The interaction between obesity and diabetes

Current Opinion in Endocrinology and Diabetes

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 3-9

  Sigal, Ronald J ^a   Warram, James H ^a  

^a JOSLIN DIABETES CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0002999715     PISSN: 10683097     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00060793-199602000-00002     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Hodge AM, Dowse GK, Toelupe P, Collins VR, Imo T, Zimmet PZ: Dramatic increase in the prevalence of obesity in Western Samoa over the 13-year period 1978-1991. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1994, 18:419-428.
2. Collins VR, Dowse GK, Toelupe PM, Imo TT, Aloaina FL, Spark RA, Zimmet PZ: Increasing prevalence of NIDDM in the Pacific island population of Western Samoa over a 13-year period. Diabetes Care 1994, 17:288-296.
3. Kuczmarski RJ, Flegal KM, Campbell SM, Johnson CL: Increasing prevalence of overweight among US adults. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1960 to 1991. JAMA 1994, 272:205-211. These authors document the significant increase in the rate of prevalence of obesity over the period 1976 to 1991 after many years of stable rates.
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Prevalence of overweight among adolescents: United States, 1988-91. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1994, 43:818-821.
5. Ashwell M: Obesity in men and women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1994, 18(suppl 1):S1-S7.
6. Millar WJ, Stephens I: Social status and health risks in Canadian adults: 1985 and 1981. Health Reports 1993, 5:143-156.
7. Seidell JC: Obesity in Europe: scaling an epidemic. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1995, 19(suppl 3):S1-S4.
8. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company: Metropolitan height and weight tables. Stat Bull Metrop Insur Co 1983, 64:2-9.
9. McDowell MA, Briefel RR, Alaimo K, Bischof AM, Johnson CL: Energy and macronutrient intakes of persons ages 2 months and over in the United States: third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Phase 1, 1988-91. National Center for Health Statistics 1994.
10. Centers for Disease Control: Daily dietary fat and total food-energy intakes: third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, phase 1, 1988-91. MMWR Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep 1994, 43:116-125.
11. Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Leon AS, Jacobs DR Jr, Montoye HJ, Sallis JF, Paffenbarger RS: Compendium of physical activities: classification of energy costs of human physical activities. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993, 25:71-80.
12. Passmore R, Durnin JVGA: Human energy expenditure. Physiol Rev 1955, 35:801-840.
13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Prevalence of sedentary lifestyle. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1993, 42:576-579.
14. Heath G, Pratt M, Warren C, Kann L: Physical activity patterns in American high school students. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1994, 148:1131-1136. These authors document the very marked decline in frequency of vigorous physical activity among American adolescents.
15. Flegal KM, Troaino RP, Pamuk ER, Kuczmareki RJ, Campbell SM: The influence of smoking cessation on the prevalence of overweight in the United States. N Engl J Med 1995, 333:1165-1170. Elegantly demonstrates that smoking cessation accounts for about one quarter of the weight gain in men and one sixth of the weight gain in women between 1976 to 1980 and 1988 to 1991. Among individuals who quit smoking, weight gain was 4.4 kg greater in men and 5.0 kg greater in women compared with those who continued to smoke.
16. Klesges RC: Cigarette smoking and body weight. In Eating Disorders and Obesity: A Comprehensive Handbook. Edited by Brownell KD, and Fairburn GC. New York: Guilford Press; 1995:61-64.
17. Giovino GA, Schooley MW, Zhu BP, Chrismon JH, Tomar SL, Peddicord JP, Merritt RK, Huston CG, Eriksen MP: Surveillance for selected tobacco-use behaviors: United States, 1900-94. MMWR Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep 1994, 43(suppl SS-3):1-43.
18. Pi-Sunyer FX: Medical hazards of obesity. Ann Intern Med 1993, 119:665-660.
19. Manson JE, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ, Hankinson SE, Hennekens CH, Speizer FE: Body weight and mortality among women. N Engl J Med 1995, 333:677-685. The most powerful demonstration yet that the apparent J- or U-shaped relationship between overall mortality and BMI is an artifact of confounding by smoking and preexisting illness. In this very large study, when analysis was restricted to nonsmokers and the first 4 years of follow-up were excluded (to screen out pre-existing disease), the lowest mortality rates were found in the leanest subjects.
20. Lee IM, Manson JE, Hennekens CH, Paffenbarger RS, Jr.: Body weight and mortality. A 27-year follow-up of middle-aged men. JAMA 1993, 270:2823-2828.
21. Cowie CC, Harris MI: Physical and metabolic characteristics of persons with diabetes. In Diabetes in America, edn 2. Edited by Harris MI. Washington, DC: US Govenrment Printing Office; 1995:117-164.
22. Colditz GA, Willett WC, Rotnitzky A, Manson JE: Weight gain as a risk factor for clinical diabetes mellitus in woman. Ann Intern Med 1995, 122:481-486. In the Nurses' Health Study, the risk of NIDDM was found to increase exponentially with BMI, and even increases within the average weight range were associated with substantial increases in the risk of NIDDM.
23. Chan JM, Rimm EB, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC: Obesity, fat distribution, and weight gain as risk factors for clinical diabetes in men. Diabetes Care 1994, 17:961-969. Body-mass index was a very strong risk factor for NIDDM in this large cohort of male health professionals. Waist circumference was more strongly related to NIDDM incidence than waist-hip ratio, but BMI remained a highly significant predictor of NIDDM, even after adjustment for these variables and others.
24. Perry IJ, Wannamethee SG, Walker MK, Thomson AG, Whincup PH, Shaper AG: Prospective study of risk factors for development of non-insulin dependent diabetes in middle-aged British men. BMJ 1995, 3:560-564.
25. Hanson RL, Narayan KM, McCance DR, Pettitt DJ, Jacobsson LT, Bennett PH, Knowler WC: Rate of weight gain, weight fluctuation, and incidence of NIDDM. Diabetes 1995, 44:261-266. Weight gain was associated with an increased risk of NIDDM, independent of initial BMI.
26. Long SD, O'Brien K, MacDonald KG, Jr., Leggett-Frazier N, Swanson MS, Pories WJ, Caro JF: Weight loss in severely obese subjects prevents the progression of Impaired glucose tolerance to type II diabetes: a longitudinal interventional study. Diabetes Care 1994, 17:372-375.
27. Swinburn BA, Nyomba BL, Saad MF, Zurlo F, Raz I, Knowler WC, Lillioja S, Bogardus C, Ravussin E: Insulin resistance associated with lower rates of weight gain in Pima Indians. J Clin Invest 1991, 88:168-173. Pima Indians with higher insulin sensitivity (determined with a euglycemic clamp) had a greater tendency to gain weight than insulin-resistant subjects.
28. Valdez R, Mitchell BD, Haffner SM, Hazuda HP, Morales PA, Monterrosa A, Stem MP: Predictors of weight change in a bi-ethnic population: the San Antonio Heart Study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1994, 18:85-91.
29. Hoag S, Marshall JA, Jones RH, Hamman RF: High fasting insulin levels associated with lower rates of weight gain in persons with normal glucose tolerance: the San Luis Valley Diabetes Study. Int J Obes Metab Disord 1995, 19:175-180.
30. Helmrich SP, Ragland DR, Leung RW, Paffenbarger RS, Jr.: Physical activity and reduced occurrence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1991, 325:147-152.
31. Manson JE, Nathan DM, Krolewski AS, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Hennekens CH: A prospective study of exercise and incidence of diabetes among US male physicians. JAMA 1992, 268:63-67.
32. Manson JE, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Hennekens CH: Physical activity and Incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women. Lancet 1991, 338:774-778.
33. Gurwitz JH, Field TS, Glynn RJ, Manson JE, Avorn J, Taylor JO, Hennekens CH: Risk factors for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus requiring treatment in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 1994, 42:1235-1240.
34. Burchfiel CM, Sharp DS, Curb JD, Rodriguez BL, Hwang LJ, Marcus EB, Yano K: Physical activity and Incidence of diabetes: the Honolulu Heart Program. Am J Epidemiol 1995, 141:360-368.
35. Kujala UM, Kaprio J, Taimela S, Sama S: Prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, and ischemic heart disease in former elite athletes. Metabolism 1994, 43:1255-1260.
36. Kenny SJ, Aubert RE, Geiss LS: Prevalence and incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. In Diabetes in America. Edited by Harris MI. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; 1995:37-46.
37. Martin BC, Warram JH, Krolewski AS, Bergman RN, Soeldner JS, Kahn CR: Role of glucose and insulin resistance in development of type 2 diabetes mellitus: results in a 25-year follow-up study. Lancet 1992, 340:925-929.
38. Lebovitz HE, Banerji MA, Chaiken RL: The relationship between type II diabetes and syndrome X. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes 1995, 2:307-312. An excellent review of the relationship between diabetes mellitus and the syndrome of insulin resistance. Highlights the importance of visceral fat in producing insulin resistance.
39. Hotamisligil GS, Shargill NS, Spiegelman BM: TNF-α: a key component of obesity-diabetes link. Diabetes 1994, 43:1271-1278.
40. Hotamisligil GS, Arner P, Caro JF, Atkinson RL, Spiegelman BM: Increased adipose tissue expression of tumor necrosis factor-α in human obesity and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 1995, 95:2409-2415.
41. Felber JP, Golay A: Regulation of nutrient metabolism and energy expenditure. Metabolism 1995, 44(suppl 2):4-9.
42. Valdez R, Athens MA, Thompson GH, Bradshaw BS, Stern MP: Birthweight and adult health outcomes in a blethnic population in the USA. Diabetologia 1994, 37:624-631.
43. Allison DB, Paultre F, B HS, Pi-Sunyer FX: Is the intra-uterine period really a critical period for the development of adiposity? Int J Obesity Relat Metab Disord 1995:397-402.
44. NIH Technology Assessment Conference Panel: Methods for voluntary weight loss and control: technology assessment conference statement. Ann Intern Med 1993, 119:764-770.
45. Blair SN: Evidence for success of exercise in weight loss and control. Ann Intern Med 1993, 119:702-706.
46. Manson JE, Spelsberg A: Primary prevention of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Prev Med 1994, 10:172-184.
47. Knowler WC, Narayan KMV: Prevention of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Prev Med 1994, 23:701-703.