Once there were greenfields

Forum for Applied Research and Public Policy

Volumn 14, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 6-16

  Benfield, F Kaid ^a  

^a NATURAL RESOURCES DEFENSE COUNCIL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0004297965     PISSN: 08878218     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. "Greenfields," words and music by Terry Gilkyson, Richard Dehr, and Frank Mille, copyright 1956 by Blackwood Music, Inc. "Greenfields" was released on the album The Brothers Four in 1959 and reached number one on the popular music charts in 1960. It has been reissued on Greatest Hits, by the Brothers Four, Columbia Records CK-8603.
2. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan Areas (MA-96-9), December 1997.
3. There were 323 metropolitan statistical areas designated by the Census in 1990. By definition, such areas include one or more cities or areas with at least 50,000 inhabitants, the county or counties that contain them, and additional counties that meet certain tests related to community and metropolitan character. See Rutherford H. Platt, Land Use and Society (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1996), pp. 19-21.
4. Economic and Statistics Administration, U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce, Geophysical Mobility: March 1995 to March 1996. Table A-3 (Decembers, 1997).
5. Michael A. Stegman and Margery Austin Turner, "The Future of Urban America in the Global Economy," Journal of the American Planning Association 157 (Spring 1996), p. 158;
6. Henry L. Diamond and Patrick F. Noonan, Land Use in America (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1996), p. 87.
7. Northeastern Illinois Planning Commission, Strategic Plan for Land Resource Management (1992), p. 4.
8. Ibid. Northeastern Illinois Planning Commission, Strategic Plan for Land Resource Management (1992), p. 4.
9. See Sue Anne Pressley, "Atlanta's Booming Growth Is No Easy Ride," Washington Post (December 4, 1998), p. A3.
10. Christopher B. Leinberger, "The Metropolis Observed," Urban Land 57 (October 1998), pp. 28-33.
11. Rutherford H. Platt, Land Use and Society (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1936), pp. 138-39.
12. See also Robert Cervero, America's Suburban Centers: The Land Use-Transportation Link (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989), pp. 4-5;
13. Robert Cervero, "Congestion Relief: The Land Use Alternative," Journal of Planning Education and Research 10 (1991), pp. 119,121;
14. Diamond and Noonan, Land Use in America, p. 94.
15. Anthony Downs, Stuck In Traffic (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution; and Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, 1992), pp. 18-19.
16. Frank Jossi, "Rewrapping the Big Box," Planning 64 (August 1998), p. 16.
17. Ibid; Frank Jossi, "Rewrapping the Big Box," Planning 64 1998, p. 16.
18. see also Margaret Webb Pressler, "Toys R Us to Close 90 Stores," Washington Post (September 17, 1998), p. C1;
19. Land Lease Real Estate Investments and Price Waterhouse Coopers, Emerging Trends in Real Estate 1999 (New York: Lend Lease Real Estate Investments, 1998), pp. 6-7.
20. Michael Newman, "Utopia, Dystopia, Diaspora," Journal of the American Planning Association 57 (Summer 1991), pp. 344-347;
21. see also Reid H. Ewing, "Is Los Angeles-Style Sprawl Desirable?" Journal of the American Planning Association 63 (Winter 1997), pp. 107-110.
22. Tony Hiss, The Experience of Place (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991), pp. 131-32.
23. Lee R. Epstein, "Where Yards Are Wide: Have Land Use Planning and Law Gone Astray?" William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review 21 (1997), pp. 356-62.
24. Randall Arendt et al., Rural by Design: Maintaining Small Town Character (Chicago, IL: American Planning Association, 1994), pp. 135-139;
25. Terry Moore and Paul Thorsnes, The Transportation/Land Use Connection (Chicago: American Planning Association, Planners Advisory Service Report N. 448/449, 1994), pp. 42-43, 64;
26. Reid H. Ewing, "Characteristics, Causes and Effects of Sprawl," in Environmental and Urban Issues (Florida Atlantic University/ Florida International University, 1994), pp. 4-5.
27. Anthony Downs, New Visions for Metropolitan America (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution; and Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, 1994), p. 5.
28. Margo Oge, Director, Office of Mobile Sources, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Automotive Emissions: Progress and Challenges, presentation to Automotive Management Briefing Session, Traverse City, MI, August 9, 1995;
29. see also Office of Mobile Sources, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Automobiles and Ozone, Fact Sheet OMS-4 (January 1993).
30. Don Pickrell, Description of VMT Forecasting Procedure for "Car Talk" Baseline Forecasts, Volpe Center, U.S. Department of Transportation, Table 2;
31. U.S. Department of Transportation, 1990, National Personal Transportation Survey Travel Behavior Issues in the 90s (1992), pp. 11,13.
32. Equitable Real Estate Management Inc. and Real Estate Research Corporation, Emerging Trends in Real Estate: 1997 (Chicago: Real Estate Research Corporation, 1996), p. 29.
33. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 1996. DOE/EIA - 0383 (96) (January 1996), p. 48.
34. Other recent sources have put the share as high as 72 percent see Stacy C. Davis and Patricia S. Hu, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Transportation Energy Data Book, 1991, p. 3.
35. Office of Technology Assessment, Saving Energy in U.S. Transportation, Summary, 1994, pp. 1, 10.
36. Saving Energy in U.S. Transportation, Ibid., pp. 1-2;
37. Environment and Energy Study Institute Fact Sheet, "Oil and Transportation," cited in Getting There (Washington, DC: Advocacy Institute, 1996), pp. 14, 30.
38. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 1996, pp. 118-119.
39. International Panel on Climate Change, Summary for Policymakers of the Contribution of Working Group I to the IPCC Second Assessment Report, 1995.
40. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Transportation Air Quality: Selected Facts and Figures, FHWA-PD-96-006 (1996), pp. 20-22;
41. see also Oge, Automotive Emissions.
42. James Howard Kuntsler, "Home from Nowhere," Atlantic Monthly 278 (September 1996), pp. 43-66.
43. A. Ann Sorensen, Richard P. Greene, and Karen Russ, Farming on the Edge (DeKalb, IL: American Farmland Trust, 1997);
44. see also "Farms in Our Future?" American Farmland(Fall 1995), p. 19.
45. The 1997 Species Report Card: The State of U.S. Plants and Animals, The Nature Conservancy, Summary 〈http:www.consci.tnc. org〉 (January 8, 1998),
46. citing J.H. Lawton and R.M. May, Extinction Rates (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1995).
47. Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, $mart Investments for City and County Managers: Energy, Environment, and Community Development, Publication No. EPA-231-R-98-004 (Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1998), p.1-1.
48. Southern California Association of Governments, Preliminary Draft '97 Regional Transportation Plan (Los Angeles: Southern California Association of Governments, 1997), p. 49.
49. Chris Lester and Jeffrey Spivak, "Road System Puts Suburbs on the Map," Kansas City Star (December 19, 1995).
50. Michael J. Kinsley and Hunter Lovings, Paying for Growth, Prospering from Development (Snowmass, CO: Rocky Mountain Institute, 1995).
51. For a more recent discussion on "concentration effects," see "Appendix A: Perspectives on Poverty Concentration" in W.J. Wilson, When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor (New York: Vintage Books, 1996).
52. Parris Glendening, "Making Maryland the Best Place to Work, to Raise a Child and to Build a Family," 1997 State of the State Address, presented in Annapolis, MD, January 15, 1997.
53. Brian Burnes, "The Interstate Changed Our Lives," Kansas City Star (September 3, 1996).
54. Myron Orfield, Metropolitics: A Regional Agenda for Community and Stability (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press; and Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, 1997).
55. James Noonan and Peter McEntee, The Potential for New Residential Development in Maryland (Baltimore: Maryland Office of Planning),
56. cited in Janet Pelley et al. Sprawl Costs Us All (Annapolis, MD: Sierra Club Foundation, 1997), p. 2.
57. Haya El Nasser, "New Approaches to Rebuilding Cities, USA Today (December 27, 1996), p. 2A;
58. see also Roberto Suro, "Drop in Murder Rate Accelerates in Cities," Washington Post (December 31, 1997), p. A1.
59. See Robert Cervero, America's Suburban Centers (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989), pp. 195-210.
60. The author retains copyright on this article, which is adapted from Once There Were Greenfields: How Urban Sprawl Is Undermining America's Environment, Economy, and Social Fabric, by F. Kaid Benfield, Matthew D. Raimi, and Donald D.T. Chen (New York: Natural Resources Defense Council, 1999). Once There Were Greenfields is a joint project of NRDC and the Surface Transportation Policy Project and may be obtained from online booksellers or from NRDC's publications office at (212) 727-4486.