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Volumn 34, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 23-37

Edward Shils' beliefs about society and sociology

(1)  Orlans, Harold a  

a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 0002981842     PISSN: 00264695     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF00124198     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (10)

References (115)
  • 1
    • 0004070412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parsons, Talcott and Shils, Edward A. (eds), Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press
    • Parsons, Talcott and Shils, Edward A. (eds), Toward a General Theory of Action (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1951);
    • (1951) Toward a General Theory of Action
  • 3
    • 0346464157 scopus 로고
    • Parsons, Talcott and Shils, Edward (eds), New York: Macmillan The Free Press
    • Parsons, Talcott and Shils, Edward (eds), Theories of Society (New York: Macmillan The Free Press, 1961).
    • (1961) Theories of Society
  • 4
    • 0004130163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • "[W]e were substantially on the right track [in their joint work on the paradigm of integration in the early 1950s] . . . , however much we might have been mistaken in proceeding so deductively" (Center and Periphery, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975, p. xxxv).
    • (1975) Center and Periphery
  • 5
    • 0039953092 scopus 로고
    • Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • Observing that Parsons' "theory of action has now reached a degree of complexity which begins to approximate that of the model of the DNA molecule," he adds: "This observation, it should be obvious, says nothing about the intellectual validity of Professor Parsons' analysis of society" (The Calling of Sociology, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980, p. 84).
    • (1980) The Calling of Sociology , pp. 84
  • 6
    • 0004070412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The highly abstract nature of Parsons and Shils' analysis of social integration may be judged by these representative sentences from their discussion of "The Integration of the Social System": "The primary integration of the social system is based on an integrated system of generalized patterns of value-orientation . . . . The institutionalization of value-orientation patterns . . . constitutes, in the most general sense, the mechanism of integration for social systems. However, social integration does not require a single uniform set of value-orientations equally and universally distributed throughout the social system. Social integration may well include a whole series of subsystems of common value-orientations varying around a basic pattern. Institutionally, this brings us before the integrative problem of partial integrations . . . "(Toward a General Theory of Action, pp. 202-203).
    • Toward a General Theory of Action , pp. 202-203
  • 8
    • 0004244890 scopus 로고
    • Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • See The Constitution of Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), pp. 53-54.
    • (1982) The Constitution of Society , pp. 53-54
  • 11
    • 33750093790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century, British society... achieved a degree of moral unity equaled by no other large national state
    • "From the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century, British society . . . achieved a degree of moral unity equaled by no other large national state." Center and Periphery, p. 147.
    • Center and Periphery , pp. 147
  • 19
    • 84881578786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • However, see Center and Periphery, p. xxxv, where he states that he and Parsons proceeded deductively.
    • Center and Periphery
  • 21
    • 77958423163 scopus 로고
    • Cohesion and Disintegration in the Wehrmacht in World War II
    • Summer
    • With Morris Janowitz: "Cohesion and Disintegration in the Wehrmacht in World War II", Public Opinion Quarterly, XII (Summer 1948), pp. 280-315,
    • (1948) Public Opinion Quarterly , vol.12 , pp. 280-315
    • Janowitz, M.1
  • 22
    • 0004130163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • a study based upon interviews with and polls of German prisoners of war
    • (and Center and Periphery, pp. 345-383) a study based upon interviews with and polls of German prisoners of war;
    • Center and Periphery , pp. 345-383
  • 23
    • 33750112029 scopus 로고
    • The Meaning of the Coronation
    • an analysis of the coronation in 1953 of Elizabeth II
    • and with Michael Young, an analysis of the coronation in 1953 of Elizabeth II: "The Meaning of the Coronation", Encounter (1956),
    • (1956) Encounter
    • Young, M.1
  • 25
    • 33750125021 scopus 로고
    • Santa Monica: Rand Corporation
    • In 1941, Shils interviewed nativists and Nazi sympathisers on Chicago's North Side (apparently unpublished). With Henry V. Dicks, in 1950, he designed and organised an inquiry into the structure of the Soviet army during the Second World War, based upon interviews with deserters and war prisoners who had remained in Germany: The Soviet Army (Santa Monica: Rand Corporation, 1951).
    • (1951) The Soviet Army
  • 26
    • 0011106798 scopus 로고
    • The Hague: Mouton
    • The Intellectual Between Tradition and Modernity: The Indian Situation (The Hague: Mouton, 1961), a broad, insightful examination of the condition of Indian intellectuals, reflects extensive, thoughtful interviewing - as well as much additional thought and comparative knowledge.
    • (1961) The Intellectual between Tradition and Modernity: The Indian Situation
  • 29
    • 33750109485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 30 December, 1987, letter to the author
    • 30 December, 1987, letter to the author.
  • 31
    • 34250292948 scopus 로고
    • Social Science as Public Opinion
    • Autumn-Winter
    • "Social Science as Public Opinion", Minerva, XV (Autumn-Winter 1977), p. 284.
    • (1977) Minerva , vol.15 , pp. 284
  • 32
    • 34250292948 scopus 로고
    • Social Science as Public Opinion
    • "Social Science as Public Opinion", Minerva, XV (1977), p. 284. Ibid.
    • (1977) Minerva , vol.15 , pp. 284
  • 33
    • 33750133481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minerva, Ibid., p. 277.
    • Minerva , pp. 277
  • 34
    • 33750130331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minerva, Ibid., pp. 276-278.
    • Minerva , pp. 276-278
  • 35
    • 0004255917 scopus 로고
    • Though Shils used no names, his description of these sociologists' work is unmistakable. His comments on Robert Merton referred to the index of "an important book published recently", probably Sociological Ambivalence (1976), in which "the dissensual topics outnumber the consensual topics by a ratio of more than seven to one. Is there any reason to believe that dissensual events are seven times more numerous or seven times more important than consensual ones? It is not that the eminent sociologist believes that American society is as dissensual as his distribution of attention would suggest. It is rather that he is a sociologist and although rather an original one, the weight of tradition was too strong for his curiosity"
    • (1976) Sociological Ambivalence
  • 39
    • 0039740670 scopus 로고
    • The Modern University and Liberal Democracy
    • Winter
    • "(The Modern University and Liberal Democracy", Minerva, XXVII (Winter 1989), p. 446.
    • (1989) Minerva , vol.27 , pp. 446
  • 44
    • 0004223629 scopus 로고
    • Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • Tradition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), p. 323.
    • (1981) Tradition , pp. 323
  • 45
    • 33750094663 scopus 로고
    • A Great Citizen of the Republic of Science: Michael Polanyi, 1892-1976
    • Spring
    • "A Great Citizen of the Republic of Science: Michael Polanyi, 1892-1976", Minerva, XIV (Spring 1976), pp. 4-5.
    • (1976) Minerva , vol.14 , pp. 4-5
  • 46
    • 33750114639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minerva, Ibid., p. 5.
    • Minerva , pp. 5
  • 47
    • 34250265343 scopus 로고
    • Government and Universities in the United States
    • (the Jefferson lecture) Spring
    • "Government and Universities in the United States" (the Jefferson lecture), Minerva, XVII (Spring 1979), p. 135.
    • (1979) Minerva , vol.17 , pp. 135
  • 48
    • 33750099887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minerva, Ibid., p. 130.
    • Minerva , pp. 130
  • 49
    • 33750097486 scopus 로고
    • Autumn
    • Editorial in Minerva, I (Autumn 1962), p. 5.
    • (1962) Minerva , vol.1 , pp. 5
  • 50
    • 0004098450 scopus 로고
    • Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • The Intellectuals and the Powers (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972), p. 243.
    • (1972) The Intellectuals and the Powers , pp. 243
  • 51
    • 33750125875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 14 May, 1975, letter to the author
    • 14 May, 1975, letter to the author.
  • 52
    • 33750132013 scopus 로고
    • My Friend Edward
    • Summer
    • S.N. Eisenstadt has remarked that Shils "came to social science through literature". Joseph Epstein states that "he had read more literature than I, a literary man, every expect to read. I never mentioned a writer, no matter how minor, whose work he had not read and whose measure he had not taken". "My Friend Edward", The American Scholar, LXIV (Summer 1995), p. 376;
    • (1995) The American Scholar , vol.64 , pp. 376
  • 53
    • 33750092990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • reprinted
    • reprinted in this issue of Minerva, pp. 103-123.
    • Minerva , Issue.THIS ISSUE , pp. 103-123
  • 56
    • 33750110838 scopus 로고
    • Glencoe: Free Press; first published edited by Charles Madge
    • Glencoe: Free Press; first published in 1947 in Pilot Papers, edited by Charles Madge.
    • (1947) Pilot Papers
  • 57
    • 33750105048 scopus 로고
    • The University World Turned Upside Down
    • Autumn
    • "The University World Turned Upside Down", Minerva, XXVIII (Autumn 1990), p. 330.
    • (1990) Minerva , vol.28 , pp. 330
  • 58
    • 34249766043 scopus 로고
    • The British Universities in Tribulation
    • Summer
    • "The British Universities in Tribulation", Minerva, XXXII (Summer 1994), p. 217.
    • (1994) Minerva , vol.32 , pp. 217
  • 59
    • 33750096976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Modern University and Liberal Democracy
    • "The Modern University and Liberal Democracy", Minerva, op. cit., p. 452.
    • Minerva , pp. 452
  • 60
    • 33750098021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Although these remarks were directed especially at humanistic studies in modern languages and literatures, they were also in considerable measure applicable to the social sciences. "Sociology, anthropology and political science all have somewhat more intellectual discipline than do the present-day practice of the humanities, but they have not been resistant to the infectious spreading from the humanities and from the radical epidemic of two decades ago" (Minerva, ibid., p. 455).
    • Minerva , pp. 455
  • 61
    • 33750116682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minerva, Ibid., p. 448.
    • Minerva , pp. 448
  • 62
    • 33750098266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 14 May, 1975, letter to the author
    • 14 May, 1975, letter to the author.
  • 63
    • 33750105598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1 June, 1976, letter to the author
    • 1 June, 1976, letter to the author.
  • 67
    • 0003668372 scopus 로고
    • Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • The Academic Ethic (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), p. 3;
    • (1984) The Academic Ethic , pp. 3
  • 68
    • 0011330810 scopus 로고
    • first printed in Reports and Documents, Spring-Summer
    • first printed in Reports and Documents, Minerva, XX (Spring-Summer 1982), pp. 107-208.
    • (1982) Minerva , vol.20 , pp. 107-208
  • 69
    • 33750125310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Theory of Mass Society
    • "The Theory of Mass Society", in The Calling of Sociology, p. 412.
    • The Calling of Sociology , pp. 412
  • 71
    • 34249918035 scopus 로고
    • Reflections on Tradition, Centre and Periphery and the Universal Validity of Science: The Significance of the Life of S. Ramanujan
    • Winter
    • "Reflections on Tradition, Centre and Periphery and the Universal Validity of Science: The Significance of the Life of S. Ramanujan", Minerva, XXIX (Winter 1991), p 397.
    • (1991) Minerva , vol.29 , pp. 397
  • 73
    • 33750133768 scopus 로고
    • Governments, Foundations and the Bias of Research
    • Autumn
    • "Governments, Foundations and the Bias of Research", Minerva, XVII (Autumn 1979), p. 459.
    • (1979) Minerva , vol.17 , pp. 459
  • 77
    • 84874513024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tradition, p. 125.
    • Tradition , pp. 125
  • 79
    • 33750111769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social Science as Public Opinion
    • "Social Science as Public Opinion", The Calling of Sociology, op. cit., p. 273.
    • The Calling of Sociology , pp. 273
  • 82
    • 27144556717 scopus 로고
    • The Service of Society and the Advancement of Learning in the Twenty-First Century
    • Summer
    • "The Service of Society and the Advancement of Learning in the Twenty-First Century", Minerva, XXX (Summer 1992), p. 259.
    • (1992) Minerva , vol.30 , pp. 259
  • 83
    • 84874513024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tradition, p. 139.
    • Tradition , pp. 139
  • 97
    • 1542390969 scopus 로고
    • Social Inquiry and the Autonomy of the Individual
    • Lerner, Daniel (ed.), New York: Meridian Books
    • See Shils, Edward, "Social Inquiry and the Autonomy of the Individual", in Lerner, Daniel (ed.), The Human Meaning of the Social Sciences (New York: Meridian Books, 1959), pp. 114-157. The institutional committees which examine proposed medical and social research procedures to safeguard the rights and health of human subjects were instituted after an order in 1966 of the United States Surgeon General requiring that they be established to review Public Health Service research and training grants. The American Sociological Association adopted its first code of ethics in September 1971. At that time, the American Psychological Association was the only one of the five major social science associations (in sociology, psychology, economics, political science, and anthropology) to have both adopted a code and taken meaningful steps to enforce it.
    • (1959) The Human Meaning of the Social Sciences , pp. 114-157
    • Shils, E.1
  • 104
    • 33750113375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Joseph," he once said to Joseph Epstein, pointing to three young thugs, "note those three schlumazim"; asked what that meant, he explained, "highwaymen who, after stealing your purse, out of sheer malice slice off your testicles" ("My Friend Edward", p. 374).
    • My Friend Edward , pp. 374
  • 115
    • 33750127638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 26 May, 1991, letter to the author
    • 26 May, 1991, letter to the author.


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