 (1997), 91-105.
75. Read to Kitehingman, 2 December 1840, in Saunders and Le Cordeur (eds), Kitchingman Papers, p. 217 (a Socinian, it will be recalled, denied the divinity of Christ): further see, 'An Account of the Labour of Native Teachers Supported by Private Individuals and Churches in England in Connection with Philipton, Kat River', I April 1844, LMS-SA 20/1/C; V.C. Malherbe, The Life and Times of Cupido Kakkerlak', Journal of African History, 20, 3 (1979), pp. 365-378.
76. Read to Kitehingman, 2 December 1840, in Saunders and Le Cordeur (eds), Kitchingman Papers, p. 217 (a Socinian, it will be recalled, denied the divinity of Christ): further see, 'An Account of the Labour of Native Teachers Supported by Private Individuals and Churches in England in Connection with Philipton, Kat River', I April 1844, LMS-SA 20/1/C; V.C. Malherbe, The Life and Times of Cupido Kakkerlak', Journal of African History, 20, 3 (1979), pp. 365-378.
77. Read to Kitehingman, 2 December 1840, in Saunders and Le Cordeur (eds), Kitchingman Papers, p. 217 (a Socinian, it will be recalled, denied the divinity of Christ): further see, 'An Account of the Labour of Native Teachers Supported by Private Individuals and Churches in England in Connection with Philipton, Kat River', I April 1844, LMS-SA 20/1/C; V.C. Malherbe, The Life and Times of Cupido Kakkerlak', Journal of African History, 20, 3 (1979), pp. 365-378.
78. On this episode, see Elizabeth Elbourne, 'Whose Gospel? Conflict in the LMS in the Early 1840s', in John W. de Gruchy (ed), Sent from London: Essays on the London Missionary Society in Southern Africa (Cape Town, 1999).
79. McKenzie, 'Gender and Honour', esp. pp. 311-349.
80. Cape of Good Hope, Legislative Council, Master & Servants: Documents on the Working of the Order in Council of 21 July 18-46 (Cape Town, 1849), pp. 54-55.
81. Elizabeth Elbourne, 'Freedom at Issue: Vagrancy Legislation and the Meaning of Freedom in Britain and the Cape Colony, 1799 to 1842', Slavery and Abolition, 15, 3 (1994), pp. 114-150.
82. The proceedings of the meeting at Philipton in the Kat River are to be found in the South African Commercial Advertiser, 2, 6 and 10 September 1834, more usually cited from Cape Archives Ace 50; that of Theopolis is described in G. Barker to LMS, 6 October 1834, LMS-SA 14/2/B.
83. The results of this census are published in Master and Servant: Addenda.
84. See in particular, T.E. Kirk, 'Progress and Decline in the Kat River Settlement, 1829-1854', Journal of African History, 14 (1973); T.E. Kirk, 'The Cape Economy and the Expropriation of the Kat River Settlement, 1846-53', in S. Marks and A. Atmore (eds), Economy and Society in Pre-industrial South Africa (London, 1980).
85. See in particular, T.E. Kirk, 'Progress and Decline in the Kat River Settlement, 1829-1854', Journal of African History, 14 (1973); T.E. Kirk, 'The Cape Economy and the Expropriation of the Kat River Settlement, 1846-53', in S. Marks and A. Atmore (eds), Economy and Society in Pre-industrial South Africa (London, 1980).
86. Kirk, 'Progress and Decline'; C.C. Crais, White Supremacy and Black Resistance in Pre-industrial South Africa: the Making of the Colonial Order in the Eastern Cape, 1770-1865 (Cambridge, 1992), pp. 64-86, 175-185.
87. Mostert, Frontiers, p. 1120; unfortunately I have not been able to find the source for this reference, which Mostert does not give.
88. Uithaalder to Kok and Hendricks, 11 June 1851, Free State Archives, Bloemfontein, HC 1/1/3. It was published, in translation, in the Parliamentary Papers and also, as a proof of Adam Kok's loyalty (and thus of the benefits of missions), in the Evangelical Magazine and Missionary Chronicle, for 1852.
89. James Read Jr, The Kat River Settlement in 1851 (Cape Town, 1852), p. 47.
90. Memorandum by John Montagu, 2 February 1852, Further Papers Relative to the Establishment of Representative Assembly at the Cape of Good Hope, British Parliamentary Paper 1636 of 1852-1853, p. 105.
91. SACA, 6 April 1852; c.f. Further Papers Detailing an Alarm in the District of Riversdale in Reference to the Proposed Ordinance to Prevent the Practice of Settling or Squatting upon Government Lands (Cape Town, 1852), pp. 5-10; E. Bradlow, 'The "Great Fear" at the Cape of Good Hope, 1851-2', International Journal of African Historical Studies, 23 (1989), pp. 401-402; J. Marincowitz, 'From "Colour Question" to "Agrarian Problem" at the Cape: Reflections on the Interim', in Macmillan and Marks, Africa and Empire, pp. 155-160.
92. SACA, 6 April 1852; c.f. Further Papers Detailing an Alarm in the District of Riversdale in Reference to the Proposed Ordinance to Prevent the Practice of Settling or Squatting upon Government Lands (Cape Town, 1852), pp. 5-10; E. Bradlow, 'The "Great Fear" at the Cape of Good Hope, 1851-2', International Journal of African Historical Studies, 23 (1989), pp. 401-402; J. Marincowitz, 'From "Colour Question" to "Agrarian Problem" at the Cape: Reflections on the Interim', in Macmillan and Marks, Africa and Empire, pp. 155-160.
93. SACA, 6 April 1852; c.f. Further Papers Detailing an Alarm in the District of Riversdale in Reference to the Proposed Ordinance to Prevent the Practice of Settling or Squatting upon Government Lands (Cape Town, 1852), pp. 5-10; E. Bradlow, 'The "Great Fear" at the Cape of Good Hope, 1851-2', International Journal of African Historical Studies, 23 (1989), pp. 401-402; J. Marincowitz, 'From "Colour Question" to "Agrarian Problem" at the Cape: Reflections on the Interim', in Macmillan and Marks, Africa and Empire, pp. 155-160.
94. SACA, 6 April 1852; c.f. Further Papers Detailing an Alarm in the District of Riversdale in Reference to the Proposed Ordinance to Prevent the Practice of Settling or Squatting upon Government Lands (Cape Town, 1852), pp. 5-10; E. Bradlow, 'The "Great Fear" at the Cape of Good Hope, 1851-2', International Journal of African Historical Studies, 23 (1989), pp. 401-402; J. Marincowitz, 'From "Colour Question" to "Agrarian Problem" at the Cape: Reflections on the Interim', in Macmillan and Marks, Africa and Empire, pp. 155-160.
95. SACA, 6 April 1852.