A new demand for Muslim reservations in India

Asian Survey

Volumn 37, Issue 9, 1997, Pages 852-858

  Wright Jr , Theodore P ^a  

^a STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0004371072     PISSN: 00044687     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2645702     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. On the history of Indian Muslim political action, see Theodore P. Wright, Jr., "Identity Problems of Declining Former Elite Minorities," Journal of Asian Studies, 1:2 (Fall 1976), pp. 58-63; W. W. Hunter, The Indian Mussalmans (Lahore: Premier Book House, 1871, 1964); Ram Gopal, Indian Muslims, a Political History (1858-1947) (Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1959), ch. 12; Hafeez Malik, Moslem Nationalism in India and Pakistan (Washington, D.C.: Public Affairs Press, 1963), pp. 226-27; Mushirul Hasan, Nationalism and Communal Politics in India, 1916-1928 (Columbia, Mo.: South Asia Books, 1979), p. 313; "Government of India Resolution of 4 July 1934 on Reservation for Muslims, Depressed Classes and Other Minorities, Text," Muslim India, no. 93 (September 1990), p. 413.
2. On the history of Indian Muslim political action, see Theodore P. Wright, Jr., "Identity Problems of Declining Former Elite Minorities," Journal of Asian Studies, 1:2 (Fall 1976), pp. 58-63; W. W. Hunter, The Indian Mussalmans (Lahore: Premier Book House, 1871, 1964); Ram Gopal, Indian Muslims, a Political History (1858-1947) (Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1959), ch. 12; Hafeez Malik, Moslem Nationalism in India and Pakistan (Washington, D.C.: Public Affairs Press, 1963), pp. 226-27; Mushirul Hasan, Nationalism and Communal Politics in India, 1916-1928 (Columbia, Mo.: South Asia Books, 1979), p. 313; "Government of India Resolution of 4 July 1934 on Reservation for Muslims, Depressed Classes and Other Minorities, Text," Muslim India, no. 93 (September 1990), p. 413.
3. On the history of Indian Muslim political action, see Theodore P. Wright, Jr., "Identity Problems of Declining Former Elite Minorities," Journal of Asian Studies, 1:2 (Fall 1976), pp. 58-63; W. W. Hunter, The Indian Mussalmans (Lahore: Premier Book House, 1871, 1964); Ram Gopal, Indian Muslims, a Political History (1858-1947) (Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1959), ch. 12; Hafeez Malik, Moslem Nationalism in India and Pakistan (Washington, D.C.: Public Affairs Press, 1963), pp. 226-27; Mushirul Hasan, Nationalism and Communal Politics in India, 1916-1928 (Columbia, Mo.: South Asia Books, 1979), p. 313; "Government of India Resolution of 4 July 1934 on Reservation for Muslims, Depressed Classes and Other Minorities, Text," Muslim India, no. 93 (September 1990), p. 413.
4. On the history of Indian Muslim political action, see Theodore P. Wright, Jr., "Identity Problems of Declining Former Elite Minorities," Journal of Asian Studies, 1:2 (Fall 1976), pp. 58-63; W. W. Hunter, The Indian Mussalmans (Lahore: Premier Book House, 1871, 1964); Ram Gopal, Indian Muslims, a Political History (1858-1947) (Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1959), ch. 12; Hafeez Malik, Moslem Nationalism in India and Pakistan (Washington, D.C.: Public Affairs Press, 1963), pp. 226-27; Mushirul Hasan, Nationalism and Communal Politics in India, 1916-1928 (Columbia, Mo.: South Asia Books, 1979), p. 313; "Government of India Resolution of 4 July 1934 on Reservation for Muslims, Depressed Classes and Other Minorities, Text," Muslim India, no. 93 (September 1990), p. 413.
5. On the history of Indian Muslim political action, see Theodore P. Wright, Jr., "Identity Problems of Declining Former Elite Minorities," Journal of Asian Studies, 1:2 (Fall 1976), pp. 58-63; W. W. Hunter, The Indian Mussalmans (Lahore: Premier Book House, 1871, 1964); Ram Gopal, Indian Muslims, a Political History (1858-1947) (Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1959), ch. 12; Hafeez Malik, Moslem Nationalism in India and Pakistan (Washington, D.C.: Public Affairs Press, 1963), pp. 226-27; Mushirul Hasan, Nationalism and Communal Politics in India, 1916-1928 (Columbia, Mo.: South Asia Books, 1979), p. 313; "Government of India Resolution of 4 July 1934 on Reservation for Muslims, Depressed Classes and Other Minorities, Text," Muslim India, no. 93 (September 1990), p. 413.
6. On the history of Indian Muslim political action, see Theodore P. Wright, Jr., "Identity Problems of Declining Former Elite Minorities," Journal of Asian Studies, 1:2 (Fall 1976), pp. 58-63; W. W. Hunter, The Indian Mussalmans (Lahore: Premier Book House, 1871, 1964); Ram Gopal, Indian Muslims, a Political History (1858-1947) (Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1959), ch. 12; Hafeez Malik, Moslem Nationalism in India and Pakistan (Washington, D.C.: Public Affairs Press, 1963), pp. 226-27; Mushirul Hasan, Nationalism and Communal Politics in India, 1916-1928 (Columbia, Mo.: South Asia Books, 1979), p. 313; "Government of India Resolution of 4 July 1934 on Reservation for Muslims, Depressed Classes and Other Minorities, Text," Muslim India, no. 93 (September 1990), p. 413.
7. Ayesha Jalal, Sole Spokesman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), Introduction, pp. 1-5.
8. Donald E. Smith, India as a Secular State (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963), pp. 409-410; Marc Galanter, Competing Equalities: Law and the Backward Classes in India (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), pp. 139-40.
9. Donald E. Smith, India as a Secular State (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963), pp. 409-410; Marc Galanter, Competing Equalities: Law and the Backward Classes in India (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), pp. 139-40.
10. The Indian Union Muslim League had obtained Backward Class status for the Moplahs of Kerala while it held the balance of power in the state cabinet. M. Abdul Aziz, Rise of Muslims in Kerala Politics (Trivandrum: CBH Publications, 1992), p. 126.
11. Syed Ali Ahmed, "Views on Reservation for Muslims," Radiance (November 20-26, 1994), p. 8; Syed Shahabuddin's working paper, Syed Hamid's presidential address, and the convention's resolutions in Muslim India, no. 143 (November 1994), pp. 498-506.
12. Syed Ali Ahmed, "Views on Reservation for Muslims," Radiance (November 20-26, 1994), p. 8; Syed Shahabuddin's working paper, Syed Hamid's presidential address, and the convention's resolutions in Muslim India, no. 143 (November 1994), pp. 498-506.
13. Organiser, October 16, 23, November 20, December 4, 25, 1994, January 8, February 26, 1995.
14. Reservations for Backward Classes: Mandai Commission Report of the Backward Classes Commission, 1980 (Delhi: Akalank Publications, 1991); Prime Minister's Statement, Lok Sabha, 7 August 1990; Government of India O.M. on reservation for Socially and Educationally Backward Classes, 13 August 1990, in Muslim India, no. 105 (September 1991), p. 410; Myron Weiner and Mary Fainsod Katzenstein, India's Preferential Policies (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981); and "Shahabuddin Proposes Universal Reservations," Muslim India, no. 94 (October 1990), p. 451. See also Ethnic Preference and Public Policy in Developing Societies, ed. Neil Nevitte and Charles H. Kennedy (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Reiner, 1986), p. 9, for the deleterious effects of ethnic quotas on bureaucratic efficiency and neutrality.
15. Reservations for Backward Classes: Mandai Commission Report of the Backward Classes Commission, 1980 (Delhi: Akalank Publications, 1991); Prime Minister's Statement, Lok Sabha, 7 August 1990; Government of India O.M. on reservation for Socially and Educationally Backward Classes, 13 August 1990, in Muslim India, no. 105 (September 1991), p. 410; Myron Weiner and Mary Fainsod Katzenstein, India's Preferential Policies (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981); and "Shahabuddin Proposes Universal Reservations," Muslim India, no. 94 (October 1990), p. 451. See also Ethnic Preference and Public Policy in Developing Societies, ed. Neil Nevitte and Charles H. Kennedy (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Reiner, 1986), p. 9, for the deleterious effects of ethnic quotas on bureaucratic efficiency and neutrality.
16. Reservations for Backward Classes: Mandai Commission Report of the Backward Classes Commission, 1980 (Delhi: Akalank Publications, 1991); Prime Minister's Statement, Lok Sabha, 7 August 1990; Government of India O.M. on reservation for Socially and Educationally Backward Classes, 13 August 1990, in Muslim India, no. 105 (September 1991), p. 410; Myron Weiner and Mary Fainsod Katzenstein, India's Preferential Policies (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981); and "Shahabuddin Proposes Universal Reservations," Muslim India, no. 94 (October 1990), p. 451. See also Ethnic Preference and Public Policy in Developing Societies, ed. Neil Nevitte and Charles H. Kennedy (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Reiner, 1986), p. 9, for the deleterious effects of ethnic quotas on bureaucratic efficiency and neutrality.
17. Reservations for Backward Classes: Mandai Commission Report of the Backward Classes Commission, 1980 (Delhi: Akalank Publications, 1991); Prime Minister's Statement, Lok Sabha, 7 August 1990; Government of India O.M. on reservation for Socially and Educationally Backward Classes, 13 August 1990, in Muslim India, no. 105 (September 1991), p. 410; Myron Weiner and Mary Fainsod Katzenstein, India's Preferential Policies (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981); and "Shahabuddin Proposes Universal Reservations," Muslim India, no. 94 (October 1990), p. 451. See also Ethnic Preference and Public Policy in Developing Societies, ed. Neil Nevitte and Charles H. Kennedy (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Reiner, 1986), p. 9, for the deleterious effects of ethnic quotas on bureaucratic efficiency and neutrality.
18. Reservations for Backward Classes: Mandai Commission Report of the Backward Classes Commission, 1980 (Delhi: Akalank Publications, 1991); Prime Minister's Statement, Lok Sabha, 7 August 1990; Government of India O.M. on reservation for Socially and Educationally Backward Classes, 13 August 1990, in Muslim India, no. 105 (September 1991), p. 410; Myron Weiner and Mary Fainsod Katzenstein, India's Preferential Policies (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981); and "Shahabuddin Proposes Universal Reservations," Muslim India, no. 94 (October 1990), p. 451. See also Ethnic Preference and Public Policy in Developing Societies, ed. Neil Nevitte and Charles H. Kennedy (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Reiner, 1986), p. 9, for the deleterious effects of ethnic quotas on bureaucratic efficiency and neutrality.
19. Inderjit Badhwar, "Mandal Commission: Dividing to Rule," India Today, September 15, 1990), pp. 98-99; Pankaj Pachauri, "Apartheid, Indian Style," ibid., pp. 100-103; Manoj Mitta, "Racketeering in Quotas," India Today (November 15, 1994), pp. 36-41. For a mixture of pro-and anti-Mandal views, see ed. Asghar Ali Engineer, Mandai Commission Controversy (Delhi: Ajanta, 1991), and R. S. Bains, Reservation Policy and Anti-Reservationists (Delhi: B. R. Publishing, 1994).
20. Inderjit Badhwar, "Mandal Commission: Dividing to Rule," India Today, September 15, 1990), pp. 98-99; Pankaj Pachauri, "Apartheid, Indian Style," ibid., pp. 100-103; Manoj Mitta, "Racketeering in Quotas," India Today (November 15, 1994), pp. 36-41. For a mixture of pro-and anti-Mandal views, see ed. Asghar Ali Engineer, Mandai Commission Controversy (Delhi: Ajanta, 1991), and R. S. Bains, Reservation Policy and Anti-Reservationists (Delhi: B. R. Publishing, 1994).
21. Inderjit Badhwar, "Mandal Commission: Dividing to Rule," India Today, September 15, 1990), pp. 98-99; Pankaj Pachauri, "Apartheid, Indian Style," ibid., pp. 100-103; Manoj Mitta, "Racketeering in Quotas," India Today (November 15, 1994), pp. 36-41. For a mixture of pro-and anti-Mandal views, see ed. Asghar Ali Engineer, Mandai Commission Controversy (Delhi: Ajanta, 1991), and R. S. Bains, Reservation Policy and Anti-Reservationists (Delhi: B. R. Publishing, 1994).
22. Inderjit Badhwar, "Mandal Commission: Dividing to Rule," India Today, September 15, 1990), pp. 98-99; Pankaj Pachauri, "Apartheid, Indian Style," ibid., pp. 100-103; Manoj Mitta, "Racketeering in Quotas," India Today (November 15, 1994), pp. 36-41. For a mixture of pro-and anti-Mandal views, see ed. Asghar Ali Engineer, Mandai Commission Controversy (Delhi: Ajanta, 1991), and R. S. Bains, Reservation Policy and Anti-Reservationists (Delhi: B. R. Publishing, 1994).
23. Inderjit Badhwar, "Mandal Commission: Dividing to Rule," India Today, September 15, 1990), pp. 98-99; Pankaj Pachauri, "Apartheid, Indian Style," ibid., pp. 100-103; Manoj Mitta, "Racketeering in Quotas," India Today (November 15, 1994), pp. 36-41. For a mixture of pro-and anti-Mandal views, see ed. Asghar Ali Engineer, Mandai Commission Controversy (Delhi: Ajanta, 1991), and R. S. Bains, Reservation Policy and Anti-Reservationists (Delhi: B. R. Publishing, 1994).
24. Manoj Mitta, "Crossing the Limit: States Flout the Supreme Court Directive Raising Reservation Quotas Beyond 50 Percent," India Today (September 15, 1994), pp. 54-55.
25. In a letter to the author November 27, 1995, Shahabuddin denied that he opposed elimination of the creamy layer but would like it to be nationally defined and applied to all groups and subgroups that enjoy reservations. For the concept of Muslim caste, see Ghaus Ansari, "Muslim Caste in Uttar Pradesh," Eastern Anthropologist 13:2 (1960), pp. 27-73.
26. Inderjit Badhwar, Zafar Agha, Javed Ansari, "Saffron Setback," India Today (December 15, 1993), pp. 26-33; Ahtesham Qureshy, "UP Municipal Elections: Caste Factor Mars Muslim Vote Power," Radiance (December 17, 1995), p. 13; also Jagannath Sarkar in Mainstream (October 29, 1994), pp. 30-31.
27. Inderjit Badhwar, Zafar Agha, Javed Ansari, "Saffron Setback," India Today (December 15, 1993), pp. 26-33; Ahtesham Qureshy, "UP Municipal Elections: Caste Factor Mars Muslim Vote Power," Radiance (December 17, 1995), p. 13; also Jagannath Sarkar in Mainstream (October 29, 1994), pp. 30-31.
28. Inderjit Badhwar, Zafar Agha, Javed Ansari, "Saffron Setback," India Today (December 15, 1993), pp. 26-33; Ahtesham Qureshy, "UP Municipal Elections: Caste Factor Mars Muslim Vote Power," Radiance (December 17, 1995), p. 13; also Jagannath Sarkar in Mainstream (October 29, 1994), pp. 30-31.
29. For example, K. C. Yadav on "Reservations for Muslims," Times of India (January 15, 1995), cited in Muslim India, no. 146 (February 1995), p. 82.
30. For example, K. C. Yadav on "Reservations for Muslims," Times of India (January 15, 1995), cited in Muslim India, no. 146 (February 1995), p. 82.
31. "Kesri for Reservations in Private Sector" Hindu, July 15, 1995, and December 18, 1996.
32. "Election Manifestoes on Minority Issues," Radiance (April 28, 1996), p. 13.
33. Amrit Dhillon and Harinder Baweja, "An Agenda for Empowerment," India Today (October 15, 1996), p. 47; Syed Shahabuddin, "Quota for Women: A Political Gimmick," Radiance (November 10, 1996), pp. 8-9; and Swapan Dasgupta, "Madness Unreserved: Caste, Gender, Religion: Where Will It Stop?" India Today (June 9, 1997), p. 27.
34. Amrit Dhillon and Harinder Baweja, "An Agenda for Empowerment," India Today (October 15, 1996), p. 47; Syed Shahabuddin, "Quota for Women: A Political Gimmick," Radiance (November 10, 1996), pp. 8-9; and Swapan Dasgupta, "Madness Unreserved: Caste, Gender, Religion: Where Will It Stop?" India Today (June 9, 1997), p. 27.
35. Amrit Dhillon and Harinder Baweja, "An Agenda for Empowerment," India Today (October 15, 1996), p. 47; Syed Shahabuddin, "Quota for Women: A Political Gimmick," Radiance (November 10, 1996), pp. 8-9; and Swapan Dasgupta, "Madness Unreserved: Caste, Gender, Religion: Where Will It Stop?" India Today (June 9, 1997), p. 27.
36. Theodore P. Wright, Jr., "Muslim Mobility through Peripheral Occupations: Sports, Music, Cinema and Smuggling," Asie du sud: Traditions et changement, ed. Marc Gaborieau and Alice Thomer (Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique: Collections des Colloques International, 1979), pp. 271-78; idem., "The New Muslim Businessmen of North India," in Changing South Asia, Proceedings of the Seventh European Conference on Modern South Asian Studies, ed. Kenneth Ballhatchet and David Taylor (London: Asian Research Service, 1984), pp. 37-46; Elizabeth Mann, Boundaries and Identities, Muslims, Work and Status in Aligarh (New Delhi: Sage, 1992); and Imtiaz Ahmad, "Muslim Educational Backwardness, an Inferential Analysis," Economic and Political Weekly (September 5, 1981), pp. 1457-65.
37. Theodore P. Wright, Jr., "Muslim Mobility through Peripheral Occupations: Sports, Music, Cinema and Smuggling," Asie du sud: Traditions et changement, ed. Marc Gaborieau and Alice Thomer (Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique: Collections des Colloques International, 1979), pp. 271-78; idem., "The New Muslim Businessmen of North India," in Changing South Asia, Proceedings of the Seventh European Conference on Modern South Asian Studies, ed. Kenneth Ballhatchet and David Taylor (London: Asian Research Service, 1984), pp. 37-46; Elizabeth Mann, Boundaries and Identities, Muslims, Work and Status in Aligarh (New Delhi: Sage, 1992); and Imtiaz Ahmad, "Muslim Educational Backwardness, an Inferential Analysis," Economic and Political Weekly (September 5, 1981), pp. 1457-65.
38. Theodore P. Wright, Jr., "Muslim Mobility through Peripheral Occupations: Sports, Music, Cinema and Smuggling," Asie du sud: Traditions et changement, ed. Marc Gaborieau and Alice Thomer (Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique: Collections des Colloques International, 1979), pp. 271-78; idem., "The New Muslim Businessmen of North India," in Changing South Asia, Proceedings of the Seventh European Conference on Modern South Asian Studies, ed. Kenneth Ballhatchet and David Taylor (London: Asian Research Service, 1984), pp. 37-46; Elizabeth Mann, Boundaries and Identities, Muslims, Work and Status in Aligarh (New Delhi: Sage, 1992); and Imtiaz Ahmad, "Muslim Educational Backwardness, an Inferential Analysis," Economic and Political Weekly (September 5, 1981), pp. 1457-65.
39. Theodore P. Wright, Jr., "Muslim Mobility through Peripheral Occupations: Sports, Music, Cinema and Smuggling," Asie du sud: Traditions et changement, ed. Marc Gaborieau and Alice Thomer (Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique: Collections des Colloques International, 1979), pp. 271-78; idem., "The New Muslim Businessmen of North India," in Changing South Asia, Proceedings of the Seventh European Conference on Modern South Asian Studies, ed. Kenneth Ballhatchet and David Taylor (London: Asian Research Service, 1984), pp. 37-46; Elizabeth Mann, Boundaries and Identities, Muslims, Work and Status in Aligarh (New Delhi: Sage, 1992); and Imtiaz Ahmad, "Muslim Educational Backwardness, an Inferential Analysis," Economic and Political Weekly (September 5, 1981), pp. 1457-65.
40. Richard Lambert, Workers, Factories and Social Change in India (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963), pp. 76-79.
41. Thomas Sowell, The Economics and Politics of Race (New York: William Morrow, 1983), pp. 175-82.
42. Theodore P. Wright, Jr., "The Failure of the Indian Minorities Commission, 1977-1981," Indian Journal of Politics 20:1,2 (February-March 1986), pp. 1-8.
43. Walter Zenner, Minorities in the Middle (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991).