China's security strategy: The view from Beijing, ASEAN, and Washington

Asian Survey

Volumn 36, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 422-437

  Denoon, David B H ^a   Frieman, Wendy ^b  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b SCIENCE APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0003226621     PISSN: 00044687     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1525/as.1996.36.4.01p0128l     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. P. Tyler, "China Hints at a Timetable to Take Control of Taiwan," New York Times, January 31, 1996, p. A-2.
2. For example, in 1993 Chinese official figures for the defense budget were $7.3 billion, whereas virtually all estimates by outsiders were at a level of $20 billion or higher. See, IISS, The Military Balance-1994-95 (London: International Institute of Strategic Studies, 1995), p. 170.
3. This is the principal source of controversy among those estimating Chinese defense outlays. The CIA estimates 1994 outlays to have been about $25 billion, David Shambaugh thinks the number should be closer to $55 billion, while Nicholas Kristoff claims the figure should be about $100 billion. For a review of this debate, see, Wang Shaoquang, "Demystifying China's Defense Expenditures," mimeo, American Enterprise Institute, June 9, 1995.
4. Shen Guofang, "PRC to Discuss Spratlys," Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), Daily Report East Asia, July 31, 1995, p. 5.
5. Li Daoyu, "Foreign Policy and Arms Control: The View from China," Arms Control Today, December 1993, p. 10; Van Xuetong, "China's Post Cold War Strategy," Contemporary International Relations, 5:5 (May 1995), p. 9; Ding Bangguan, "China's Strategic Concepts for the Asia-Pacific Security," paper presented at the symposium, Asia in the 21st Century, National Defense University, February 1994, p. 1.
6. Li Daoyu, "Foreign Policy and Arms Control: The View from China," Arms Control Today, December 1993, p. 10; Van Xuetong, "China's Post Cold War Strategy," Contemporary International Relations, 5:5 (May 1995), p. 9; Ding Bangguan, "China's Strategic Concepts for the Asia-Pacific Security," paper presented at the symposium, Asia in the 21st Century, National Defense University, February 1994, p. 1.
7. Li Daoyu, "Foreign Policy and Arms Control: The View from China," Arms Control Today, December 1993, p. 10; Van Xuetong, "China's Post Cold War Strategy," Contemporary International Relations, 5:5 (May 1995), p. 9; Ding Bangguan, "China's Strategic Concepts for the Asia-Pacific Security," paper presented at the symposium, Asia in the 21st Century, National Defense University, February 1994, p. 1.
8. M. Valdecãnas, "From Machine Guns to Motorcycles," China Business Review, November-December 1995, p. 14.
9. Luo Renshi, "Strategic Change in China's Policy of Army Building and Its Post Cold War Strategy for Peace," International Strategic Studies, no. 4, December 1994, p. 12; Ma Ping, "The Strategic Thinking of Active Defense and China's Military Strategic Principle," in ibid., no. 1, March 1994, p. 2.
10. Luo Renshi, "Strategic Change in China's Policy of Army Building and Its Post Cold War Strategy for Peace," International Strategic Studies, no. 4, December 1994, p. 12; Ma Ping, "The Strategic Thinking of Active Defense and China's Military Strategic Principle," in ibid., no. 1, March 1994, p. 2.
11. "Qian Refutes 'China Threat'," FBIS, Daily Report, China, July 31, 1995, p. 10.
12. See, "Chairman's Statement of the Second ASEAN Regional Forum," Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei, August 1995.
13. See, for example, S. Viraphol, "Trends in the Post-Cold War Balance of Power and Architecture for Peace and Security in the Asia-Pacific Region," Thai Ministry of Foreign Affairs, paper presented at the 7th Asia-Pacific Roundtable, Kuala Lumpur, June 1993.
14. U. Lehner, "Interview with Senior Minister Lee Kuan Yew," Asian Wall Street Journal, May 3, 1995, p. 1.
15. Lee Kuan Yew, "Why American Policy Towards China is Mystifying," Straits Times, May 20, 1994, p. 34.
16. Goh Chok Tong, "Help Beijing Join WTO Early, PM Urges," Sunday Straits Times, May 14, 1995, p. 15. Another example is Singapore's recent assertion that freedom of navigation in the Spratlys is more important than the territorial claims. That may be true for Singapore but it is clearly not the case for other ASEAN countries. See, Lee Kuan Yew, "Spratlys Ownership Must Not Impinge on Navigational Freedom," Straits Times, May 13, 1995, p. 8.
17. Goh Chok Tong, "Help Beijing Join WTO Early, PM Urges," Sunday Straits Times, May 14, 1995, p. 15. Another example is Singapore's recent assertion that freedom of navigation in the Spratlys is more important than the territorial claims. That may be true for Singapore but it is clearly not the case for other ASEAN countries. See, Lee Kuan Yew, "Spratlys Ownership Must Not Impinge on Navigational Freedom," Straits Times, May 13, 1995, p. 8.
18. V. G. Kulkarni, "Philippines Mid-Term Blues," Far Eastern Economic Review, April 27, 1995, p. 17.
19. H. Soesastro, "The Pan-Pacific Movement: An Interpretative History," in B. Bundy et al., eds., The Future of the Pacific Rim (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1994), pp. 9-24.
20. L. Pye, "China: Erratic State, Frustrated Society," Foreign Affairs, 69:4 (Fall 1990), p. 58.
21. B. Glaser and B. Garrett, "Chinese Perspectives on the Strategic Defense Initiative," Problems in Communism, March/April 1986, vol. 35, pp. 28-44; H. Harding, "China's Cooperative Behavior," in Chinese Foreign Policy Theory and Practice, T. Robinson and D. Shambaugh, eds. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), pp. 375-400.
22. B. Glaser and B. Garrett, "Chinese Perspectives on the Strategic Defense Initiative," Problems in Communism, March/April 1986, vol. 35, pp. 28-44; H. Harding, "China's Cooperative Behavior," in Chinese Foreign Policy Theory and Practice, T. Robinson and D. Shambaugh, eds. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), pp. 375-400.
23. U.S. General Accounting Office, Impact of China's Military Modernization in the Pacific Region (Washington, D.C.: GAO, June 1995), p. 34.
24. C. P. Lin, China's Nuclear Weapons Strategy (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1988); W. Triplett, "China 2000: Fascism with Chinese Characteristics," paper prepared for Conference on the PLA, American Enterprise Institute, Washington, June 1994.
25. C. P. Lin, China's Nuclear Weapons Strategy (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1988); W. Triplett, "China 2000: Fascism with Chinese Characteristics," paper prepared for Conference on the PLA, American Enterprise Institute, Washington, June 1994.
26. See K. Eikenberry, "Does China Threaten Asia-Pacific Regional Stability?" Parameters, Spring 1995, pp. 82-103.
27. Anthony Lake, "From Containment to Enlargement," mimeo, remarks delivered at the Johns Hopkins University, SAIS, Washington, September 21, 1993, p. 5.
28. For a full elaboration of the objectives of "comprehensive engagement," see testimony by K. Weidemann before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, "Current State of U.S.-Sino Relations," mimeo, Department of State, July 25, 1995.
29. See, G. Segal, "Tying China into the International System," Survival, 37:2 (Summer 1995), pp. 60-73.