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Volumn 17, Issue 1, 1979, Pages 53-72

Mendel no mendelian?

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EID: 0003121461     PISSN: 00732753     EISSN: 17538564     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/007327537901700103     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (110)

References (74)
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    • de Beer Gavin Sir, “Mendel, Darwin and the centre of science”, The listener, lxxiii (1965), 364.
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    • Before Mendel”
    • KrizeneckyJ.,(ed.), Osterhout and Brno, (henceforth referred to as
    • Nemec B., “Before Mendel”, in KrizeneckyJ.,(ed.), Fundamenta genetica (Osterhout and Brno, 1965), 13 (henceforth referred to as Fundamenta).
    • (1965) Fundamenta genetica , pp. 13
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    • (ref. 6): Title of ch. viii.
    • Eiseley L., op. cit. (ref. 6): Title of ch. viii.
    • op. cit
    • Eiseley, L.1
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    • The discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals; a critique of the myths
    • Forman P., “The discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals; a critique of the myths”, Archive for history of exact sciences, vi (1969), 38–71.
    • (1969) Archive for history of exact sciences , vol.vi , pp. 38-71
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    • (ref. 11)
    • Forman, op. cit. (ref. 11), 68.
    • op. cit , pp. 68
    • Forman1
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    • The myth of myths: Comments on P. Forman's paper on ‘The discovery of the diffraction of X-rays in crystals
    • Ewald P. P., “The myth of myths: Comments on P. Forman's paper on ‘The discovery of the diffraction of X-rays in crystals’”, Archive for history of exact sciences, vi (1969), 72–81.
    • (1969) Archive for history of exact sciences , vol.vi , pp. 72-81
    • Ewald, P.P.1
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    • Experimental studies in the physiology of heredity
    • See his report of the result of crossing normal with peloric Antirrhinums as 88 normal, 2 intermediate, 37 peloric in. If the second group could be ignored the first and last give a Mendelian ratio. Darwin interpreted this result in terms of two opposed tendencies, the relative strengths of which changed from the first hybrid generation to the second. London,. This experiment was discussed by
    • See his report of the result of crossing normal with peloric Antirrhinums as 88 normal, 2 intermediate, 37 peloric in F2. If the second group could be ignored the first and last give a Mendelian ratio. Darwin interpreted this result in terms of two opposed tendencies, the relative strengths of which changed from the first hybrid generation to the second. Darwin C. R., The variation of animals and plants under domestication (London, 1868), ii, 70–71. This experiment was discussed by Bateson W. Saunders E. R., “Experimental studies in the physiology of heredity”, Reports to the evolution committee of the Royal Society, i (1902), 1–160, p. 25.
    • (1868) The variation of animals and plants under domestication , vol.ii , pp. 70-71
    • Darwin, C.R.1    Bateson, W.2    Saunders, E.R.3
  • 16
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    • (ref. 6)
    • Eiseley, op. cit. (ref. 6), 211.
    • op. cit , pp. 211
    • Eiseley1
  • 17
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    • Prematurity and uniqueness in scientific discovery
    • Stent G. S., “Prematurity and uniqueness in scientific discovery”, Scientific American, ccxxvii (1972), 84–93, p. 84.
    • (1972) Scientific American , vol.ccxxvii , pp. 84-93
    • Stent, G.S.1
  • 19
    • 84954986852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (ref. 9)
    • Bateson, op. cit. (ref. 9), 316.
    • op. cit , pp. 316
    • Bateson1
  • 20
    • 84965943882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (ref. 15)
    • Iltis, op. cit. (ref. 15), 9.
    • op. cit , pp. 9
    • Iltis1
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    • (ref. 15)
    • Iltis, op. cit. (ref. 15), 206.
    • op. cit , pp. 206
    • Iltis1
  • 23
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    • An early account of G. Mendel's work in Russia (I. F. Shmalhausen)”
    • SosnaM.,(ed.), Prague
    • Gaissinovitch A. E., “An early account of G. Mendel's work in Russia (I. F. Shmalhausen)”, in SosnaM.,(ed.), G. Mendel memorial symposium 1865–1965 (Prague, 1966), 39–40.
    • (1966) G. Mendel memorial symposium 1865–1965 , pp. 39-40
    • Gaissinovitch, A.E.1
  • 24
    • 84965892056 scopus 로고
    • Mendel's precursors and contemporaries in genetics
    • (D. Phil. thesis, Oxford
    • Olby R. C., “Mendel's precursors and contemporaries in genetics” (D. Phil. thesis, Oxford, 1962).
    • (1962)
    • Olby, R.C.1
  • 27
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    • Franz Unger and the Weiner Kirchenzeitung: An attack on one of Mendel's teachers by the editor of a Catholic newspaper
    • Olby R. C., “Franz Unger and the Weiner Kirchenzeitung: An attack on one of Mendel's teachers by the editor of a Catholic newspaper”, Folia Mendeliana, ii (1967), 21–37, p. 34.
    • (1967) Folia Mendeliana , vol.ii , pp. 21-37
    • Olby, R.C.1
  • 28
    • 8944245441 scopus 로고
    • Mendel's two papers on genetics, considered from the standpoint of evolution
    • There was one eminent exception—
    • There was one eminent exception— Sinoto Y., “Mendel's two papers on genetics, considered from the standpoint of evolution”, Folia Mendeliana vi (1971), 151–5.
    • (1971) Folia Mendeliana , vol.vi , pp. 151-155
    • Sinoto, Y.1
  • 29
    • 84965923482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This statement is based on a summary of Calender's M. Phil. thesis at Ulster College. The author is grateful to Mr. Callender for showing him the summary and he awaits the completion of the thesis with much interest.
    • Callender L. A., This statement is based on a summary of Calender's M. Phil. thesis at Ulster College. The author is grateful to Mr. Callender for showing him the summary and he awaits the completion of the thesis with much interest.
    • Callender, L.A.1
  • 31
    • 84928264863 scopus 로고
    • G. Mendel's law concerning the behaviour of progeny of varietal hybrids
    • trans. by San Francisco and London, ; referred to henceforth as. The original German text will be found in, 111.
    • Correns C., “G. Mendel's law concerning the behaviour of progeny of varietal hybrids”, trans. by Piternick L. K. in Stern C. Sherwood E. R. (eds), The origins of genetics. A Mendel source-book (San Francisco and London, 1966; referred to henceforth as Source-book), 130. The original German text will be found in Fundamenta, 111.
    • (1966) The origins of genetics. A Mendel source-book , pp. 130
    • Correns, C.1    Piternick, L.K.2    Stern, C.3    Sherwood, E.R.4
  • 32
    • 84960600951 scopus 로고
    • Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden
    • This definitive version of Mendel's paper incorporates corrections to the text of the, based on the surviving ( ) photographed copy of Mendel's manuscript.
    • Mendel G., “Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden”, in Fundamenta, 78. This definitive version of Mendel's paper incorporates corrections to the text of the Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Vereines in Brunn, x (1865), 3–47, based on the surviving (1941) photographed copy of Mendel's manuscript.
    • (1865) Fundamenta , vol.x , pp. 78
    • Mendel, G.1
  • 34
    • 84965943860 scopus 로고
    • Remarked of Mendel's theory, “A given gamete could carry tallness or dwarfness, but not both. The two were mutually exclusive so far as the gamete was concerned”
    • See for example. (ref. 14), where germ cells may be “incapable of transmitting the opposite character”. Also Hugo de Vries: “Of the two antagonistic characteristics, the hybrid carries only one …”, in “The law of segregation of hybrids”, trans. by London
    • See for example Bateson Saunders, op. cit. (ref. 14), 12, where germ cells may be “incapable of transmitting the opposite character”. Also Hugo de Vries: “Of the two antagonistic characteristics, the hybrid carries only one …”, in “The law of segregation of hybrids”, trans. by Stern E. in Source-book, 110. Punnett R. C. Remarked of Mendel's theory, “A given gamete could carry tallness or dwarfness, but not both. The two were mutually exclusive so far as the gamete was concerned” (Mendelism (London, 1912), 18–19).
    • (1912) Mendelism , pp. 12-19
    • Bateson1    Saunders2    Punnett, R.C.3
  • 36
    • 84965946406 scopus 로고
    • (ref. 9), London,. (ref. 4)
    • Bateson, op. cit. (ref. 9), 11; Crew F. A. E., The foundations of genetics (London, 1966), 37; Darbishire A. D., op. cit. (ref. 4), 178f.
    • (1966) op. cit , pp. 11
    • Bateson1    Darbishire, A.D.2
  • 37
    • 84963417028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (ref. 25)
    • Olby, op. cit. (ref. 25), 139.
    • op. cit , pp. 139
    • Olby1
  • 40
    • 84965885299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • German text in
    • Mendel G., in Source-book, 35. German text in Fundamenta, 83.
    • Source-book , pp. 35
    • Mendel, G.1
  • 41
    • 0004009455 scopus 로고
    • London, 1st ed., Shows only the Notizblatt manuscript. The second edition, 1950, includes the caption: “It has been pointed out to us by Professor R. A. Fisher, that the figures on this page of Mendel's notes suggest factor interaction. Thus the ratio of 343:92:166 in the middle of the page suggests the 9:3:4 ratio characteristic of an F3 segregation for two genes related in action by recessive epistasy…. If this inference of epistasy is correct, the results were perhaps from beans rather than from peas….”.
    • Darlington C. D. Mather K., The elements of genetics (London, 1st ed., 1949). Shows only the Notizblatt manuscript. The second edition, 1950, includes the caption: “It has been pointed out to us by Professor R. A. Fisher, that the figures on this page of Mendel's notes suggest factor interaction. Thus the ratio of 343:92:166 in the middle of the page suggests the 9:3:4 ratio characteristic of an F3 segregation for two genes related in action by recessive epistasy…. If this inference of epistasy is correct, the results were perhaps from beans rather than from peas….”.
    • (1949) The elements of genetics
    • Darlington, C.D.1    Mather, K.2
  • 42
    • 84255170604 scopus 로고
    • Ein Notizblatt aus dem Nachlass Gregor Mendels mit Analysen eines seiner Kreuzungsversuche
    • This is the author's summary of the explanation given by. Also see
    • This is the author's summary of the explanation given by Heimans J., “Ein Notizblatt aus dem Nachlass Gregor Mendels mit Analysen eines seiner Kreuzungsversuche”, Folia Mendeliana, iv (1968), 5–36. Also see: Heimans, “Mendel's ideas on the nature of hereditary characters. The explanation of fragmentary records of Mendel's hybridizing experiments”, Folia Mendeliana, vi (1971), 91–98.
    • (1968) Folia Mendeliana , vol.iv , pp. 5-36
    • Heimans, J.1    Heimans2
  • 47
    • 84965868175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This is the author's summary of the argument of J. Heimans,. (ref. 42).
    • This is the author's summary of the argument of J. Heimans, op. cit. (ref. 42).
    • op. cit
  • 49
    • 84886955159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (ref. 42)
    • Heimans, op. cit. (ref. 42), 6.
    • op. cit , pp. 6
    • Heimans1
  • 51
    • 84965848623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • das Gesetz zu ermitteln
    • 5;
    • Source-book, 5; “das Gesetz zu ermitteln”, Fundamenta, 60.
    • Source-book , pp. 60
  • 52
    • 84965939617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Possess constant differing traits
    • Sherwood writes. Here “Konstant” is an adverb. Sherwood translates it elsewhere correctly as “constantly”. Mendel was referring to the constancy of the trait.
    • Sherwood writes “Possess constant differing traits”, Source-book, 3; “Konstant differirende Merkmale besitzen”, Fundamenta, 58. Here “Konstant” is an adverb. Sherwood translates it elsewhere correctly as “constantly”. Mendel was referring to the constancy of the difference in expression of the trait.
    • Source-book , pp. 3
  • 53
    • 84882780247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • “jene Merkmale, welche ganz oder fast unverändert … übergehen”,. On this passage Darlington commented, “Mendel spoke of characters being dominant, whereas (as we think) strictly it is the determinant that is dominant” (Darlington,. (ref. 29)
    • Source-book, 9; “jene Merkmale, welche ganz oder fast unverändert … übergehen”, Fundamenta, 63. On this passage Darlington commented, “Mendel spoke of characters being dominant, whereas (as we think) strictly it is the determinant that is dominant” (Darlington, op. cit. (ref. 29), 95).
    • Source-book , pp. 9
  • 55
    • 84882780247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See for instance, the opening words in the Section introducing di- and tri-hybrid crosses: “The next task consisted in investigating whether the law of development thus found would also apply to a pair of differing traits …” (“ob das gefundene Entwicklungsgesetze auch …”, 69).
    • See for instance, the opening words in the Section introducing di- and tri-hybrid crosses: “The next task consisted in investigating whether the law of development thus found would also apply to a pair of differing traits …” (Source-book, 17; “ob das gefundene Entwicklungsgesetze auch …”, Fundamenta, 69).
    • Source-book , pp. 17
  • 56
    • 84882780247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Source-book, 16; Fundamenta, 68.
    • Source-book , pp. 16
  • 57
    • 84965923522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • das für Pisum gefundene Entwicklungsgesetz
    • See also,. The only reference to “laws” in the plural in the translation is on p., and comes from “Die Geltung der für Pisum aufgestellten Sätze …”, 89. This phrase might be better translated: “The validity of the propositions advanced for Pisum.”.
    • Source-book, 32: “das für Pisum gefundene Entwicklungsgesetz”, Fundamenta, 80. See also, “the law valid for Pisum”, Source-book, 35; “dem für Pisum geltenden Gesetze erklären lassen”, Fundamenta, 83. The only reference to “laws” in the plural in the Source-book translation is on p. 89, and comes from “Die Geltung der für Pisum aufgestellten Sätze …”, Fundamenta, 89. This phrase might be better translated: “The validity of the propositions advanced for Pisum.”.
    • Source-book , pp. 32
  • 58
    • 84882780247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This mode of expression is referred to by Mendel in numerous places
    • This mode of expression is referred to by Mendel in numerous places: Source-book, 16, 22, 29, 32.
    • Source-book , pp. 16
  • 59
    • 84882780247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Source-book, 22; Fundamenta, 72.
    • Source-book , pp. 22
  • 60
    • 84882780247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Source-book, 23–32; Fundamenta, 74–80.
    • Source-book , pp. 23-32
  • 61
    • 84965848611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Source-book, 37; “… für die Veränderlichkeit der Kulturgewächse ein Faktor thätig ist …”
    • Source-book, 37; “… für die Veränderlichkeit der Kulturgewächse ein Faktor thätig ist …”, Fundamenta, 84.
    • Fundamenta , pp. 84
  • 62
    • 84965884235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ”… vollkommen gleich Faktoren zusammenwirken
    • This is closer to the German than Sherwood's rendering in
    • This is closer to the German than Sherwood's rendering in Source-book, 24: ”… vollkommen gleich Faktoren zusammenwirken”, Fundamenta, 74.
    • Source-book , vol.24 , pp. 74
  • 63
    • 84965888524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • “… wenn die Keimzellen und der befruchtende Pollen gleichartig, somit beide mit der Anlage ausgerüstet sind …”
    • “… wenn die Keimzellen und der befruchtende Pollen gleichartig, somit beide mit der Anlage ausgerüstet sind …”, Fundamenta, 74.
    • Fundamenta , pp. 74
  • 64
    • 84965899041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diese Entwicklung erfolgt nach einem konstantem Gestetz, welches in der materiellen Beschaffenheit und Anordnung der Elemente begründet ist, die in der Zelle zur lebensfähigen Vereinigung gelangten
    • This is the author's translation. For Sherwood's rendering see
    • This is the author's translation. For Sherwood's rendering see Source-book, 42. “Diese Entwicklung erfolgt nach einem konstantem Gestetz, welches in der materiellen Beschaffenheit und Anordnung der Elemente begründet ist, die in der Zelle zur lebensfähigen Vereinigung gelangten”, Fundamenta, 88.
    • Source-book , pp. 42
  • 65
    • 84965888504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • So müssen wir annehmen, dass zwischen jenen Elementen beide Zellen, welche die gegenseitigen Unterschiede bedingen, irgend eine Ausgleichung stattfindet
    • For Sherwood's translation see
    • “So müssen wir annehmen, dass zwischen jenen Elementen beide Zellen, welche die gegenseitigen Unterschiede bedingen, irgend eine Ausgleichung stattfindet”, Fundamenta, 88. For Sherwood's translation see Sourcebook, 42.
    • Fundamenta , pp. 88
  • 66
    • 84965850301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bei der Bildung dieser Zellen beteiligen sich alle vorhandenen Elemente in völlig freier und gleichmässiger Anordung, wobei nur die differierenden sich gegenseitig ausschliessen
    • For Sherwood's translation see
    • “Bei der Bildung dieser Zellen beteiligen sich alle vorhandenen Elemente in völlig freier und gleichmässiger Anordung, wobei nur die differierenden sich gegenseitig ausschliessen”, Fundamenta, 88. For Sherwood's translation see Source-book, 43.
    • Fundamenta , pp. 88
  • 67
    • 84882780247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • “In this manner, the production of as many kinds of germinal and pollen cells would be possible as there are combinations of potentially formative elements”,. And earlier in the paper he wrote, “… in the ovaries of hybrids as many kinds of germinal cells [germinal vesicles], and in the anthers as many kinds of pollen cells are formed as there are possibilities for combination forms and that these germinal and pollen cells correspond in their internal make-up to the individual forms”, 24; “… und dass diese Keim- und Pollenzellen ihrer inneren Beschaffenheit nach den einzelnen Formen entsprechen”, 74.
    • “In this manner, the production of as many kinds of germinal and pollen cells would be possible as there are combinations of potentially formative elements”, Source-book, 43; Fundamenta, 89. And earlier in the paper he wrote, “… in the ovaries of hybrids as many kinds of germinal cells [germinal vesicles], and in the anthers as many kinds of pollen cells are formed as there are possibilities for constant combination forms and that these germinal and pollen cells correspond in their internal make-up to the individual forms”, Source-book, 24; “… und dass diese Keim- und Pollenzellen ihrer inneren Beschaffenheit nach den einzelnen Formen entsprechen”, Fundamenta, 74.
    • Source-book , pp. 43
  • 68
    • 84965925002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • nur die differierenden sich gegenseitig ausschliessen
    • Source-book, 42; “nur die differierenden sich gegenseitig ausschliessen”, Fundamenta, 88.
    • Source-book , pp. 42
  • 70
    • 84965909242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • jede Pollenform A and a gleich oft mit jeder Keimzell-form A und a vereinigt
    • Source-book, 30; “jede Pollenform A and a gleich oft mit jeder Keimzell-form A und a vereinigt”, Fundamenta, 78.
    • Source-book , pp. 30
  • 72
    • 84965909232 scopus 로고
    • Mendel's Laws?
    • When the author presented Professor Heimans's paper at the Mendel Colloquium, “Mendel's ideas on the nature of hereditary characters …” (see ref. 42), he issued the challenge: “Where in Mendel's paper do we find the concept of 2, and only 2, mutually exclusive factors or elements …”, from the Discussion in. No participant responded. It should, however, be noted that in England Heimans's position had been arrived at independently by
    • When the author presented Professor Heimans's paper at the Mendel Colloquium, “Mendel's ideas on the nature of hereditary characters …” (see ref. 42), he issued the challenge: “Where in Mendel's paper do we find the concept of 2, and only 2, mutually exclusive factors or elements …”, from the Discussion in Folia Mendeliana, vi (1971), 146. No participant responded. It should, however, be noted that in England Heimans's position had been arrived at independently by Bennet A. J., “Mendel's Laws?”, School science review, xlvi (1964), 35–42, p. 37.
    • (1971) Folia Mendeliana , vol.vi , pp. 146
    • Bennet, A.J.1
  • 73
    • 0017028797 scopus 로고
    • Reasoning in scientific change: Charles Darwin, Hugo de Vries, and the discovery of segregation
    • Darden L., “Reasoning in scientific change: Charles Darwin, Hugo de Vries, and the discovery of segregation”, Studies in history and philosophy of science, vii (1976), 127–79.
    • (1976) Studies in history and philosophy of science , vol.vii , pp. 127-179
    • Darden, L.1


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