메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 3, Issue 5, 1996, Pages 259-284

Receptor biology of the melanocortins, a family of neuroimmunomodulatory peptides

Author keywords

ACTH; Agouti; Brain; Fever; Melanocortin receptor; Melanocyte; Melanocyte stimulating hormone; Neuroimmunomodulation; Receptor antagonist

Indexed keywords

ADENYLATE CYCLASE; CORTICOTROPIN; INTERMEDIN; INTERMEDIN DERIVATIVE; NEUROPEPTIDE; NEUROTRANSMITTER RECEPTOR; RECEPTOR SUBTYPE;

EID: 0004062089     PISSN: 10217401     EISSN: 14230216     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000097281     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (129)

References (224)
  • 1
    • 0027330979 scopus 로고
    • α-Meianocyte stimulating hormone in the modulation of host reactions
    • Catania A. Upton JM: α-Meianocyte stimulating hormone in the modulation of host reactions. Endocr Rev 1993:14:564-576.
    • (1993) Endocr Rev , vol.14 , pp. 564-576
    • Catania, A.1    Upton, J.M.2
  • 2
    • 0020157524 scopus 로고
    • Neuropeptides derived from pro-opiocortin: Behavioral, physiological and ncurochemical effects
    • DeWied D. Jolles J: Neuropeptides derived from pro-opiocortin: Behavioral, physiological and ncurochemical effects. Physiol Rev 1952; 62:976-1059.
    • (1952) Physiol Rev , vol.62 , pp. 976-1059
    • Dewied, D.1    Jolles, J.2
  • 3
    • 0020317281 scopus 로고
    • The opiomelano-tropinergic neuronal and endocrine systems
    • O'Donohue TL. Dorsa DM: The opiomelano-tropinergic neuronal and endocrine systems. Peptides 1982.3:353-395.
    • (1982) Peptides , vol.3 , pp. 353-395
    • O'donohue, T.L.1    Dorsa, D.M.2
  • 4
    • 0023606861 scopus 로고
    • Specific receptors for u-melanocylc-slimulating hormone are widely distributed in tissues of rodents
    • Tatro JB. Rcichlin S: Specific receptors for u-melanocylc-slimulating hormone are widely distributed in tissues of rodents. Endoerinolouv 1987:121:1900-1907.
    • (1987) Endoerinolouv , vol.121 , pp. 1900-1907
    • Tatro, J.B.1    Rcichlin, S.2
  • 5
    • 0025602491 scopus 로고
    • Melanotropin receptors in the brain are differentially distributed and recognize both corticotropin and u-melanocyte stimulating hormone
    • Tatro JB: Melanotropin receptors in the brain are differentially distributed and recognize both corticotropin and u-melanocyte stimulating hormone. Brain Res 1990:536:124-132.
    • (1990) Brain Res , vol.536 , pp. 124-132
    • Tatro, J.B.1
  • 6
    • 0001895147 scopus 로고
    • Receptors for the mclnnoconin peptides in the central nervous system
    • Low MJ. Simcrly RB. Cone RD: Receptors for the mclnnoconin peptides in the central nervous system. CurrOp Endocrinol Diab 1994:1: 79-88.
    • (1994) Currop Endocrinol Diab , vol.1 , pp. 79-88
    • Low, M.J.1    Simcrly, R.B.2    Cone, R.D.3
  • 7
    • 0029165096 scopus 로고
    • ACTH-related peptides: Receptors and signal transduction systems involved in their neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions
    • Hoi EM. Gispen WH. Bar PR: ACTH-related peptides: Receptors and signal transduction systems involved in their neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions. Peptides 1995:16: 979-993.
    • (1995) Peptides , vol.16 , pp. 979-993
    • Hoi, E.M.1    Gispen, W.H.2    Bar, P.R.3
  • 14
    • 0028401894 scopus 로고
    • The neuropeptide alphα-melanocyte-stimulating hormone: A key component of ncuroimmunomodulation
    • Catania A, Upton JM: The neuropeptide alphα-melanocyte-stimulating hormone: A key component of ncuroimmunomodulation. Neu-roimmunomodulation 1994; 1:93-99.
    • (1994) Neu-Roimmunomodulation , vol.1 , pp. 93-99
    • Catania, A.1    Upton, J.M.2
  • 15
    • 0028618822 scopus 로고
    • Antiinflammatory effects of the neuropeptide alphα-MSH in acute, chronic, and systemic inflammation
    • Lipton JM. G. C. Macaluso A. McCoy D. Carnes K. Billz J. Catania A: Antiinflammatory effects of the neuropeptide alphα-MSH in acute, chronic, and systemic inflammation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994:741:137-148.
    • (1994) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.741 , pp. 137-148
    • Lipton, J.M.G.C.1    Macaluso, A.2    McCoy, D.3    Carnes, K.4    Billz, J.5    Catania, A.6
  • 17
    • 12644304440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antipyretic role of endogenous melanocortins mediated by central melanocortin receptors during endotoxin-induced fever
    • press
    • Huang Q-H, Entwistle ML, Alvaro JD, Durnan RS, Hrubv VJ, Tatro JB: Antipyretic role of endogenous melanocortins mediated by central melanocortin receptors during endotoxin-induced fever. J Neurosci. in press.
    • J Neurosci
    • Huang, Q.-H.1    Entwistle, M.L.2    Alvaro, J.D.3    Durnan, R.S.4    Hrubv, V.J.5    Tatro, J.B.6
  • 18
    • 0022453662 scopus 로고
    • Dinarello CA: α-Mclanocyte stimulating hormone inhibits immunostimulatory and inflammatory actions of interleukin-1
    • Cannon JG. Tatro JB. Rcichlin SR. Dinarello CA: α-Mclanocyte stimulating hormone inhibits immunostimulatory and inflammatory actions of interleukin-1. J Immunol 1986:137: 2232-2236.
    • (1986) J Immunol , vol.137 , pp. 2232-2236
    • Cannon, J.G.1    Tatro, J.B.2    Rcichlin, S.R.3
  • 21
    • 0029143785 scopus 로고
    • Evidence of autocrine modulation of macrophage nitric oxide synthase by α-melanocyte-stimulaling-hormonc
    • Star RA. Rajora N. Huang J. Stock RC. Catania A. Lipton JM: Evidence of autocrine modulation of macrophage nitric oxide synthase by α-melanocyte-stimulaling-hormonc. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995:92:8016-8020.
    • (1995) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.92 , pp. 8016-8020
    • Star, R.A.1    Rajora, N.2    Huang, J.3    Stock, R.C.4    Catania, A.5    Lipton, J.M.6
  • 22
    • 0026527137 scopus 로고
    • Immunosuppressive effects of corticotropin and melanotropin and their possible significance in human immunodeficiency virus infection
    • Smith EM. Hughes TKJ. Hashemi F. Stcfano GB: Immunosuppressive effects of corticotropin and melanotropin and their possible significance in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992:89:782-786.
    • (1992) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.89 , pp. 782-786
    • Smith, E.M.1    Hughes, T.K.J.2    Hashemi, F.3    Stcfano, G.B.4
  • 23
    • 0026556775 scopus 로고
    • Immunosuppression in the definitive and intermediate hosts of the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni by release of im-munoactivc neuropeptides
    • Duvaux-Mirct O. Stelano GB. Smith EM. Dissous C. Capron A: Immunosuppression in the definitive and intermediate hosts of the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni by release of im-munoactivc neuropeptides. Proc Natl Acad Set USA 1992:89:778-781.
    • (1992) Proc Natl Acad Set USA , vol.89 , pp. 778-781
    • Duvaux-Mirct, O.1    Stelano, G.B.2    Smith, E.M.3    Dissous, C.4    Capron, A.5
  • 25
    • 0023264525 scopus 로고
    • α-Melanocytc-stimulating hormone exhibits target cell selectivity in its capacity to affect interleukin I-inducible responses in vivo and in vitro
    • Dayncs RA. Robertson BA. Clio B-H. Burnham DK. Newton R: α-Melanocytc-stimulating hormone exhibits target cell selectivity in its capacity to affect interleukin I-inducible responses in vivo and in vitro. J Immunol 1987; 139:103-109.
    • (1987) J Immunol , vol.139 , pp. 103-109
    • Dayncs, R.A.1    Robertson, B.A.2    Clio, B.-H.3    Burnham, D.K.4    Newton, R.5
  • 26
    • 0021724901 scopus 로고
    • Physiological functions of glucocorticoids in stress and their relation to pharmacological actions
    • Munck A. Guyre PM. Holbrook NJ: Physiological functions of glucocorticoids in stress and their relation to pharmacological actions. En-docr Rev 1984:5:25-44.
    • (1984) En-Docr Rev , vol.5 , pp. 25-44
    • Munck, A.1    Guyre, P.M.2    Holbrook, N.J.3
  • 27
    • 0027921994 scopus 로고
    • Neuroendocrine-immune interactions
    • Rcichlin S: Neuroendocrine-immune interactions. N Engl J Med 1993:329:1246-1253.
    • (1993) N Engl J Med , vol.329 , pp. 1246-1253
    • Rcichlin, S.1
  • 28
    • 0023789030 scopus 로고
    • Multiple feedback regulatory loops upon rat hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion: Potential clinical implications
    • Calogero AE. Gallucci WT, Gold PW, Chrou-sos GP: Multiple feedback regulatory loops upon rat hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion: Potential clinical implications. J Clin Invest 1988:82:767-774.
    • (1988) J Clin Invest , vol.82 , pp. 767-774
    • Calogero, A.E.1    Gallucci, W.T.2    Gold, P.W.3    Chrou-Sos, G.P.4
  • 29
    • 0024379007 scopus 로고
    • In the mouse, the activation of the hypothalamie-pituitarγ-adrcnal axis by a lipopolysaccharide (Endotoxin) is mediated through interleukin-1
    • Rivier C, Chizzonite R, Vale W: In the mouse, the activation of the hypothalamie-pituitarγ-adrcnal axis by a lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) is mediated through interleukin-1. Endocrinology 1989:125:2800-2805.
    • (1989) Endocrinology , vol.125 , pp. 2800-2805
    • Rivier, C.1    Chizzonite, R.2    Vale, W.3
  • 30
    • 0027377399 scopus 로고
    • Alphα-melanocyte-stimulating hormone abolishes IL-l-and IL-6-induccd corticotropin-releasing factor release from the hypothalamus in vitro
    • Lyson K. McCann SM: Alphα-melanocyte-stimulating hormone abolishes IL-l-and IL-6-induccd corticotropin-releasing factor release from the hypothalamus in vitro. Neuroendocrinology 1993:58:191-195.
    • (1993) Neuroendocrinology , vol.58 , pp. 191-195
    • Lyson, K.1    McCann, S.M.2
  • 31
    • 0027379074 scopus 로고
    • Release of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone and arginine-vasoprcssin hy interleukin 11 and uMSH: Studies in rats with different susceptibility to inflammatory disease
    • Zelazowski P. Patchcv VK. Zclazowska F.B. Chrousos GP. Gold PW. Sternberg EM. Release of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone and arginine-vasoprcssin hy interleukin 11 and uMSH: Studies in rats with different susceptibility to inflammatory disease. Brain Res 1993:631:22-26.
    • (1993) Brain Res , vol.631 , pp. 22-26
    • Zelazowski, P.1    Patchcv, V.K.2    Zclazowska, F.B.3    Chrousos, G.P.4    Gold, P.W.5    Sternberg, E.M.6
  • 32
    • 0028177382 scopus 로고
    • Central administration of u-melanocyte-stimulatiug hormone inhibits corticotropin-releasing factor release in adrcnaleo-tomized rats
    • Tozawa E. Suda T. Dobashi I. Ohniori N. Kas-agi Y. Demura H: Central administration of u-melanocyte-stimulatiug hormone inhibits corticotropin-releasing factor release in adrcnaleo-tomized rats. Neurosci Lett 1994:174: J17-119.
    • (1994) Neurosci Lett , vol.174 , pp. J17-119
    • Tozawa, E.1    Suda, T.2    Dobashi, I.3    Ohniori, N.4    Kas-Agi, Y.5    Demura, H.6
  • 33
    • 0008170155 scopus 로고
    • Effects ol u- and i- melanocyte stimulating hormones and other peptides on the thyroid in mice
    • Bowers CY. Redding TW. Schallv AV: Effects ol u- and i- melanocyte stimulating hormones and other peptides on the thyroid in mice. Endocrinology 1964:74:559.
    • (1964) Endocrinology , vol.74 , pp. 559
    • Bowers, C.Y.1    Redding, T.W.2    Schallv, A.V.3
  • 34
    • 0017734709 scopus 로고
    • Stimulation of growth hormone release in vivo and in vitro Ivy u-MSH
    • Zahnd GR. Vecsey A: Stimulation of growth hormone release in vivo and in vitro Ivy u-MSH. Front Horm Res 1977;4:188-192.
    • (1977) Front Horm Res , vol.4 , pp. 188-192
    • Zahnd, G.R.1    Vecsey, A.2
  • 35
    • 0021369877 scopus 로고
    • The effect and possible mode of action of u-melano-cyte-stimulating hormone on gonadotropin release in the ovaricelomizcd rat: An in vivo and in vitro analysis
    • Khorram O. DePalatis R. McCann SM: The effect and possible mode of action of u-melano-cyte-stimulating hormone on gonadotropin release in the ovaricelomizcd rat: An in vivo and in vitro analysis. Endocrinology 1984:114. 227-233.
    • (1984) Endocrinology , vol.114 , pp. 227-233
    • Khorram, O.1    Depalatis, R.2    McCann, S.M.3
  • 36
    • 0026568310 scopus 로고
    • Frawlcy LS: α-Mcla-nocyte-stimulating hormone is a mammo-trophic factor released by ncuroiniermediale lobe cells after estrogen treatment
    • Ellcrkmann E. Nagy GM. Frawlcy LS: α-Mcla-nocyte-stimulating hormone is a mammo-trophic factor released by ncuroiniermediale lobe cells after estrogen treatment. Endocrinology 1992:130:133-138.
    • (1992) Endocrinology , vol.130 , pp. 133-138
    • Ellcrkmann, E.1    Nagy, G.M.2
  • 38
    • 0029958822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • α-Melanocytc-stimulating hormone reduces endotoxin-induced liver inflammation
    • Chiao H, Foster S, Thomas Rilipton JM, Star RA: α-Melanocytc-stimulating hormone reduces endotoxin-induced liver inflammation. J Clin Invest 1996,97:2038-2044.
    • (1996) J Clin Invest , vol.97 , pp. 2038-2044
    • Chiao, H.1    Foster, S.2    Thomas Rilipton, J.M.3    Star, R.A.4
  • 39
    • 0026019669 scopus 로고
    • Effects of interleukin-1 infused into brain arc antagonized by α-MSH in a dose-dependent manner
    • Weiss JM. Sundar SK. Cicrpial MA. Ritchie JC: Effects of interleukin-1 infused into brain arc antagonized by α-MSH in a dose-dependent manner. F.ur J Pharmacol 1991:192:177-179.
    • (1991) F.Ur J Pharmacol , vol.192 , pp. 177-179
    • Weiss, J.M.1    Sundar, S.K.2    Cicrpial, M.A.3    Ritchie, J.C.4
  • 41
    • 0026328039 scopus 로고
    • Human immunodeficiency virus glycoprotein (Gp!20) infused into rat brain induces interleukin 1 to elevate pituitarγ-adrenal activity and decrease peripheral cellular immune responses
    • Sundar SK. Cicrpial MA. Kamaraju LS. Long S. Hsich S. Lorenz C. Aaron M. Ritchie JC. Weiss JM: Human immunodeficiency virus glycoprotein (gp!20) infused into rat brain induces interleukin 1 to elevate pituitarγ-adrenal activity and decrease peripheral cellular immune responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991:88:11246-11250.
    • (1991) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.88 , pp. 11246-11250
    • Sundar, S.K.1    Cicrpial, M.A.2    Kamaraju, L.S.3    Long, S.4    Hsich, S.5    Lorenz, C.6    Aaron, M.7    Ritchie, J.C.8    Weiss, J.M.9
  • 42
    • 0026736321 scopus 로고
    • Wardlaw SL: Alphα-Melanocytc-stimulating hormone antagonizes the neuroendocrine effects of corticotropin-releasing factor and interleukin-1-alpha in the primate
    • Shalts E. Feng Γ-J. Fcrin M. Wardlaw SL: alphα-Melanocytc-stimulating hormone antagonizes the neuroendocrine effects of corticotropin-releasing factor and interleukin-1-alpha in the primate. Endocrinology 1992:131:132-138.
    • (1992) Endocrinology , vol.131 , pp. 132-138
    • Shalts, E.1    Feng, Γ.-J.2    Fcrin, M.3
  • 45
    • 0342735588 scopus 로고
    • Control of phenotypic expression of cultured melanoma cells by melanocyte stimulating hormones
    • Wong G. Pawclck J: Control of phenotypic expression of cultured melanoma cells by melanocyte stimulating hormones. Nature New Biol 1973:241:213-216.
    • (1973) Nature New Biol , vol.241 , pp. 213-216
    • Wong, G.1    Pawclck, J.2
  • 47
    • 0025728472 scopus 로고
    • Porcine adrenal adrenocorticotropic hormone receptors: Characterization. changes during neonatal development, and response to a stressor
    • Klcmckc HG. Pond WG: Porcine adrenal adrenocorticotropic hormone receptors: Characterization. changes during neonatal development, and response to a stressor. Endocrinology 1990; 128:2476-2488.
    • (1990) Endocrinology , vol.128 , pp. 2476-2488
    • Klcmckc, H.G.1    Pond, W.G.2
  • 51
    • 0022529239 scopus 로고
    • Regulation of adenylate cyclase by betα-melanotro-pin in the MR2 melanoma cell line
    • Gersl JE. Sole J. Mather JP. Salomon Y: Regulation of adenylate cyclase by betα-melanotro-pin in the MR2 melanoma cell line. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1986:46:137-147.
    • (1986) Mol Cell Endocrinol , vol.46 , pp. 137-147
    • Gersl, J.E.1    Sole, J.2    Mather, J.P.3    Salomon, Y.4
  • 52
    • 0023196504 scopus 로고
    • Biological activity, binding, and metabolic fate of Ac-[Nlc4.0-Phe,]α-MSH4-ilNH; with the FI variant of B16 melanoma cells
    • lNH; with the FI variant of B16 melanoma cells. J Cell Physiol 1987;132:97-103.
    • (1987) J Cell Physiol , vol.132 , pp. 97-103
    • Panasci, L.C.1    McQuillan, A.2    Kaufman, M.3
  • 53
    • 0024407943 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of receptors for u-mclanocyte stimulating hormone on human melanoma cells
    • Sicgrist W. Solca F. Stulz S, GiulTrc L, Carrel S, Girard J, Eberle AN: Characterization of receptors for u-mclanocyte stimulating hormone on human melanoma cells. Cancer Res 1989;49:6352-6358.
    • (1989) Cancer Res , vol.49 , pp. 6352-6358
    • Sicgrist, W.1    Solca, F.2    Stulz, S.3    Giultrc, L.4    Carrel, S.5    Girard, J.6    Eberle, A.N.7
  • 55
    • 0025012783 scopus 로고
    • Mclanotropin receptors of murine melanoma characterized in cultured cells and demonstrated in experimental tumors in situ
    • Tatro JB. Entwistle ML. Lester BR. Reichlin S: Mclanotropin receptors of murine melanoma characterized in cultured cells and demonstrated in experimental tumors in situ. Cancer Res 1990;50:1237-1242.
    • (1990) Cancer Res , vol.50 , pp. 1237-1242
    • Tatro, J.B.1    Entwistle, M.L.2    Lester, B.R.3    Reichlin, S.4
  • 56
    • 0030069715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterizations of the unusual dissociation properties of mclanotropin peptides from the melanocorlin receptor. ItMClR
    • Haskcll-Leuvano C, Miwa H, Dickinson C, Hadley ME, Hruby VJ, Yamada T, Gantz I: Characterizations of the unusual dissociation properties of mclanotropin peptides from the melanocorlin receptor. ItMClR. J Med Client 1996:39:432-435.
    • (1996) J Med Client , vol.39 , pp. 432-435
    • Haskcll-Leuvano, C.1    Miwa, H.2    Dickinson, C.3    Hadley, M.E.4    Hruby, V.J.5    Yamada, T.6    Gantz, I.7
  • 58
    • 0021682830 scopus 로고
    • Synthesis and biological actions of highly potent and prolonged acting biotin-labeled melanotropins
    • Chaturvcdi ON. Knittcl JJ. IIruby VJ. Castruc-ci AML. Hadley ME: Synthesis and biological actions of highly potent and prolonged acting biotin-labeled melanotropins. J Med Chcm 1984:27:1406-1410.
    • (1984) J Med Chcm , vol.27 , pp. 1406-1410
    • Chaturvcdi, O.N.1    Knittcl, J.J.2    Iiruby, V.J.3    Castruc-Ci, A.M.L.4    Hadley, M.E.5
  • 59
    • 0027467307 scopus 로고
    • Peptides containing multiple pho-tolabcls: A new tool for the analysis of ligand-reccptor interactions
    • Eberle AN: Peptides containing multiple pho-tolabcls: A new tool for the analysis of ligand-reccptor interactions. J Reccpt Res 1993:13: 27-37.
    • (1993) J Reccpt Res , vol.13 , pp. 27-37
    • Eberle, A.N.1
  • 60
    • 0024581469 scopus 로고
    • Morphology and function of lacrimal gland acinar cells in primary culture
    • Hann LE. Tatro JB. Sullivan DA: Morphology and function of lacrimal gland acinar cells in primary culture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1989:30:145-158.
    • (1989) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.30 , pp. 145-158
    • Hann, L.E.1    Tatro, J.B.2    Sullivan, D.A.3
  • 61
    • 0025283349 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of functional mclanotropin receptors in lacrimal glands of the rat
    • Entwistle ML. Hann LE. Sullivan DA. Tatro JB: Characterization of functional mclanotropin receptors in lacrimal glands of the rat. Peptides 1990:11:477-483.
    • (1990) Peptides , vol.11 , pp. 477-483
    • Entwistle, M.L.1    Hann, L.E.2    Sullivan, D.A.3    Tatro, J.B.4
  • 62
    • 0020384718 scopus 로고
    • Adrenocorticotropic hormone and α-melanocytc-stimulating hormone induce secretion and protein phosphorylation in the rat lacrimal gland by activation of a cAMP-dcpcndcnt pathway
    • Jahn R. Padcl U. Porsch PH. Soling HD: Adrenocorticotropic hormone and α-melanocytc-stimulating hormone induce secretion and protein phosphorylation in the rat lacrimal gland by activation of a cAMP-dcpcndcnt pathway. EurJ Biochem 1982:126:623-629.
    • (1982) Eurj Biochem , vol.126 , pp. 623-629
    • Jahn, R.1    Padcl, U.2    Porsch, P.H.3    Soling, H.D.4
  • 63
    • 0025362270 scopus 로고
    • The mclanocortin receptor in the rat lacrimal gland: A model system for the study of MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone) as a potential neurotransmitter
    • Leiba H. Garty NB. Schmidt-Sole J. Pitcrman O. Azrad A. Salomon Y: The mclanocortin receptor in the rat lacrimal gland: A model system for the study of MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone) as a potential neurotransmitter. EurJ Pharmacol 1990;181:71-82.
    • (1990) Eurj Pharmacol , vol.181 , pp. 71-82
    • Leiba, H.1    Garty, N.B.2    Schmidt-Sole, J.3    Pitcrman, O.4    Azrad, A.5    Salomon, Y.6
  • 64
    • 0028153636 scopus 로고
    • Heterogeneity of brain mclanocortin receptors suggested by differential ligand binding in situ
    • Tatro JB. Entwistle ML: Heterogeneity of brain mclanocortin receptors suggested by differential ligand binding in situ. Brain Res 1994: 635:148-158.
    • (1994) Brain Res , vol.635 , pp. 148-158
    • Tatro, J.B.1    Entwistle, M.L.2
  • 66
    • 85023297566 scopus 로고
    • Conn PM (ed), New York, Academic Press
    • Tatro JB: Mclanotropin receptors of the brain; in Conn PM (ed): Methods in Ncuroscienccs. New York, Academic Press. 1993. pp 87-104.
    • (1993) Mclanotropin Receptors of the Brain , pp. 87-104
    • Tatro, J.B.1
  • 67
    • 0028651971 scopus 로고
    • Distribution of melα-nocortin receptors in the lower brainstem of the rat
    • Tatro JB. Entwistle ML: Distribution of melα-nocortin receptors in the lower brainstem of the rat. Ann NY Acad Sci 1994:739:311-314.
    • (1994) Ann NY Acad Sci , vol.739 , pp. 311-314
    • Tatro, J.B.1    Entwistle, M.L.2
  • 68
    • 0030070711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Region- and stage-specific patterns of mclanocortin receptor ontogeny in rat central nervous system, cranial nerve ganglia and sympathetic ganglia
    • Lichtcnsteigcr W, Hanimann B, Sicgrist W, Eberle AN: Region- and stage-specific patterns of mclanocortin receptor ontogeny in rat central nervous system, cranial nerve ganglia and sympathetic ganglia. Dev Brain Res 1996:91: 93-110.
    • (1996) Dev Brain Res , vol.91 , pp. 93-110
    • Lichtcnsteigcr, W.1    Hanimann, B.2    Sicgrist, W.3    Eberle, A.N.4
  • 70
    • 0028089335 scopus 로고
    • A hypotensive and bradycardic action of y2-melanocyte-siimulat-ing hormone (Y2-MSH) microinjected into the nucleus tractus solitarii of the rat
    • De Wild! DJ. Van Der Ven JC. Van Bergen P. De Lang H. Verstecg DUG: A hypotensive and bradycardic action of y2-melanocyte-siimulat-ing hormone (y2-MSH) microinjected into the nucleus tractus solitarii of the rat. Arch Pharmacol 1994;349:50-56.
    • (1994) Arch Pharmacol , vol.349 , pp. 50-56
    • De Wild!, D.J.1    Van Der Ven, J.C.2    Van Bergen, P.3    De Lang, H.4    Verstecg, D.5
  • 71
    • 0018724928 scopus 로고
    • Identification, characterization and stereotaxic mapping of intrancuronal u-mclanocytc stimulating hormone-like immunorcactivc peptides in discrete regions of the rat brain
    • O'Donohuc TL. Miller RL. Jacobowitz DM: Identification, characterization and stereotaxic mapping of intrancuronal u-mclanocytc stimulating hormone-like immunorcactivc peptides in discrete regions of the rat brain. Brain Res 1979:176:101-123.
    • (1979) Brain Res , vol.176 , pp. 101-123
    • O'donohuc, T.L.1    Miller, R.L.2    Jacobowitz, D.M.3
  • 72
    • 0029776695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mclα-nocortin antagonists define two distinct pathways of cardiovascular control by n- and γ-mclanocyte-stimulating hormones
    • Lit S-J, Varga K, Archer P, Hruby VJ, Sharma SD, Kestcrson RA, Cone RD, Kunos G: Mclα-nocortin antagonists define two distinct pathways of cardiovascular control by n- and γ-mclanocyte-stimulating hormones. J Neurosci 1996:16:5182-5188.
    • (1996) J Neurosci , vol.16 , pp. 5182-5188
    • Lit, S.-J.1    Varga, K.2    Archer, P.3    Hruby, V.J.4    Sharma, S.D.5    Kestcrson, R.A.6    Cone, R.D.7    Kunos, G.8
  • 73
    • 0027213202 scopus 로고
    • Brain receptors for central and peripheral melanotropins
    • Tatro JB: Brain receptors for central and peripheral melanotropins. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993:680:621-625.
    • (1993) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.680 , pp. 621-625
    • Tatro, J.B.1
  • 74
    • 0023740987 scopus 로고
    • Low permeability of the blood-brain barrier to nanomolar concentrations of immunorcactivc alpha-mdanotropin
    • Wilson JF: Low permeability of the blood-brain barrier to nanomolar concentrations of immunorcactivc alpha-mdanotropin. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1988;96:262-266.
    • (1988) Psychopharmacology (Berl) , vol.96 , pp. 262-266
    • Wilson, J.F.1
  • 76
    • 0028606308 scopus 로고
    • Differential effects of mclanocortin peptides on neural mclanocortin receptors
    • Adan RAH. Cone RD. Burbach PH. Gispcn WH: Differential effects of mclanocortin peptides on neural mclanocortin receptors. Mol Pharmacol 1994:46:1182-1190.
    • (1994) Mol Pharmacol , vol.46 , pp. 1182-1190
    • Adan, R.A.H.1    Cone, R.D.2    Burbach, P.H.3    Gispcn, W.H.4
  • 77
    • 0028987516 scopus 로고
    • Structural determinants of the mclanocortin peptides required for activation of mclanocortin-3 and mclanocorlin-4 receptors
    • Miwa H, Gantz I, Konda Y, Shimoto Y, Yamada T: Structural determinants of the mclanocortin peptides required for activation of mclanocortin-3 and mclanocorlin-4 receptors. J Pharmacol ExpThcrap 1995:273:367-372.
    • (1995) J Pharmacol Expthcrap , vol.273 , pp. 367-372
    • Miwa, H.1    Gantz, I.2    Konda, Y.3    Shimoto, Y.4    Yamada, T.5
  • 78
    • 0028835502 scopus 로고
    • Characterisation of mclanocortin receptor subtypes by radioligand binding analysis
    • Schiolh HB. Muceniece R. Wikbcrg JES. Chhajlani V: Characterisation of mclanocortin receptor subtypes by radioligand binding analysis. EurJ Pharmacol 1995:288:311-317.
    • (1995) Eurj Pharmacol , vol.288 , pp. 311-317
    • Schiolh, H.B.1    Muceniece, R.2    Wikbcrg, J.E.S.3    Chhajlani, V.4
  • 79
  • 80
    • 0025255408 scopus 로고
    • Adrenocorticotro-pin. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, growth hormone-releasing factor, and dynorphin compete for common receptors in brain and adrenal
    • Li Z. Queen G. LaBella FS: Adrenocorticotro-pin. vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, growth hormone-releasing factor, and dynorphin compete for common receptors in brain and adrenal. Endocrinology 1990:126:1327-1333.
    • (1990) Endocrinology , vol.126 , pp. 1327-1333
    • Li, Z.1    Queen, G.2    Labella, F.S.3
  • 81
    • 0025762028 scopus 로고
    • ACTH/MSH-like peptides inhibit the binding of dopaminergic ligands to the dopamine D2 receptor in vitro
    • Florijn WJ, Dc Boer T, Tonnacr JADM. Van Nispen JW, Verstecg DHG: ACTH/MSH-like peptides inhibit the binding of dopaminergic ligands to the dopamine D2 receptor in vitro. EurJ Pharmacol 1991:207:43-50.
    • (1991) Eurj Pharmacol , vol.207 , pp. 43-50
    • Florijn, W.J.1    Dc Boer, T.2    Tonnacr, J.3    Van Nispen, J.W.4    Verstecg, D.5
  • 82
    • 0028140358 scopus 로고
    • On the molecular mechanism of adrcnocorticotrophic hormone in the CNS: Neurotransmitters and receptors
    • Pranzatelli MR: On the molecular mechanism of adrcnocorticotrophic hormone in the CNS: neurotransmitters and receptors. Exp Neurol 1994;125:142-161.
    • (1994) Exp Neurol , vol.125 , pp. 142-161
    • Pranzatelli, M.R.1
  • 86
    • 0019861486 scopus 로고
    • Behavioral profile of γ-MSH: Relationship with ACTH and β-endorphin action
    • Van Ree JM. Bohus B. Csontos KM. Gispen WH. Greven HM: Behavioral profile of γ-MSH: relationship with ACTH and β-endorphin action, Life Sei 1981:28:2875-2888.
    • (1981) Life Sei , vol.28 , pp. 2875-2888
    • Van Ree, J.M.1    Bohus, B.2    Csontos, K.M.3    Gispen, W.H.4    Greven, H.M.5
  • 87
    • 0026800892 scopus 로고
    • Mortrud. MT. Cone RD: The cloning of a family of genes that encode the mclanocortin receptors
    • Mountjoy K. Robbins LS. Mortrud. MT. Cone RD: The cloning of a family of genes that encode the mclanocortin receptors. Science 1992;257:1248-1251.
    • (1992) Science , vol.257 , pp. 1248-1251
    • Mountjoy, K.1    Robbins, L.S.2
  • 88
    • 0026731363 scopus 로고
    • Molecular cloning and expression of the human melanocyte stimulating hormone receptor cDNA
    • Chhajlani V. Wikbcrg JES: Molecular cloning and expression of the human melanocyte stimulating hormone receptor cDNA. FEBS Lett 1992:309:417-420.
    • (1992) FEBS Lett , vol.309 , pp. 417-420
    • Chhajlani, V.1    Wikbcrg, J.2
  • 89
    • 12644265936 scopus 로고
    • Isolation of mclanocortin receptor cDNAs from locus ccru-leus and ventral tegmentum by PCR
    • Alvaro JD, Nestler EJ, Duman RS: Isolation of mclanocortin receptor cDNAs from locus ccru-leus and ventral tegmentum by PCR. Soc Neu-rosci Abstr 1993:19:1542.
    • (1993) Soc Neu-Rosci Abstr , vol.19 , pp. 1542
    • Alvaro, J.D.1    Nestler, E.J.2    Duman, R.S.3
  • 90
    • 0028872737 scopus 로고
    • Cloning, expression. And tissue distribution of a fifth mclano-cortin receptor subtype
    • Fathi Z. lbcn LG. Parker EM: Cloning, expression. and tissue distribution of a fifth mclano-cortin receptor subtype. Ncurochcm Res 1995: 20:107-113.
    • (1995) Ncurochcm Res , vol.20 , pp. 107-113
    • Fathi, Z.1    Lbcn, L.G.2    Parker, E.M.3
  • 91
    • 0029084519 scopus 로고
    • Cloning, characterization and expression of a functional mouse ACTH receptor
    • Camillas FM, Kapas S, Barker Sm Clark AJL: Cloning, characterization and expression of a functional mouse ACTH receptor. Biochcm Biophys RcsCommun 1995:212:912-918.
    • (1995) Biochcm Biophys Rcscommun , vol.212 , pp. 912-918
    • Camillas, F.M.1    Kapas, S.2    Barker Sm Clark, A.3
  • 92
    • 0028302487 scopus 로고
    • Molecular cloning of a bovine MSH receptor which is highly expressed in the testis
    • Vanctli M. Schonrock C. Meyerhof W. Holli V: Molecular cloning of a bovine MSH receptor which is highly expressed in the testis. FEBS Lett 1994:348:268-272.
    • (1994) FEBS Lett , vol.348 , pp. 268-272
    • Vanctli, M.1    Schonrock, C.2    Meyerhof, W.3    Holli, V.4
  • 93
    • 0028799571 scopus 로고
    • Cloning of a mouse ad re nocorticotropin receptor-encoding gene
    • Kubo M. Ishizuka T. Kijima H. Kakinuma M. Koike T: Cloning of a mouse ad re nocorticotropin receptor-encoding gene. Gene 1995; 153: 279-280.
    • (1995) Gene , vol.153 , pp. 279-280
    • Kubo, M.1    Ishizuka, T.2    Kijima, H.3    Kakinuma, M.4    Koike, T.5
  • 94
    • 0028158672 scopus 로고
    • Hanukoglu I: CDNA cloning and sequence analysis of the bovine adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) receptor
    • Raikhinstein M, Zohar VI, Hanukoglu I: cDNA cloning and sequence analysis of the bovine adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) receptor. Biochim Biophys Acta 1994;1220:329-332.
    • (1994) Biochim Biophys Acta , vol.1220 , pp. 329-332
    • Raikhinstein, M.1    Zohar, V.I.2
  • 95
    • 0028318837 scopus 로고
    • Cloning and expression of a new member of the melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor family
    • Barrett P. MacDonald A. Helliwell R. Davidson G. Morgan P: Cloning and expression of a new member of the melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor family. J Mol Endocrinol 1994:12:203-213.
    • (1994) J Mol Endocrinol , vol.12 , pp. 203-213
    • Barrett, P.1    Macdonald, A.2    Helliwell, R.3    Davidson, G.4    Morgan, P.5
  • 97
    • 0024342221 scopus 로고
    • The receptor for n-melanotropin of mouse and human melanoma cells: Application of a potent phoioaffinity label
    • Solca F, Sicgrist W, Drodz R, Girard J, Ebcrlc AN: The receptor for n-melanotropin of mouse and human melanoma cells: Application of a potent phoioaffinity label. J Biol Chcm 1989:264:14277-14281.
    • (1989) J Biol Chcm , vol.264 , pp. 14277-14281
    • Solca, F.1    Sicgrist, W.2    Drodz, R.3    Girard, J.4    Ebcrlc, A.N.5
  • 98
    • 0028268166 scopus 로고
    • Molecular cloning, functional expression and pharmacological characterization of a mouse mclanocortin receptor gene
    • Desarnaud F. Labbc O. Eggcrickx D. Vassar G. Parmcntier M: Molecular cloning, functional expression and pharmacological characterization of a mouse mclanocortin receptor gene. Biochcm J 1994:299:367-373.
    • (1994) Biochcm J , vol.299 , pp. 367-373
    • Desarnaud, F.1    Labbc, O.2    Eggcrickx, D.3    Vassar, G.4    Parmcntier, M.5
  • 99
    • 0028354424 scopus 로고
    • Molecular cloning of mouse mclanocortin 5 receptor gene widely expressed in peripheral tissues
    • Labbii O. Desarnaud F. Eggcrickx D. Vassart G. Parmcntier M: Molecular cloning of mouse mclanocortin 5 receptor gene widely expressed in peripheral tissues. Biochemistry 1994:33:4543-4549.
    • (1994) Biochemistry , vol.33 , pp. 4543-4549
    • Labbii, O.1    Desarnaud, F.2    Eggcrickx, D.3    Vassart, G.4    Parmcntier, M.5
  • 100
    • 0025223081 scopus 로고
    • Turning off the signal: Desensilization of b-adrencrgic receptor function
    • llausdorff WP, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ: Turning off the signal: Desensilization of b-adrencrgic receptor function. FASEB J 1990: 4:2881-2889.
    • (1990) FASEB J , vol.4 , pp. 2881-2889
    • Llausdorff, W.P.1    Caron, M.G.2    Lefkowitz, R.J.3
  • 101
    • 0027194487 scopus 로고
    • G protein-coupled receptor kinases
    • Lefkowitz RJ: G protein-coupled receptor kinases. Cell 1993:74:409-412.
    • (1993) Cell , vol.74 , pp. 409-412
    • Lefkowitz, R.J.1
  • 102
  • 103
    • 0021206553 scopus 로고
    • Action of thee locus of mice in the response of phcomclanic hair follicles to alphα-mclanocytc-stimulating hormone in vitro
    • Tamale HB. Takeuchi T: Action of thee locus of mice in the response of phcomclanic hair follicles to alphα-mclanocytc-stimulating hormone in vitro. Science 1984:24:1241-1242.
    • (1984) Science , vol.24 , pp. 1241-1242
    • Tamale, H.B.1    Takeuchi, T.2
  • 104
    • 0027413475 scopus 로고
    • Pigmentation phenotypes of variant extension locus alleles result from point mutations that alter MSH receptor function
    • Robbins LS. Nadeau Jll, Johnson KR, Kelly MA, Rosclli-Rchfuss L, Baack E, Mountjoy KG, Cone RD: Pigmentation phenotypes of variant extension locus alleles result from point mutations that alter MSH receptor function. Cell 1993:72:827-834.
    • (1993) Cell , vol.72 , pp. 827-834
    • Robbins, L.S.1    Jll, N.2    Johnson, K.R.3    Kelly, M.A.4    Rosclli-Rchfuss, L.5    Baack, E.6    Mountjoy, K.G.7    Cone, R.D.8
  • 106
    • 0028885627 scopus 로고
    • Expression of mclanocortin I receptor in periaqueductal gray matter
    • Xia Y. Wikbcrg JES, Chhajlani V: Expression of mclanocortin I receptor in periaqueductal gray matter. Neuroreport 1995:6:2193-2196.
    • (1995) Neuroreport , vol.6 , pp. 2193-2196
    • Xia, Y.1    Wikbcrg, J.2    Chhajlani, V.3
  • 108
    • 0026751503 scopus 로고
    • Interaction of an u-melanocyte stimulating hormonc-diphtheria toxin fusion protein with mclano-tropin receptors in human melanoma mclas-lases
    • Tairo JB, Wen Z, Emwistle ML, Atkins MB, Smith TJ, Rcichlin S, Murphy JR: Interaction of an u-melanocyte stimulating hormonc-diphtheria toxin fusion protein with mclano-tropin receptors in human melanoma mclas-lases. Cancer Res 1992:52:2545-2548.
    • (1992) Cancer Res , vol.52 , pp. 2545-2548
    • Tairo, J.B.1    Wen, Z.2    Emwistle, M.L.3    Atkins, M.B.4    Smith, T.J.5    Rcichlin, S.6    Murphy, J.R.7
  • 109
    • 0029014423 scopus 로고
    • Melanocyte-stimulating hormone: A regulator of human melanocyte physiology
    • Hunt G: Melanocyte-stimulating hormone: A regulator of human melanocyte physiology. Pathobiology 1995:63:12-21.
    • (1995) Pathobiology , vol.63 , pp. 12-21
    • Hunt, G.1
  • 110
    • 0028237203 scopus 로고
    • The human melanocyte stimulating hormone receptor has evolved to become 'super-sensitive' to melanocorlin peptides
    • Mountjoy KG: The human melanocyte stimulating hormone receptor has evolved to become 'super-sensitive' to melanocorlin peptides. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1994;I02:R7-R11.
    • (1994) Mol Cell Endocrinol , vol.102 , pp. RR7-R11
    • Mountjoy, K.G.1
  • 111
    • 0022361723 scopus 로고
    • The measurement and characterization by high pressure liquid chromatography of immunoreactive u-mela- nocyle stimulating hormone in human plasma
    • Tbody AJ, Fisher C, Kendal-Taylor P, Jones MT, Price J, Abraham RR: The measurement and characterization by high pressure liquid chromatography of immunoreactive u-mela- nocyle stimulating hormone in human plasma. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1985:110: 313-318.
    • (1985) Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) , vol.110 , pp. 313-318
    • Tbody, A.J.1    Fisher, C.2    Kendal-Taylor, P.3    Jones, M.T.4    Price, J.5    Abraham, R.R.6
  • 113
    • 0023551469 scopus 로고
    • Effect of PUVA on plasma and skin immunoreactive α-mclanocyte stimulating hormone concentrations
    • Spiro J. Parker S. Oliver I. Fraser C. Marks JM. Thody AJ: Effect of PUVA on plasma and skin immunoreactive α-mclanocyte stimulating hormone concentrations. BrJ Dermatol 1987:117:703-707.
    • (1987) Brj Dermatol , vol.117 , pp. 703-707
    • Spiro, J.1    Parker, S.2    Oliver, I.3    Fraser, C.4    Marks, J.M.5    Thody, A.J.6
  • 116
    • 0028177470 scopus 로고
    • α-Mclanocytc-stim-ulating hormone and N-acetyl-p-cndorphin immunoreaclivitics are localized in the human pituitary but are not restricted to the zona intermedia
    • Evans VR. Manning AB. Bernard LH, Chron-wall BM, Millington WR:α-Mclanocytc-stim-ulating hormone and N-acetyl-p-cndorphin immunoreaclivitics are localized in the human pituitary but are not restricted to the zona intermedia. Endocrinology 1994:134: 97-106.
    • (1994) Endocrinology , vol.134 , pp. 97-106
    • Evans, V.R.1    Manning, A.B.2    Bernard, L.H.3    Chron-Wall, B.M.4    Millington, W.R.5
  • 117
    • 0004188831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Upper Saddle River. Prentice-Hall
    • Hadley ME: Endocrinology. Upper Saddle River. Prentice-Hall, 1996.
    • (1996) Endocrinology
    • Hadley, M.E.1
  • 118
    • 0023834107 scopus 로고
    • Hormone conjugated with antibody to CD3 mediates cytotoxic T ceil lysis of human melanoma cells
    • Liu MA. Nussbaum SR. Eisen HN: Hormone conjugated with antibody to CD3 mediates cytotoxic T ceil lysis of human melanoma cells. Science 1988:239:395.
    • (1988) Science , vol.239 , pp. 395
    • Liu, M.A.1    Nussbaum, S.R.2    Eisen, H.N.3
  • 119
    • 0025862419 scopus 로고
    • Diphtheria toxin-related u-mclano-cytc-stimulating hormone fusion toxin. Internal in-frame deletion from Thr)87 to His485 results in the formation of a highly potent fusion toxin which is resistant to proteolytic degradation
    • 485 results in the formation of a highly potent fusion toxin which is resistant to proteolytic degradation. J Biol Client 1991:266:12289-12293.
    • (1991) J Biol Client , vol.266 , pp. 12289-12293
    • Wen, Z.1    Tao, X.2    Lakkis, F.3    Kiyokawa, T.4    Murphy, J.5
  • 121
    • 0026504777 scopus 로고
    • The use of a chelating derivative of alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone for the clinical imaging of malignant melanoma
    • Wraight F.P, Bard DR, Maughan TS, Knight CG, Page-Thomas DP: The use of a chelating derivative of alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone for the clinical imaging of malignant melanoma. Brit J Radiol 1992:65:112-118.
    • (1992) Brit J Radiol , vol.65 , pp. 112-118
    • Wraight, F.P.1    Bard, D.R.2    Maughan, T.S.3    Knight, C.G.4    Page-Thomas, D.P.5
  • 122
    • 12644263920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gene structure and mRNA tissue distribution of the mouse ACTH receptor gene
    • Cammas FM. Clark AJL: Gene structure and mRNA tissue distribution of the mouse ACTH receptor gene. Progr 10th Int Congr Endocrinol 1996:203.
    • (1996) Progr 10Th Int Congr Endocrinol , pp. 203
    • Cammas, F.M.1    Clark, A.2
  • 123
    • 0030010181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of mclanocortin receptor subty pe expression in murine adipose tissues and in the 3T3-LI cell line
    • Boston BA. Cone RD: Characterization of mclanocortin receptor subty pe expression in murine adipose tissues and in the 3T3-LI cell line. Endocrinology 1996;137:2043-2050.
    • (1996) Endocrinology , vol.137 , pp. 2043-2050
    • Boston, B.A.1    Cone, R.D.2
  • 124
    • 0003178292 scopus 로고
    • Lipolytic action of corticotropin on rat adipose tissue in vitro
    • White JE, Engel FL: Lipolytic action of corticotropin on rat adipose tissue in vitro. J Clin Invest 1958.37:1556-1563.
    • (1958) J Clin Invest , vol.37 , pp. 1556-1563
    • White, J.E.1    Engel, F.L.2
  • 125
  • 127
    • 0027423948 scopus 로고
    • Hereditary isolated glucocorticoid deficiency is associated with abnormalities of the adrc-nocorticotropin receptor gene
    • Tsigos C, Arai K, Hung W, Chrousos GP: Hereditary isolated glucocorticoid deficiency is associated with abnormalities of the adrc-nocorticotropin receptor gene. J Clin Invest 1993:92:2458-2461.
    • (1993) J Clin Invest , vol.92 , pp. 2458-2461
    • Tsigos, C.1    Arai, K.2    Hung, W.3    Chrousos, G.P.4
  • 128
    • 0029029505 scopus 로고
    • A novel mutation of the adrenocorticotropin receptor (ACTH-R) gene in a family with the syndrome of isolated glucocorticoid deficiency, but no ACTH-R abnormalities in two families with the triple A syndrome
    • Tsigos C, Arai K, Latronico AC. DiGeorge AM. Rapaport R. Chrousos GP: A novel mutation of the adrenocorticotropin receptor (ACTH-R) gene in a family with the syndrome of isolated glucocorticoid deficiency, but no ACTH-R abnormalities in two families with the triple A syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Mctab 1995:80:2186-2189.
    • (1995) J Clin Endocrinol Mctab , vol.80 , pp. 2186-2189
    • Tsigos, C.1    Arai, K.2    Latronico, A.C.3    Digeorge, A.M.4    Rapaport, R.5    Chrousos, G.P.6
  • 129
    • 0027500950 scopus 로고
    • Functional characterization of the cloned human ACT1I receptor: Impaired responsiveness of a mutant receptor in familial glucocorticoid deficiency
    • Weber A, Kapas S, Hinson J, Grant DB, Grossman A, Clark AJL: Functional characterization of the cloned human ACT1I receptor: Impaired responsiveness of a mutant receptor in familial glucocorticoid deficiency. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993:197: 172-178.
    • (1993) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.197 , pp. 172-178
    • Weber, A.1    Kapas, S.2    Hinson, J.3    Grant, D.B.4    Grossman, A.5    Clark, A.6
  • 130
    • 0028129676 scopus 로고
    • Molecular insights into inherited ACTH resistance syndromes
    • Clark AJL. Weber A: Molecular insights into inherited ACTH resistance syndromes. Trends Endocrinol Mctab 1994:5:209-214.
    • (1994) Trends Endocrinol Mctab , vol.5 , pp. 209-214
    • Clark, A.J.L.1    Weber, A.2
  • 131
    • 0028134706 scopus 로고
    • Localization of the mclano-cortin-4 receptor (MC4-R) in neuroendocrine and autonomic control circuits in the brain
    • Mountjov KG, Mortmd MT, Low MJ, Simcr-Iv RB, Cone RD: Localization of the mclano-cortin-4 receptor (MC4-R) in neuroendocrine and autonomic control circuits in the brain. Mol Endocrinol 1994:8:1298-1308.
    • (1994) Mol Endocrinol , vol.8 , pp. 1298-1308
    • Mountjov, K.G.1    Mortmd, M.T.2    Low, M.J.3    Simcr-Iv, R.B.4    Cone, R.D.5
  • 132
    • 0020687469 scopus 로고
    • Corticotropin peptides and melanotropins elevate the level of adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate in cultured murine brain cells
    • Van Calker D. Loffier F, Hamprechl B: Corticotropin peptides and melanotropins elevate the level of adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate in cultured murine brain cells. J Ncuro-chcm 1983:40:418-427.
    • (1983) J Ncuro-Chcm , vol.40 , pp. 418-427
    • Van Calker, D.1    Loffier, F.2    Hamprechl, B.3
  • 133
    • 0023808043 scopus 로고
    • Astrocytes from forebrain, cerebellum, and spinal cord differ in their responses to vasoactive intestinal peptide
    • Cholcwinski AJ. Wilkin GP: Astrocytes from forebrain, cerebellum, and spinal cord differ in their responses to vasoactive intestinal peptide. J Ncurochem 1988:51:1626-1633.
    • (1988) J Ncurochem , vol.51 , pp. 1626-1633
    • Cholcwinski, A.J.1    Wilkin, G.P.2
  • 134
    • 0026582162 scopus 로고
    • Melanocortins stimulate proliferation and induce morphological changes in cultured rat astrocytes by distinct transducing mechanisms
    • Zohar M. Salomon Y: Melanocortins stimulate proliferation and induce morphological changes in cultured rat astrocytes by distinct transducing mechanisms. Brain Res 1992; 576:49-58.
    • (1992) Brain Res , vol.576 , pp. 49-58
    • Zohar, M.1    Salomon, Y.2
  • 137
    • 0028786945 scopus 로고
    • Variants of the melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor gone are associated with red hair and fair skin in humans
    • Valverde P. Mealy E. Jackson I. Rees JL. Tho-dy AJ: Variants of the melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor gone are associated with red hair and fair skin in humans. Nature Genet 1995:11:328-330.
    • (1995) Nature Genet , vol.11 , pp. 328-330
    • Valverde, P.1    Mealy, E.2    Jackson, I.3    Rees, J.L.4    Tho-Dy, A.J.5
  • 139
    • 0026548156 scopus 로고
    • In vitro mutagenesis and the search for structure-function relationships among G protein-coupled receptors
    • Savarcsc TM. Fraser CM: In vitro mutagenesis and the search for structure-function relationships among G protein-coupled receptors. Biochem J 1992:283:1-19.
    • (1992) Biochem J , vol.283 , pp. 1-19
    • Savarcsc, T.M.1    Fraser, C.M.2
  • 140
    • 0028233234 scopus 로고
    • Interaction of dual intracellular signaling pathways activated by the melanocortin-3 receptor
    • Konda Y. Gantz I. Del Valle J. Shimolo Y. Miwa H. Yamada T: Interaction of dual intracellular signaling pathways activated by the melanocortin-3 receptor. J Biol Client 1994:269:13162-13166.
    • (1994) J Biol Client , vol.269 , pp. 13162-13166
    • Konda, Y.1    Gantz, I.2    Del Valle, J.3    Shimolo, Y.4    Miwa, H.5    Yamada, T.6
  • 141
    • 0026719006 scopus 로고
    • U-Melanocvtc-stimulaling hormone stimulates protein kinase C activity in murine BI6 melanoma
    • Bul'fey J. Thody AJ. Blcchcn SS. MacNeil S: u-Melanocvtc-stimulaling hormone stimulates protein kinase C activity in murine BI6 melanoma. J Endocrinol 1992:133:333-340.
    • (1992) J Endocrinol , vol.133 , pp. 333-340
    • Bul'fey, J.1    Thody, A.J.2    Blcchcn, S.S.3    Macneil, S.4
  • 142
    • 0022475904 scopus 로고
    • Dual activation of the inositol-tri-phosphale-calcium and cyclic nucleotide intracellular signaling systems by adrenocorticotropin in rat adrenal cells
    • Farcsc RV. Rosie N. Babischkin J. Foster R. Davis JD: Dual activation of the inositol-tri-phosphale-calcium and cyclic nucleotide intracellular signaling systems by adrenocorticotropin in rat adrenal cells. Biochem Biophys Res Comntun 1986:135:742-748.
    • (1986) Biochem Biophys Res Comntun , vol.135 , pp. 742-748
    • Farcsc, R.V.1    Rosie, N.2    Babischkin, J.3    Foster, R.4    Davis, J.D.5
  • 143
    • 0015209465 scopus 로고
    • Calcium requirement for mclanophorc-stimulating hormone action on mclanophores
    • Vcscly DL. Hadley ME: Calcium requirement for mclanophorc-stimulating hormone action on mclanophores. Science 1971:173: 923-925.
    • (1971) Science , vol.173 , pp. 923-925
    • Vcscly, D.L.1    Hadley, M.E.2
  • 144
    • 0014966625 scopus 로고
    • Pastan 1: Effects of calcium on ACTH stimulation of the adrenal: Separation of hormone binding from adcnyl cyclase activation
    • Lcfkowitz RJ. Roth J. Pastan 1: Effects of calcium on ACTH stimulation of the adrenal: separation of hormone binding from adcnyl cyclase activation. Nature 1970:228:864-866.
    • (1970) Nature , vol.228 , pp. 864-866
    • Lcfkowitz, R.J.1    Roth, J.2
  • 145
    • 0021791756 scopus 로고
    • Buckley Dl. Ramachandran J: The role of extracellular calcium in corticotropin-stimulated steroidogenesis
    • Cheillin R. Buckley Dl. Ramachandran J: The role of extracellular calcium in corticotropin-stimulated steroidogenesis. J Biol Chcnt 1985:260:5323-5327.
    • (1985) J Biol Chcnt , vol.260 , pp. 5323-5327
    • Cheillin, R.1
  • 147
    • 12644277911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ca:' requirement of MSH-rcccp-tor function: An unusual example among G-protein-associated peptide hormone receptors
    • Salomon Y: Ca' requirement of MSH-rcccp-tor function: An unusual example among G-protein-associated peptide hormone receptors. Horm Cell Regul 19S9:198:15-20.
    • Horm Cell Regul 19S9 , vol.198 , pp. 15-20
    • Salomon, Y.1
  • 149
    • 0025162326 scopus 로고
    • G protein activation: A receptor-independent mode of action for cationic am-phiphilic neuropeptides and venom peptides
    • Mousli M. Bueb J-L. Bronncr C. Rouol B. Laradry Y: G protein activation: A receptor-independent mode of action for cationic am-phiphilic neuropeptides and venom peptides. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1990:11:358-362.
    • (1990) Trends Pharmacol Sci , vol.11 , pp. 358-362
    • Mousli, M.1    Bueb, J.-L.2    Bronncr, C.3    Rouol, B.4    Laradry, Y.5
  • 150
    • 0020031158 scopus 로고
    • Membrane potential changes of mouse adrenal zona fasciculata cells in response to adre-nocorlicotropin and adenosine 3'.5'-mono-phosphatc
    • Lymangrovcr JR, Matthews K, Saffran M: Membrane potential changes of mouse adrenal zona fasciculata cells in response to adre-nocorlicotropin and adenosine 3'.5'-mono-phosphatc. Endocrinology 1982:110:462-468.
    • (1982) Endocrinology , vol.110 , pp. 462-468
    • Lymangrovcr, J.R.1    Matthews, K.2    Saffran, M.3
  • 151
    • 0025873493 scopus 로고
    • Adrenocorticotropin activates harium-conducting channels from bovine adrenocortical zona fasciculata cells in lipid bilayers
    • Coyne MD. Pinkney L: Adrenocorticotropin activates harium-conducting channels from bovine adrenocortical zona fasciculata cells in lipid bilayers. Endocrinology 1991:129:263-269.
    • (1991) Endocrinology , vol.129 , pp. 263-269
    • Coyne, M.D.1    Pinkney, L.2
  • 152
    • 0027338257 scopus 로고
    • T-Typc Ca’- channels are required for adrenocortico-tropin-stimulatcd cortisol production by bovine adrenal zona fasciculata cells
    • − channels are required for adrenocortico-tropin-stimulatcd cortisol production by bovine adrenal zona fasciculata cells. Mol Endocrinol 1993:7:1031-1040.
    • (1993) Mol Endocrinol , vol.7 , pp. 1031-1040
    • Enycart, J.J.1    Mlinar, B.2    Enyeart, J.A.3
  • 153
    • 0028004297 scopus 로고
    • Adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulates a transient calcium uptake in rat lymphocytes
    • Clarke BL. Moore DR. Blalock JE: Adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulates a transient calcium uptake in rat lymphocytes. Endocrinology 1994:135:1780.
    • (1994) Endocrinology , vol.135 , pp. 1780
    • Clarke, B.L.1    Moore, D.R.2    Blalock, J.E.3
  • 154
    • 0025974089 scopus 로고
    • Stimulation of cAMP and phosphomonocster production by mclanotropin in melanoma cells: "P NMR studies
    • Dcgani H. DeJordy JO. Salomon Y: Stimulation of cAMP and phosphomonocster production by mclanotropin in melanoma cells: "P NMR studies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991:88:1506-1510.
    • (1991) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.88 , pp. 1506-1510
    • Dcgani, H.1    Dejordy, J.O.2    Salomon, Y.3
  • 155
    • 0018143758 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of behavioral effect of ACTH (1-24) and opioids by repeated administration
    • Jolles J, Wiegant VM, Gispcn WH: Inhibition of behavioral effect of ACTH (1-24) and opioids by repeated administration. Neurosci Lett 1978:9:261-266.
    • (1978) Neurosci Lett , vol.9 , pp. 261-266
    • Jolles, J.1    Wiegant, V.M.2    Gispcn, W.H.3
  • 156
    • 0024394613 scopus 로고
    • Repeated central administration of alphα-MSH does not alter the antipyretic effect of alphα-MSH in young and aged rabbits
    • Dectcr LB. Martin LW. Lipton JM: Repeated central administration of alphα-MSH does not alter the antipyretic effect of alphα-MSH in young and aged rabbits. Peptides 1989:10: 697-699.
    • (1989) Peptides , vol.10 , pp. 697-699
    • Dectcr, L.B.1    Martin, L.W.2    Lipton, J.M.3
  • 157
    • 0027535405 scopus 로고
    • Homologous regulation ofthc MSH receptor in melanoma cells
    • Sicgrist W. Eberle AN: Homologous regulation ofthc MSH receptor in melanoma cells. J Recepì Res 1993:13:263-281.
    • (1993) J Recepì Res , vol.13 , pp. 263-281
    • Sicgrist, W.1    Eberle, A.N.2
  • 158
    • 0024501074 scopus 로고
    • Interferons modulate the expression or hormone receptors on the surface of murine melanoma cells
    • Kamcyama K, Tanaka S, Ishida Y, Hearing VJ: Interferons modulate the expression or hormone receptors on the surface of murine melanoma cells. J Clin Invest 1989:83:213-221.
    • (1989) J Clin Invest , vol.83 , pp. 213-221
    • Kamcyama, K.1    Tanaka, S.2    Ishida, Y.3    Hearing, V.J.4
  • 159
    • 0025608722 scopus 로고
    • Stimulation of the receptor for melanocyte-stimulating hormone by retinoic acid
    • Chakraborty AK. Orlow SJ. Pawelek JM: Stimulation of the receptor for melanocyte-stimulating hormone by retinoic acid. FEBS Lett 1990:276:205-208.
    • (1990) FEBS Lett , vol.276 , pp. 205-208
    • Chakraborty, A.K.1    Orlow, S.J.2    Pawelek, J.M.3
  • 160
    • 0023179784 scopus 로고
    • Phosphorγ-latcd isomers of /.-dopa stimulate MSH binding capacity and responsiveness to MSH in cultured melanoma cells
    • McLanc J, Osbcr M, Pawelek JM: Phosphorγ-latcd isomers of /.-dopa stimulate MSH binding capacity and responsiveness to MSH in cultured melanoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1987:145:719-725.
    • (1987) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.145 , pp. 719-725
    • McLanc, J.1    Osbcr, M.2    Pawelek, J.M.3
  • 161
    • 0027162630 scopus 로고
    • Human melanocytes express functional melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptors
    • Thody AJ. Hunt G. Donaticn PD. Todd C: Human melanocytes express functional melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptors. Ann NY Acad Sci 1993:680:381-390.
    • (1993) Ann NY Acad Sci , vol.680 , pp. 381-390
    • Thody, A.J.1    Hunt, G.2    Donaticn, P.D.3    Todd, C.4
  • 162
    • 0024366776 scopus 로고
    • UVB-induced mclanogcnesis may be mediated through the MSH-receptor system
    • Bolognia J. Murray M. Pawelek J: UVB-induced mclanogcnesis may be mediated through the MSH-receptor system. J Invest Dermatol 1989:92:651-656.
    • (1989) J Invest Dermatol , vol.92 , pp. 651-656
    • Bolognia, J.1    Murray, M.2    Pawelek, J.3
  • 163
    • 0027385556 scopus 로고
    • MSH receptors in immortalized human epidermal kcratino-cytes: A potential mechanism for coordinate regulation of the cpidcrmal-mclanin unit
    • Chakraborty A. Pawelek J: MSH receptors in immortalized human epidermal kcratino-cytes: A potential mechanism for coordinate regulation of the cpidcrmal-mclanin unit. J Cell Physiol 1993:157:344-350.
    • (1993) J Cell Physiol , vol.157 , pp. 344-350
    • Chakraborty, A.1    Pawelek, J.2
  • 164
    • 0028820502 scopus 로고
    • Ultraviolet B and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) stimulate mRNA production for alpha-MSH receptors and proopiomclanocortin-dcrivcd peptides in mouse melanoma cells and transformed kcratinocytcs
    • Chakraborty A, Slominski A, Ermak G, Hwang J, Pawelek J: Ultraviolet B and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) stimulate mRNA production for alpha-MSH receptors and proopiomclanocortin-dcrivcd peptides in mouse melanoma cells and transformed kcratinocytcs. J Invest Dermatol 1995:105:655-659.
    • (1995) J Invest Dermatol , vol.105 , pp. 655-659
    • Chakraborty, A.1    Slominski, A.2    Ermak, G.3    Hwang, J.4    Pawelek, J.5
  • 165
    • 0018167496 scopus 로고
    • One molecule of diphtheria toxin fragment A introduced into a cell can kill the cell
    • Yamaizumi M. Mekada M. Uchida T. Okada Y: One molecule of diphtheria toxin fragment A introduced into a cell can kill the cell. Cell 1978:15:245-250.
    • (1978) Cell , vol.15 , pp. 245-250
    • Yamaizumi, M.1    Mekada, M.2    Uchida, T.3    Okada, Y.4
  • 166
    • 0017283164 scopus 로고
    • Association of cell surface receptors for mclanotropin with the Golgi region in mouse melanoma cells
    • Varga JM, Moellmann G, Fritsch P, Godaw-ska E, Lerncr AB: Association of cell surface receptors for mclanotropin with the Golgi region in mouse melanoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1976:73:559-562.
    • (1976) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.73 , pp. 559-562
    • Varga, J.M.1    Moellmann, G.2    Fritsch, P.3    Godaw-Ska, E.4    Lerncr, A.B.5
  • 168
    • 0030063467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunological localisation of melanocortin I receptor on the cell surface of WM266-4 human melanoma cells
    • Xia Y. Muccniccc R. Wikberg JES: Immunological localisation of melanocortin I receptor on the cell surface of WM266-4 human melanoma cells. Cancer Lett 1996;95: 157-162.
    • (1996) Cancer Lett , vol.95 , pp. 157-162
    • Xia, Y.1    Muccniccc, R.2    Wikberg, J.3
  • 169
    • 0016203085 scopus 로고
    • Regulation of melanocyte stimulating hormone action at the receptor level: Discontinuous binding of hormone to synchronized mouse melanoma cells during the cell cycle
    • Varga JM, Dipasquale A, Pawclck J, McGuire JS, Lcmer AB: Regulation of melanocyte stimulating hormone action at the receptor level: Discontinuous binding of hormone to synchronized mouse melanoma cells during the cell cycle. Proe Natl Acad Sci USA 1974;71:1590-1593.
    • (1974) Proe Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.71 , pp. 1590-1593
    • Varga, J.M.1    Dipasquale, A.2    Pawclck, J.3    McGuire, J.S.4    Lcmer, A.B.5
  • 170
    • 0017350947 scopus 로고
    • The number of receptors for P-melanocvte stimulating hormone on Cloudman melanoma cells is increased by dibutyryl adenosine cyclic monophosphate or cholera toxin
    • DiPasquale A, McGuire J, Varga JM: The number of receptors for P-melanocvte stimulating hormone on Cloudman melanoma cells is increased by dibutyryl adenosine cyclic monophosphate or cholera toxin. Proe Natl Acad Sci USA 1977:74:601-605.
    • (1977) Proe Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.74 , pp. 601-605
    • Dipasquale, A.1    McGuire, J.2    Varga, J.M.3
  • 171
    • 0019190074 scopus 로고
    • Application of percent labeled mitoses (PLM) analysis to the investigation of melanoma cell responsiveness to MSH stimulation throughout the cell cycle
    • Fuller BB. Brooks BA: Application of percent labeled mitoses (PLM) analysis to the investigation of melanoma cell responsiveness to MSH stimulation throughout the cell cycle. Exp Cell Res 1980:126:183-190.
    • (1980) Exp Cell Res , vol.126 , pp. 183-190
    • Fuller, B.B.1    Brooks, B.A.2
  • 172
    • 0023820368 scopus 로고
    • Receptors for B-mclanocytc-slimulating hormone exhibit positive cooperativity in synchronized melanoma cells
    • McLane JA, Pawclck JM: Receptors for B-mclanocytc-slimulating hormone exhibit positive cooperativity in synchronized melanoma cells. Biochemistry 1988;27:3743-3747.
    • (1988) Biochemistry , vol.27 , pp. 3743-3747
    • McLane, J.A.1    Pawclck, J.M.2
  • 173
    • 0028944895 scopus 로고
    • Transcriptional induc-tion of the melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor in brain mctastases of murine k-1735 melanoma
    • Radinsky R, Beltran PJ, Tsan R, Zhang R, Cone RD, Fidler IJ: Transcriptional induc-tion of the melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor in brain mctastases of murine k-1735 melanoma. Cancer Res 1995:55:141-148.
    • (1995) Cancer Res , vol.55 , pp. 141-148
    • Radinsky, R.1    Beltran, P.J.2    Tsan, R.3    Zhang, R.4    Cone, R.D.5    Fidler, I.J.6
  • 174
    • 0028049366 scopus 로고
    • ACTH induces up-regulation oi ACTH receptor mRNA in mouse and human adrenocortical cell lines
    • Mountjoy KG, Bird IM, Rainey WE, Cone RD: ACTH induces up-regulation oi ACTH receptor mRNA in mouse and human adrenocortical cell lines. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1994;99:R17-R20.
    • (1994) Mol Cell Endocrinol , vol.99 , pp. R17-R20
    • Mountjoy, K.G.1    Bird, I.M.2    Rainey, W.E.3    Cone, R.D.4
  • 175
    • 0028328920 scopus 로고
    • Regulation of corticotropin receptor number and messenger RNA in cultured human adrcncortical cells by corticotropin and angiotensin 11
    • Lcbrcthon MC. Naville D. Begeot M. Saez JM: Regulation of corticotropin receptor number and messenger RNA in cultured human adrcncortical cells by corticotropin and angiotensin 11. J Clin Invest 1994:93:1828-1833.
    • (1994) J Clin Invest , vol.93 , pp. 1828-1833
    • Lcbrcthon, M.C.1    Naville, D.2    Begeot, M.3    Saez, J.M.4
  • 176
    • 0029033192 scopus 로고
    • Targeted ablation of pituitary pre-proopiomelanocortin cells by herpes simplex virus-1 thymidine kinase differentially regulates mRNAs encoding the adrenocorticotropin receptor and aldosterone synthase in the mouse adrenal gland
    • Allen RG. Carey C. Parker JD. Mortrud MT. Mellon SH. Low MJ: Targeted ablation of pituitary pre-proopiomelanocortin cells by herpes simplex virus-1 thymidine kinase differentially regulates mRNAs encoding the adrenocorticotropin receptor and aldosterone synthase in the mouse adrenal gland. Mol Endocrinol 1995:9:1005-1016.
    • (1995) Mol Endocrinol , vol.9 , pp. 1005-1016
    • Allen, R.G.1    Carey, C.2    Parker, J.D.3    Mortrud, M.T.4    Mellon, S.H.5    Low, M.J.6
  • 177
    • 0026628346 scopus 로고
    • Heterologous dc-sensitization of the human dopamine Dl receptor in Yl adrenal cells and in a desensiti-zation-resistant Yl mutant
    • Olson MF. Sehimmer BP: Heterologous dc-sensitization of the human dopamine Dl receptor in Yl adrenal cells and in a desensiti-zation-resistant Yl mutant. Mol Endocrinol 1992:6:1095-1102.
    • (1992) Mol Endocrinol , vol.6 , pp. 1095-1102
    • Olson, M.F.1    Sehimmer, B.P.2
  • 178
    • 0028079666 scopus 로고
    • Reccptor-G-pro-tcin coupling in desensitization-resistant mutant adrenal cells
    • Olson MF. Sehimmer BP: Reccptor-G-pro-tcin coupling in desensitization-resistant mutant adrenal cells. Endocrinology 1994; 134: 7-10.
    • (1994) Endocrinology , vol.134 , pp. 7-10
    • Olson, M.F.1    Sehimmer, B.P.2
  • 179
    • 0030029727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of G-protein-medialcd MAP kinase activation by a new mammalian gene family
    • Druey KM, Blumer KJ, Kang VH, Kelirl JM: Inhibition of G-protein-medialcd MAP kinase activation by a new mammalian gene family. Nature 1996:379:742.
    • (1996) Nature , vol.379 , pp. 742
    • Druey, K.M.1    Blumer, K.J.2    Kang, V.H.3    Kelirl, J.M.4
  • 182
    • 12644318864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic cocaine administration increases melanocortin 4-receptor mRNA expression in rat striatum
    • Alvaro JD. Entwistle ML. Tatro JB. Duman RS: Chronic cocaine administration increases melanocortin 4-receptor mRNA expression in rat striatum. Soc Neurosci Abstr 1996:22: 80.
    • (1996) Soc Neurosci Abstr , vol.22 , pp. 80
    • Alvaro, J.D.1    Entwistle, M.L.2    Tatro, J.B.3    Duman, R.S.4
  • 183
    • 85025570664 scopus 로고
    • Melanoeortin-4 receptor (MC4-R) mRNA expression is up-regulated following hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Proc 77th Annu Meet Endocrol Soe
    • I S3 Mountjoy KG. Eila CJ. Williams CF., Sin-mannc ES: Melanoeortin-4 receptor (MC4-R) mRNA expression is up-regulated following hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Proc 77th Annu Meet Endocrol Soe. Washington. 1995. p 531.
    • (1995) Washington , pp. 531
    • Mountjoy, K.G.1    Eila, C.J.2    Williams, C.F.3    Sin-Mannc, E.S.4
  • 184
    • 0027379605 scopus 로고
    • Glycyl-l.-gluta-minc antagonizes u-.MSI I-elicited thermogenesis
    • Resell GE, Millington WR: Glycyl-l.-gluta-minc antagonizes u-.MSI I-elicited thermogenesis. Peptides 1993:14:971-975.
    • (1993) Peptides , vol.14 , pp. 971-975
    • Resell, G.E.1    Millington, W.R.2
  • 185
    • 0027174102 scopus 로고
    • Alphα-MSH and MCH arc functional antagonists in a CNS auditory gating paradigm
    • Miller CL. llruby VJ. Matsunaga TO. Bickford PC: Alphα-MSH and MCH arc functional antagonists in a CNS auditory gating paradigm. Peptides 1993:14:431-440.
    • (1993) Peptides , vol.14 , pp. 431-440
    • Miller, C.L.1    Llruby, V.J.2    Matsunaga, T.O.3    Bickford, P.C.4
  • 186
  • 187
    • 0024301626 scopus 로고
    • Discovery and structurc-aetivity relationships of novel u-melanocylc stimulating hormone inhibitors
    • Sawyer TK, Staples DJ, Castrucci AML, Hadley ME: Discovery and structurc-aetivity relationships of novel u-melanocylc stimulating hormone inhibitors. Peptide Res 1989:2:140-146.
    • (1989) Peptide Res , vol.2 , pp. 140-146
    • Sawyer, T.K.1    Staples, D.J.2    Castrucci, A.3    Hadley, M.E.4
  • 188
    • 0025210523 scopus 로고
    • Cody WL, llruby VJ: U-Mclanoeytc stimulating hormone message and inhibitory sequences: Comparative slruc-lure-activity studies on melanocytes
    • Sawver TK, Staples DJ, Castrucci AML, Hadley ME, Al-Obcidi FA, Cody WL, llruby VJ: u-Mclanoeytc stimulating hormone message and inhibitory sequences: Comparative slruc-lure-activity studies on melanocytes. Peptides 1990:11:351-357.
    • (1990) Peptides , vol.11 , pp. 351-357
    • Sawver, T.K.1    Staples, D.J.2    Castrucci, A.3    Hadley, M.E.4    Al-Obcidi, F.A.5
  • 190
    • 0028641493 scopus 로고
    • Identification of a specific mammalian melanocortin receptor antagonist
    • Tatro JB, Entwistle ML: Identification of a specific mammalian melanocortin receptor antagonist. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994:739:315-319.
    • (1994) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.739 , pp. 315-319
    • Tatro, J.B.1    Entwistle, M.L.2
  • 191
    • 0028172962 scopus 로고
    • Brakkee Jff. Burbach JPH. Gispen WH: Identification of antagonists for melanocortin MC3. MC2. and MC5 receptors
    • Adan RAIL Oostcrom J. Ludvigsdottir G. Brakkee Jff. Burbach JPH. Gispen WH: Identification of antagonists for melanocortin MC3. MC2. and MC5 receptors. F.ur J Pharmacol 1994:269:331-337.
    • (1994) F.Ur J Pharmacol , vol.269 , pp. 331-337
    • Adan Rail Oostcrom, J.1    Ludvigsdottir, G.2
  • 192
    • 0027986476 scopus 로고
    • Discovery' and slructure-I unclion analysis of β-melanocyte-slimulating hormone antagonists
    • Jayawiekreme CK. Quillan JM. Graminski GF. Lerner MR: Discovery' and slructure-I unclion analysis of β-melanocyte-slimulating hormone antagonists. J Biol Chcm 1994:269: 29846-29854.
    • (1994) J Biol Chcm , vol.269 , pp. 29846-29854
    • Jayawiekreme, C.K.1    Quillan, J.M.2    Graminski, G.F.3    Lerner, M.R.4
  • 193
    • 0029154516 scopus 로고
    • RD: Cyclic lactam u-melanotropin analogues of Ac-NleJ-eyelo[Asp5.i)-Phe7. Lys10]-α-mclanocytc-stimulating hormone(4-10)-NH: With bulky aromatic amino acids at position 7 show high antagonist potency and selectivity at specific melanocortin receptors
    • 10]-α-mclanocytc-stimulating hormone(4-10)-NH: with bulky aromatic amino acids at position 7 show high antagonist potency and selectivity at specific melanocortin receptors. J Med Chcm 1995:38:3454-3461.
    • (1995) J Med Chcm , vol.38 , pp. 3454-3461
    • Llruby, V.L.1    Sharma, D.2    Castrucci, S.D.3    Kcstcrson, A.L.4    Al-Obeidi, R.A.5    Hadley, F.A.6    Cone, M.E.7
  • 195
    • 0027049534 scopus 로고
    • Molecular characterization of the mouse agouti locus
    • Bultman SJ, Michaud FJ, Woychik RP: Molecular characterization of the mouse agouti locus. Cell 1992:71:1195-1204.
    • (1992) Cell , vol.71 , pp. 1195-1204
    • Bultman, S.J.1    Michaud, F.J.2    Woychik, R.P.3
  • 196
    • 0025021471 scopus 로고
    • Primary structure and functional expression from complementary DNA of a human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist
    • Eisenberg SP. Evans RJ. Arcnd WP. Verderber E. Brewer MT. Hannum CH. Thompson RC: Primary structure and functional expression from complementary DNA of a human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Nature 1990;343:341-346.
    • (1990) Nature , vol.343 , pp. 341-346
    • Eisenberg, S.P.1    Evans, R.J.2    Arcnd, W.P.3    Verderber, E.4    Brewer, M.T.5    Hannum, C.H.6    Thompson, R.C.7
  • 197
    • 0027256438 scopus 로고
    • Cloning of the mouse agomi gene predicts a secreted protein ubiquitously expressed in mice carrying the lethal yellow mutation
    • Miller MW, Duhl DMJ, Vrieling H, Cordes SP, Ollmann MM, Winkes BM, Barsh GS: Cloning of the mouse agomi gene predicts a secreted protein ubiquitously expressed in mice carrying the lethal yellow mutation. Genes Dev 1993:7:454-467.
    • (1993) Genes Dev , vol.7 , pp. 454-467
    • Miller, M.W.1    Duhl, D.2    Vrieling, H.3    Cordes, S.P.4    Ollmann, M.M.5    Winkes, B.M.6    Barsh, G.S.7
  • 201
    • 0028291263 scopus 로고
    • Differences in dorsal and ventral pigmentation result from regional expression of the mouse tigott/igene
    • Vrieling H. Duhl DMJ. Millar SE. Miller KA. Barsh GS: Differences in dorsal and ventral pigmentation result from regional expression of the mouse tigott/igene. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 1994:91:5667-5671.
    • (1994) Proc Natl Acad Sei USA , vol.91 , pp. 5667-5671
    • Vrieling, H.1    Duhl, D.M.J.2    Millar, S.E.3    Miller, K.A.4    Barsh, G.S.5
  • 202
    • 0028231062 scopus 로고
    • Obesity, diabetes, and neoplasia in yellow A” * mice: Ectopic expression of the agouti gene
    • Yen Tf, Gill AM, Frigeri LG, Barsh GS, Wolff GL: Obesity, diabetes, and neoplasia in yellow A” * mice: Ectopic expression of the agouti gene. FASEBJ 1994;8:479-488.
    • (1994) FASEBJ , vol.8 , pp. 479-488
    • Tf, Y.1    Gill, A.M.2    Frigeri, L.G.3    Barsh, G.S.4    Wolff, G.L.5
  • 204
  • 205
    • 0030042726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ovcrexprcssion of an agoitn cDNA in the skin of iransgenie mice recapitulates dominant coat color phenotypes of spontaneous mutants
    • Kucera GT, Bortner DM, Rosenberg MP: Ovcrexprcssion of an agoitn cDNA in the skin of iransgenie mice recapitulates dominant coat color phenotypes of spontaneous mutants. Dev Biol 1996:173:162-173.
    • (1996) Dev Biol , vol.173 , pp. 162-173
    • Kucera, G.T.1    Bortner, D.M.2    Rosenberg, M.P.3
  • 206
    • 0029004532 scopus 로고
    • Ectopic expression of the agouti gene in transgenic mice causes obesity, features of ty pe II diabetes, and yellow fur. Proc
    • Klebig ML. Wilkinson JE. Geisler JG. Woychik RP: Ectopic expression of the agouti gene in transgenic mice causes obesity, features of ty pe II diabetes, and yellow fur. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 1995:92:4728-4732.
    • (1995) Natl Acad Sei USA , vol.92 , pp. 4728-4732
    • Klebig, M.L.1    Wilkinson, J.E.2    Geisler, J.G.3    Woychik, R.P.4
  • 207
    • 0029055130 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms for the pleiotropic effects of the agouti gene
    • Manne J, Argeson AC, Siracusa LD: Mechanisms for the pleiotropic effects of the agouti gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995:92:4721-4724.
    • (1995) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.92 , pp. 4721-4724
    • Manne, J.1    Argeson, A.C.2    Siracusa, L.D.3
  • 210
    • 0028788787 scopus 로고
    • Agouti protein can act independently of melanocyte-stimulating hormone to inhibit melanogcnesis
    • Hunt G, Thody AJ: Agouti protein can act independently of melanocyte-stimulating hormone to inhibit melanogcnesis. J Endocrinol 1995; 147:R1-R4.
    • (1995) J Endocrinol , vol.147 , pp. R1-R4
    • Hunt, G.1    Thody, A.J.2
  • 212
    • 0026603465 scopus 로고
    • Isolation and mode of action of rabbit corticostatic (Antiadrcnocor-ticotropin) peptides
    • Zhu Q. Solomon S: Isolation and mode of action of rabbit corticostatic (antiadrcnocor-ticotropin) peptides. Endocrinology 1992; 130:1413-1423.
    • (1992) Endocrinology , vol.130 , pp. 1413-1423
    • Zhu, Q.1    Solomon, S.2
  • 213
    • 0023499457 scopus 로고
    • Pro-opio-melanocortin-derived peptides (ACTH/(3-en-dorphin/alphα-MSH) in brainstem barore-ceptor areas of the rat
    • Palkovits M, Mezey E, Eskay RL: Pro-opio-melanocortin-derived peptides (ACTH/β-en-dorphin/alphα-MSH) in brainstem barore-ceptor areas of the rat. Brain Res 1987;436: 323-328.
    • (1987) Brain Res , vol.436 , pp. 323-328
    • Palkovits, M.1    Mezey, E.2    Eskay, R.L.3
  • 214
    • 0022611342 scopus 로고
    • Anatomical evidence for interactions between catecholamine- and adrenocor-ticotropin-containing neurons
    • Baker H, Ruggiero DA, Aldcn S, Anwar M. Reis DJ: Anatomical evidence for interactions between catecholamine- and adrenocor-ticotropin-containing neurons. Neuroscience 1986;17:469-484.
    • (1986) Neuroscience , vol.17 , pp. 469-484
    • Baker, H.1    Ruggiero, D.A.2    Aldcn, S.3    Anwar, M.4    Reis, D.J.5
  • 215
    • 0021927147 scopus 로고
    • Anatomy of the corticotropin-releasing factor and opiomelanocortin systems of the brain
    • Joseph SA, Pilcher WH, Knigge KM: Anatomy of the corticotropin-releasing factor and opiomelanocortin systems of the brain. Fed Proc 1985:44:100-107.
    • (1985) Fed Proc , vol.44 , pp. 100-107
    • Joseph, S.A.1    Pilcher, W.H.2    Knigge, K.M.3
  • 218
    • 0028144458 scopus 로고
    • Central neurogenic antiinflammatory' action of α-MSH: Modulation of peripheral inflammation induced by cytokines and other mediators of inflammation
    • Ceriani G, Macaluso A, Catania A, Lipton JM: Central neurogenic antiinflammatory' action of α-MSH: Modulation of peripheral inflammation induced by cytokines and other mediators of inflammation. Neuroendocrino-logv 1994;59:138-143.
    • (1994) Neuroendocrino-Logv , vol.59 , pp. 138-143
    • Ceriani, G.1    Macaluso, A.2    Catania, A.3    Lipton, J.M.4
  • 220
    • 0011356810 scopus 로고
    • ACTH-(4-10) through γ-MSH: Evidence for a new class of central autonomic nervous system-regulating peptides
    • Gruber KA, Callahan MF: ACTH-(4-10) through γ-MSH: Evidence for a new class of central autonomic nervous system-regulating peptides. Am J Physiol 1989;R681-R694.
    • (1989) Am J Physiol , pp. R681-R694
    • Gruber, K.A.1    Callahan, M.F.2
  • 221
    • 0023810614 scopus 로고
    • Cross-species comparison of the ACTH-induced behavioral syndrome
    • Bertolini A, Poggioli R, Vergoni AV: Cross-species comparison of the ACTH-induced behavioral syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1988; 525:114-129.
    • (1988) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.525 , pp. 114-129
    • Bertolini, A.1    Poggioli, R.2    Vergoni, A.V.3
  • 222
    • 0025820745 scopus 로고
    • Cutaneous melanoma
    • Koh HK: Cutaneous melanoma. N Engl J Med 1991;325:171-182.
    • (1991) N Engl J Med , vol.325 , pp. 171-182
    • Koh, H.K.1
  • 223
    • 0027195884 scopus 로고
    • B16-G4F mouse melanoma cells: An MSH receptor-deficient cell clone
    • Solca FF. Chlubα-dc Tapia J, Iwata K, Eberle AN: B16-G4F mouse melanoma cells: An MSH receptor-deficient cell clone. FEBS Lett 1993:322:177-180.
    • (1993) FEBS Lett , vol.322 , pp. 177-180
    • Solca, F.F.1    Chlubα-Dc Tapia, J.2    Iwata, K.3    Eberle, A.N.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.