Studying online social networks

Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 1997, Pages

  Garton, Laura ^a   Haythornthwaite, Caroline ^b   Wellman, Barry ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS; COMPUTER HARDWARE; COMPUTER NETWORKS; COMPUTER SOFTWARE; HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION; SOCIAL ASPECTS; SOCIAL SCIENCES; SURVEYS;

COMPUTER MEDIATED COMMUNICATIONS (CMC); SOCIAL NETWORKS;

ONLINE SYSTEMS;

EID: 0002929516     PISSN: 10836101     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1083-6101.1997.tb00062.x     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Allen, T. J. (1977).Managing the flow of technology: Technology transfer and the dissemination of technological information within the R&D organization. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.
2. Barlow, J. P., Birkets, S., Kelly, K., & Slouka, M. (1995, August). What are we doing online. Harper's, pp. 35-46.
3. Barnes, J. A. (1972). Social networks. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
4. Berkowitz, S. D. (1982). An introduction to structural analysis: The network approach to social research. Toronto: Butterworth.
5. Bernard, H. R., Killworth, P., Kronenfeld, P., & Sailer, L. (1984). The problem of informant accuracy: the validity of retrospective data. Annual Review of Anthropology, 13, 495-517.
6. Bernard, H. R., Killworth, P., & Sailer, L. (1981). Summary of research on informant accuracy in network data and the reverse small world problem. Connections, 4(2), 11-25.
7. Boissevain, J. (1974). Friends of friends: Networks, manipulators, and coalitions. Oxford.
8. Bonacich, P. (1987). Power and centrality: A family of measures. American Journal of Sociology, 92, 1170-82.
9. Boorman, S., & White, H. (1976). Social structure from multiple networks II: Role structures. American Journal of Sociology, 81, 1384-1446.
10. Borgatti, E., & Freeman, L. (1996). UCINET IV 1.64. Natick, MA: Analytic Technologies.
11. Breiger, R. (1974). The duality of persons and groups. Social Forces, 53, 181-90.
12. Burt, R. (1992). Structural holes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
13. Carley, K. (1996). Communicating new ideas: The potential impact of information and telecommunication technology. Technology in society, 18, (2), 219-230.
14. Carley, K., & Wendt, K. (1991). Electronic mail and scientific communication. Knowledge, 12(4), 406-440.
15. Christensen, A., Sullaway, M., & King, C. (1983). Systematic error in behavioral reports of dyadic interaction: Egocentric bias and content effects. Behavioral Assessment, 5, 131-142.
16. Connolly, T., & Thorn, B. K. (1990). Discretionary data bases: Theory, data and implications. In J. Fulk & C. W. Steinfield (Ed.), Organizations and communication technology (pp. 219-234). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
17. Constant, P., Kiesler, S., & Sproull, L. (1994). What's mine is ours, or is it? A study of attitudes about information sharing. Information Systems Research, 5(4), 400-421.
18. Constant, P., Sproull, L., & Kiesler, S. (1996). The kindness of strangers: The usefulness of electronic weak ties for technical advice. Organization Science, 7(2), 119-135.
19. Contractor, N. S., & Eisenberg, E. M. (1990). Communication networks and new media in organizations. In J. Fulk and C.W. Steinfield (Eds.), Organizations and communication technology (pp. 143-172). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
20. Craven, P., & Wellman, B. (1973). The network city. Sociological Inquiry, 43, 57-88.
21. Daft, R. L., & Lengel, R. H. (1986). Organizational information requirements, media richness and structural design. Management Science, 32, 554-571.
22. Danowski, J. A. (1982). Computer-mediated communication: A network based content analysis using a ebbs conference. Communication Yearbook, 6, 905-924.
23. Davis, R. H. (1981). Social network analysis - an aid in conspiracy investigations. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 50(12), 11-19.
24. Espinoza, V. (1997). Social networks among the urban poor: Inequality and integration in a Latin American city. In B. Wellman (Ed.), Networks in the global village (in press). Boulder, CO: Westwood.
25. Eveland, J. D. (1993). Uses and limitations of communication network analysis in the evaluation of CSCW applications, Third European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work. Milan, Italy.
26. Eveland, J. P., & Bikson, T. (1988). Work group structures and computer support. ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, 6, 354-79.
27. Feld, S. (1981). The focused organization of social ties. American Journal of Sociology, 86, 1015-35.
28. Feldman, M. S. (1986). Constraints on communication and electronic mail, CSCW'86.
29. Festinger, L., Schachter, S., & Back, K. (1950). Social pressures in informal groups. New York: Harper.
30. Finholt, T., & Sproull, L. S. (1990). Electronic groups at work. Organization Science, 1(1), 41-64.
31. Fish, R. S., Kraut, R. E., Root, R. W., & Rice, R. E. (1992). Evaluating video as a technology for informal communication. Paper presented at the Striking a Balance: CHI'92 Conference Proceedings, New York, NY.
32. Freeman, L. (1979). Centrality in social networks: Conceptual clarification. Social Networks, 1, 215-39.
33. Fulk, J., Schmitz, J., & Steinfield, C. (1990). A social influence model of technology use. In J. Fulk & C. Steinfield (Ed.), Organizations and communication technology (pp. 117-140). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
34. Fulk, J., Steinfield, C., Schmitz, J., & Power, J. G. (1987). A social information processing model of media use in organizations. Communication Research, 14(5), 529-552.
35. Fulk, J., & Steinfield, C. W. (Ed.). (1990). Organizations and communication technology. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
36. Furlong, M. S. (1989). An electronic community for older adults: The SeniorNet network. Journal of Communication, 39(3), 145-153.
37. Garton, L., & Wellman, B. (1995). Social impacts of electronic mail in organizations: A review of the research literature. Communication Yearbook, 18, 434-53.
38. Granovetter, M. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78, 1360-80.
39. Granovetter, M. (1974). Getting a job. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
40. Granovetter, M. (1982). The strength of weak ties: A network theory revisited. In P. Marsden & N. Lin (Ed.), Social structure and network analysis (pp. 105-130). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
41. Haythornthwaite, C. (1996a). Media use in support of communication networks in an academic research environment. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Toronto, Toronto.
42. Haythornthwaite, C. (1996b). Social network analysis: An approach and technique for the study of information exchange. Library and Information Science Research, 18, 323-342.
43. Haythornthwaite, C., & Wellman, B. (1996). Which kinds of network members communicate by email or face-to-face for what kinds of work? (pp. 45). University of Toronto: Centre for Urban and Community Studies.
44. Haythornthwaite, C., Wellman, B., & Mantei, M. (1995). Work relationships and media use: A social network analysis. Group Decision and Negotiation, 4(3), 193-211.
45. Hesse, B. W., Sproull, L. S., Kiesler, S. B., & Walsh, J. P. (1993). Returns to science: Computer networks in oceanography. Communications of the ACM, 36(8), 90-101.
46. Hiltz, S. R., & Turoff, M. (1993). The network nation. (second ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
47. Huff, C., Sproull, L., & Kiesler, S. (1989). Computer communication and organizational commitment: Tracing the relationship in a city government. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 19, 1371-1391.
48. Johnson-Lenz, P., & Johnson-Lenz, T. (1994). Groupware for a small planet. In P. Lloyd (Ed.), Groupware for the 21st century (pp. 269-285). Westport, CT: Praeger.
49. Kiesler, S., & Sproull, L. (1988). Technological and social change in organizational communication environments: Carnegie Mellon University.
50. Kiesler, S., & Sproull, L. (1992). Group decision making and communication technology. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 52, 96-123.
51. Kling, R. (1996). Social relationships in electronic forums: Hangouts, salons, workplaces and communities. In R. Kling (Ed.), Computerization and controversy: Value conflicts and social choices, 2nd Edition (pp. 426-454). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
52. Kochen, M. (Ed.). (1989). The small world. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
53. Kollock, P., & Smith, M. A. 1996. Managing the virtual commons: Cooperation and conflict in computer communities. In S. Herring (Ed.), Computer-mediated communication (pp. 109-128). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
54. Krackhardt, P., Blythe, J., & McGrath, C. (1994). KrackPlot 3.0: An improved network drawing program. Connections, 17(2), 53-55.
55. Laumann, E., Marsden, P., & Prensky, D. (1983). The boundary specification problem in network analysis. In R. Burt & M. Minor (Ed.), Applied network analysis (pp. 18-34). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
56. Lee, N. (1969). The search for an abortionist. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
57. Levine, J., & Mullins, N. (1978). Structuralist analysis of data in sociology. Connections, 7, 16-23.
58. Liebow, E. (1967). Tally's corner. Boston: Little Brown.
59. Lin, N., & Westcott, J. (1991). Marital engagement/disengagement, social networks, and mental health. In J. Eckenrode (Ed.), The social context of coping (pp. 213-37). New York: Plenum Press.
60. Markus, M. L. (1990). Toward a "critical mass" theory of interactive media. In J. Fulk & C. W. Steinfield (Ed.), Organizations and communication technology (pp. 194-218). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
61. Markus, M. L. (1994a). Electronic mail as the medium of managerial choice. Organization Science, 5(4), 502-527.
62. Markus, M. L. (1994b). Finding a happy medium: Explaining the negative impacts of electronic communication on social life at work. ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 12(2), 119-149.
63. Markus, M. L., Bikson, T., El-Shinnawy, M., & Soe, L. (1992). Fragments of your communication: E-mail, v-mail, and fax. The Information Society, 8, 207-226.
64. Marsden, P., & Campbell, K. E. (1984). Measuring tie strength. Social Forces, 63, 482-501.
65. McGrath, J. (1984). Groups: Interaction and performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
66. McGrath, J. E. (1990). Time matters in groups. In J. Galegher, R. E. Kraut, & C. Egido (Ed.), Intellectual teamwork: Social and technological foundations of cooperative work (pp. 23-61). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
67. McGrath, J. E. (1991). Time, interaction and performance (TIP): A theory of groups. Small Groups Research, 22, 147-174.
68. McPherson, J. M., & Smith-Lovin, L. (1986). Sex segregation in voluntary associations. American Sociological Review, 57(1), 61-79.
69. McPherson, J. M., & Smith-Lovin, L. (1987). Homophily in voluntary organizations. American Sociological Review, 52, 370-79.
70. Meyer, G. R. (1989). The social organization of the computer underground. Unpublished Master's Thesis, Northern Illinois University.
71. Milgram, S. (1967). The small-world problem. Psychology Today, 1, 62-67.
72. Pickering, J. M., & King, J. L. (1995). Hardwiring weak ties: Interorganizational computer-mediated communication, occupational communities, and organizational change. Organizational Science, 6(4), 479-486.
73. Pliskin, N., & Romm, C. T. (1994). Empowerment effects of electronic group communication: A case study (pp. 22). University of Wollongong: Department of Management, Faculty of Commerce.
74. Poole, M. S., & DeSanctis, G. (1990). Understanding the use of group decision support systems: The theory of adaptive structuration. In J. Fulk & C. W. Steinfield (Ed.), Organizations and communication technology (pp. 173-193). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
75. Rapoport, A. (1979). Some problems relating to randomly constructed biased networks. In P. Holland & S. Leinhardt (Ed.), Perspectives on social network research (pp. 119-136). New York: Academic Press.
76. Rheingold, H. (1993). The virtual community: Homesteading on the electronic frontier. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
77. Rice, R. (1994). Network analysis and computer-mediated communication systems. In S. Wasserman & J. Galaskiewicz (Ed.), Advances in social network analysis (pp. 167-203). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
78. Rice, R., & Associates (1984). The new media: Communication, research and technology. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
79. Rice, R., Grant, A., Schmitz, J., & Torobin, J. (1990). Individual and network influences on the adoption and perceived outcomes of electronic messaging. Social Networks, 12, 27-55.
80. Rice, R., & Love, G. (1987). Electronic emotion: Socioemotional content in a computer-mediated communication network. Communication Research, 14(1), 85-108.
81. Rice, R. E., & Danowski, J. A. (1993). Is it really just like a fancy answering machine? Comparing semantic networks of different types of voice mail users. Journal of Business Communication, 30(4), 369-397.
82. Rice, R., & Rogers, E. (1984). New methods and data for the study of new media. In R. Rice & Associates (Ed.), The new media: Communication, research, and technology (pp. 81-99). Beverly Hills: Sage.
83. Rogers, E. (1987). Progress, problems and prospects for network research: Investigating relationships in the age of electronic communication technologies. Clearwater Beach, FL: Sunbelt Social Networks Conference.
84. Romney, A. K., & Faust, K. (1982). Predicting the structure of a communications network from recalled data. Social Networks, 4, 285-304.
85. Schwartz, M. (1992, Spring). How big is the internet? Internet Society News, 3-5.
86. Schwartz, M., & Wood, D. C. M. (1993). Discovering shared interests using graph analysis. Communications of the ACM 36, 78-89.
87. Scott, J. (1991). Social network analysis. London: Sage.
88. Shulman, N. (1972). Urban social networks. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Toronto, Toronto.
89. Simmel, G. (1922). The web of group affiliations. In K. Wolff (Ed.), Conflict and the web of group affiliations (pp. 125-95). Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
90. Slouka, M. (1995). War of the worlds: Cyberspace and the high-tech assault on reality. New York: Basic Books.
91. Smith, M. A. (1997). Measuring the social structure of the Usenet. In P. Kollock & M. A. Smith (Ed.), Communities in cyberspace (in press). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
92. Sproull, L., & Faraj, S. (1995). Atheism, sex and databases: The net as social technology. In B. Kahin & J. Keller (Ed.), Public access to the Internet (pp. 62-81). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
93. Sproull, L., & Kiesler, S. (1991). Connections: New ways of working in the networked organization. Boston, MA: MIT Press.
94. Stack, C. (1974). All our kin. New York: Harper & Row.
95. Stoll, C. (1995). Silicon snake oil: Second thoughts on the information highway. New York: Doubleday.
96. Stork, P., & Richards, W. (1992). Nonrespondents in communication network studies. Group and Organization Management, 17, 193-209.
97. Trevino, L. K., Daft, R. L., & Lengel, R. H. (1990). Understanding managers' media choices: A symbolic interactionist perspective. In J. Fulk & C. W. Steinfield (Ed.), Organizations and communication technology (pp. 71-94). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
98. Valente, T. W. (1995). Network models of the diffusion of innovation. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton.
99. Van de Ven, A., Walker, G., & Liston, J. (1979). Coordination patterns within an interorganizational network. Human Relations, 32, 19-36.
100. Wasserman, S., & Faust, K. (1994). Social network analysis: Methods and applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
101. Wellman, B. (1979). The community question. American Journal of Sociology, 84, 1201-31.
102. Wellman, B. (1982). Studying personal communities. In P. Marsden & N. Lin (Ed.), Social structure and network analysis (pp. 61-80). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
103. Wellman, B. (1988a). The community question re-evaluated. In M. P. Smith (Ed.), Power, community and the city (pp. 81-107). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
104. Wellman, B. (1988b). Structural analysis: From method and metaphor to theory and substance. In B. Wellman & S. D. Berkowitz (Ed.), Social structures: A network approach (pp. 19-61). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
105. Wellman, B. (1992a). How to use SAS to study egocentric networks. Cultural Anthropology Methods, 4(2), 6-12.
106. Wellman, B. (1992b). Which types of ties and networks give what kinds of social support? Advances in Group Processes, 9, 207-235.
107. Wellman, B. (1997). An electronic group is virtually a social network. In S. Kiesler (Ed.), The culture of the internet. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
108. Wellman, B., Carrington, P., & Hall, A. (1988). Networks as personal communities. In B. Wellman & S.D. Berkowitz (Eds.), Social structures: A network approach (pp. 130-184). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
109. Wellman, B., & Gulia, M. (1997). Net surfers don't ride alone: Virtual community as community. In P. Kollock & M. Smith (Ed.), Communities in cyberspace (in press). Berkeley: University of California Press.
110. Wellman, B., & Potter, S. (1997). The elements of personal community. In B. Wellman (Ed.), Networks in the global village (in press). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
111. Wellman, B., Salaff, J., Dimitrova, D., Garton, L., Gulia, M., & Haythornthwaite, C. (1996). Computer networks as social networks: Virtual community, computer-supported cooperative work and telework. Annual Review of Sociology, 22, 213-238.
112. Wellman, B., & Wortley, S. (1990). Different strokes from different folks: Community ties and social support. American Journal of Sociology, 96, 558-88.
113. White, H. (1970). Search parameters for the small world problem. Social Forces, 49, 259-64.
114. White, H., Boorman, S., & Breiger, R. (1976). Social structure from multiple networks: I. Blockmodels of roles and positions. American Journal of Sociology, 81, 730-80.