Ecological legitimacy and cultural essentialism: Hispano grazing in the Southwest

Capitalism, Nature, Socialism

Volumn 7, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 37-58

  Pulido, Laura ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0002894763     PISSN: 10455752     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10455759609358707     Document Type: Article

References (110)

1. J. Russell Smith in A. Harper, A. Cordova, and K. Oberg, Man and Resources in the Middle Rio Grande Valley (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1943), p. 28.
2. For an excellent discussion, see, K. Zimmerer, "Social Erosion and Social (Dis)courses in Cochabamba, Bolivia: Perceiving the Nature of Environmental Degradation," Economic Geography 69, 1993.
3. A. Bebbington, H. Carrasco, L. Peralbo, G. Ramon, J. Trujillo, V. Torres, "Fragile Lands, Fragile Organizations: Indian Organizations and the Politics of Sustainability in Ecuador," Transactions of British Geographers 18, 1993; R. Bullard, Dumping in Dixie (Boulder: Westview Press, 1990); J. Friedmann and H. Rangan, In Defense of Livelihood (West Hartford: Kumarian Press, 1993); A. Gedicks, The New Resource Wars (Boston: South End Press, 1993); R. Guha, The Unquiet Woods: Ecological Change and Peasant Resistance in the Himalaya (Berkeley: University of California, 1990); R. Peet and M. Watts, "Introduction: Development Theory and Environment in an Age of Market Triumphalism," Economic Geography 69, 1993;
4. A. Bebbington, H. Carrasco, L. Peralbo, G. Ramon, J. Trujillo, V. Torres, "Fragile Lands, Fragile Organizations: Indian Organizations and the Politics of Sustainability in Ecuador," Transactions of British Geographers 18, 1993; R. Bullard, Dumping in Dixie (Boulder: Westview Press, 1990); J. Friedmann and H. Rangan, In Defense of Livelihood (West Hartford: Kumarian Press, 1993); A. Gedicks, The New Resource Wars (Boston: South End Press, 1993); R. Guha, The Unquiet Woods: Ecological Change and Peasant Resistance in the Himalaya (Berkeley: University of California, 1990); R. Peet and M. Watts, "Introduction: Development Theory and Environment in an Age of Market Triumphalism," Economic Geography 69, 1993;
5. A. Bebbington, H. Carrasco, L. Peralbo, G. Ramon, J. Trujillo, V. Torres, "Fragile Lands, Fragile Organizations: Indian Organizations and the Politics of Sustainability in Ecuador," Transactions of British Geographers 18, 1993; R. Bullard, Dumping in Dixie (Boulder: Westview Press, 1990); J. Friedmann and H. Rangan, In Defense of Livelihood (West Hartford: Kumarian Press, 1993); A. Gedicks, The New Resource Wars (Boston: South End Press, 1993); R. Guha, The Unquiet Woods: Ecological Change and Peasant Resistance in the Himalaya (Berkeley: University of California, 1990); R. Peet and M. Watts, "Introduction: Development Theory and Environment in an Age of Market Triumphalism," Economic Geography 69, 1993;
6. A. Bebbington, H. Carrasco, L. Peralbo, G. Ramon, J. Trujillo, V. Torres, "Fragile Lands, Fragile Organizations: Indian Organizations and the Politics of Sustainability in Ecuador," Transactions of British Geographers 18, 1993; R. Bullard, Dumping in Dixie (Boulder: Westview Press, 1990); J. Friedmann and H. Rangan, In Defense of Livelihood (West Hartford: Kumarian Press, 1993); A. Gedicks, The New Resource Wars (Boston: South End Press, 1993); R. Guha, The Unquiet Woods: Ecological Change and Peasant Resistance in the Himalaya (Berkeley: University of California, 1990); R. Peet and M. Watts, "Introduction: Development Theory and Environment in an Age of Market Triumphalism," Economic Geography 69, 1993;
7. A. Bebbington, H. Carrasco, L. Peralbo, G. Ramon, J. Trujillo, V. Torres, "Fragile Lands, Fragile Organizations: Indian Organizations and the Politics of Sustainability in Ecuador," Transactions of British Geographers 18, 1993; R. Bullard, Dumping in Dixie (Boulder: Westview Press, 1990); J. Friedmann and H. Rangan, In Defense of Livelihood (West Hartford: Kumarian Press, 1993); A. Gedicks, The New Resource Wars (Boston: South End Press, 1993); R. Guha, The Unquiet Woods: Ecological Change and Peasant Resistance in the Himalaya (Berkeley: University of California, 1990); R. Peet and M. Watts, "Introduction: Development Theory and Environment in an Age of Market Triumphalism," Economic Geography 69, 1993;
8. A. Bebbington, H. Carrasco, L. Peralbo, G. Ramon, J. Trujillo, V. Torres, "Fragile Lands, Fragile Organizations: Indian Organizations and the Politics of Sustainability in Ecuador," Transactions of British Geographers 18, 1993; R. Bullard, Dumping in Dixie (Boulder: Westview Press, 1990); J. Friedmann and H. Rangan, In Defense of Livelihood (West Hartford: Kumarian Press, 1993); A. Gedicks, The New Resource Wars (Boston: South End Press, 1993); R. Guha, The Unquiet Woods: Ecological Change and Peasant Resistance in the Himalaya (Berkeley: University of California, 1990); R. Peet and M. Watts, "Introduction: Development Theory and Environment in an Age of Market Triumphalism," Economic Geography 69, 1993;
9. L. Pulido, Environmentalism and Economic Justice: Two Chicano Struggles in the Southwest (Tucson: University of Arizona, 1996);
10. V. Shiva, Staying Alive: Women, Ecology, and Development (Atlantic Highlands: Zed Books, Ltd., 1989).
11. A. Bebbington, "Modernization from Below: An Alternative Indigenous Development?" Economic Geography 69, 1993, pp. 274-292.
12. For an overview of gender essentialism in nature-society relations, see, C. Nesmith and S. Radcliffe, "(Re)mapping Mother Earth: A Geographical Perspective on Environmental Feminisms," Environment and Planning: D 11, 1993, pp. 379-394.
13. For specific critiques, see J. Seager, Earth Follies (New York: Routledge, 1993);
14. R. Schroeder, "Shady Practice: Gender, and the Political Ecology of Resource Stabilization in Gambian Garden/Orchards," Economic Geography 69, 1993, pp. 349-365.
15. For general critiques and examples of strategic essentialism and cultural reification, see D. Fuss Essentially Speaking (New York: Routledge, 1989); A. Kobayashi and L. Peake, "Unnatural Discourse: 'Race' and Gender in Geography," Gender, Place and Culture 1, 1994, pp. 225-244; K. Anderson, "Constructing Geographies: 'Race', Place and the Making of Sydney's Aboriginal Redfern," J. Penrose and P. Jackson, eds., Constructions of 'Race', Place and Nation (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1994), pp. 81-99.
16. For general critiques and examples of strategic essentialism and cultural reification, see D. Fuss Essentially Speaking (New York: Routledge, 1989); A. Kobayashi and L. Peake, "Unnatural Discourse: 'Race' and Gender in Geography," Gender, Place and Culture 1, 1994, pp. 225-244; K. Anderson, "Constructing Geographies: 'Race', Place and the Making of Sydney's Aboriginal Redfern," J. Penrose and P. Jackson, eds., Constructions of 'Race', Place and Nation (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1994), pp. 81-99.
17. For general critiques and examples of strategic essentialism and cultural reification, see D. Fuss Essentially Speaking (New York: Routledge, 1989); A. Kobayashi and L. Peake, "Unnatural Discourse: 'Race' and Gender in Geography," Gender, Place and Culture 1, 1994, pp. 225-244; K. Anderson, "Constructing Geographies: 'Race', Place and the Making of Sydney's Aboriginal Redfern," J. Penrose and P. Jackson, eds., Constructions of 'Race', Place and Nation (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1994), pp. 81-99.
18. Shiva, op cit.
19. Guha, op cit.; H. Rangan, "Romancing the Environment: Popular Environmental Action in the Garhwal Himalayas," in Friedmann and Rangan, op cit.
20. Guha, op cit.; H. Rangan, "Romancing the Environment: Popular Environmental Action in the Garhwal Himalayas," in Friedmann and Rangan, op cit.
21. Guha, op cit.; H. Rangan, "Romancing the Environment: Popular Environmental Action in the Garhwal Himalayas," in Friedmann and Rangan, op cit.
22. A. Cockburn and S. Hecht, The Fate of the Forest (New York: Verso, 1989).
23. Hispanos refer to the Spanish-speaking population of northern New Mexico and southern Colorado. They are a subset of the larger Chicano population.
24. For a detailed analysis of this struggle, see D. Peña, "The Brown and the Green: Chicano and Environmental Politics in the Upper Rio Grande," CNS 3, 1992; Pulido, op cit.
25. For a detailed analysis of this struggle, see D. Peña, "The Brown and the Green: Chicano and Environmental Politics in the Upper Rio Grande," CNS 3, 1992; Pulido, op cit.
26. R. Dunbar-Ortiz, Roots of Resistance: Land Tenure in New Mexico, 1680-1980 (Los Angeles: University of California, Chicano Studies and American Indian Centers Publication, 1980).
27. Transhumance grazing is an extensive grazing system which takes advantages of changes in temperature and grasses by grazing over a range of environments over the seasons. See, D. Gomez Ibañez, "Energy, Economics and the Decline of Transhumance," Geographical Review 67, 1977. For a complete discussion of Hispano cultural ecology in the region, see J. Van Ness, "Hispanic Land Grants: Ecology and Subsistence in the Uplands of Northern New Mexico and Southern Colorado," C. Briggs and J. Van Ness, eds., Land, Water and Culture: New Perspectives on Hispanic Land Grants (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1987).
28. Transhumance grazing is an extensive grazing system which takes advantages of changes in temperature and grasses by grazing over a range of environments over the seasons. See, D. Gomez Ibañez, "Energy, Economics and the Decline of Transhumance," Geographical Review 67, 1977. For a complete discussion of Hispano cultural ecology in the region, see J. Van Ness, "Hispanic Land Grants: Ecology and Subsistence in the Uplands of Northern New Mexico and Southern Colorado," C. Briggs and J. Van Ness, eds., Land, Water and Culture: New Perspectives on Hispanic Land Grants (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1987).
29. N. Gonzalez, The Spanish Americans of New Mexico (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1969); G. Sanchez, The Forgotten People (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1940).
30. N. Gonzalez, The Spanish Americans of New Mexico (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1969); G. Sanchez, The Forgotten People (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1940).
31. D. Peña, 1991, "An American Wilderness in a Mexican Homeland," Paper presented at the Western Social Science Association, Reno, 1991; Harper, Cordova, and Oberg, op cit.
32. D. Peña, 1991, "An American Wilderness in a Mexican Homeland," Paper presented at the Western Social Science Association, Reno, 1991; Harper, Cordova, and Oberg, op cit.
33. S. Forrest, The Preservation of the Village (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1989); S. Deutsch, No Separate Refuge: Culture, Class and Gender on an Anglo-Hispanic Frontier in the American Southwest, 1880-1940 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987); R. Rosenbaum, Mexicano Resistance in the Southwest (Austin: University of Texas, 1986); P. Bell Blawis, Tijerina and the Land Grants (New York: International Publishers, 1971); R. Gardner; Grito! Reies Tijerina and the New Mexico Land Grant War of 1967 (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1970).
34. S. Forrest, The Preservation of the Village (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1989); S. Deutsch, No Separate Refuge: Culture, Class and Gender on an Anglo-Hispanic Frontier in the American Southwest, 1880-1940 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987); R. Rosenbaum, Mexicano Resistance in the Southwest (Austin: University of Texas, 1986); P. Bell Blawis, Tijerina and the Land Grants (New York: International Publishers, 1971); R. Gardner; Grito! Reies Tijerina and the New Mexico Land Grant War of 1967 (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1970).
35. S. Forrest, The Preservation of the Village (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1989); S. Deutsch, No Separate Refuge: Culture, Class and Gender on an Anglo-Hispanic Frontier in the American Southwest, 1880-1940 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987); R. Rosenbaum, Mexicano Resistance in the Southwest (Austin: University of Texas, 1986); P. Bell Blawis, Tijerina and the Land Grants (New York: International Publishers, 1971); R. Gardner; Grito! Reies Tijerina and the New Mexico Land Grant War of 1967 (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1970).
36. S. Forrest, The Preservation of the Village (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1989); S. Deutsch, No Separate Refuge: Culture, Class and Gender on an Anglo-Hispanic Frontier in the American Southwest, 1880-1940 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987); R. Rosenbaum, Mexicano Resistance in the Southwest (Austin: University of Texas, 1986); P. Bell Blawis, Tijerina and the Land Grants (New York: International Publishers, 1971); R. Gardner; Grito! Reies Tijerina and the New Mexico Land Grant War of 1967 (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1970).
37. S. Forrest, The Preservation of the Village (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1989); S. Deutsch, No Separate Refuge: Culture, Class and Gender on an Anglo-Hispanic Frontier in the American Southwest, 1880-1940 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987); R. Rosenbaum, Mexicano Resistance in the Southwest (Austin: University of Texas, 1986); P. Bell Blawis, Tijerina and the Land Grants (New York: International Publishers, 1971); R. Gardner; Grito! Reies Tijerina and the New Mexico Land Grant War of 1967 (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1970).
38. United States Census Bureau, Income in 1989 of Households, Families, and Persons by Race and Hispanic Origin, New Mexico. Summary of Social, Economic and Housing Characteristics; United States Census Bureau, Income and Poverty Status in 1989, New Mexico. Summary of Social, Economic and Housing Characteristics; Varela has calculated that 50 percent of the households in the Tierra Amarilla census district made less than $10,000 in 1990. M. Varela, Testimony of Maria Varela, Co-Director of Ganados del Valle before the U.S. Senate Committee on Energy and National Resources on Proposed Rangeland Reforms, May 14, 1994, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
39. A. Richardson, State of New Mexico Economic Development and Tourism Department, interview with author, Santa Fe, July, 1990. For historical perspectives, see M. Weigle, Hispanic Villages of Northern New Mexico: A Reprint of Volume II of the 1935 Tewa Basin Study with Supplementary Materials (Santa Fe: The Lightening Tree, 1975) and M. Works, "A Place for Things: Material Culture and Socio-Spatial Processes in Northern New Mexico," Paper presented at the Annual Meetings of the American Association of Geographers, San Diego, April 1992.
40. A. Richardson, State of New Mexico Economic Development and Tourism Department, interview with author, Santa Fe, July, 1990. For historical perspectives, see M. Weigle, Hispanic Villages of Northern New Mexico: A Reprint of Volume II of the 1935 Tewa Basin Study with Supplementary Materials (Santa Fe: The Lightening Tree, 1975) and M. Works, "A Place for Things: Material Culture and Socio-Spatial Processes in Northern New Mexico," Paper presented at the Annual Meetings of the American Association of Geographers, San Diego, April 1992.
41. A. Richardson, State of New Mexico Economic Development and Tourism Department, interview with author, Santa Fe, July, 1990. For historical perspectives, see M. Weigle, Hispanic Villages of Northern New Mexico: A Reprint of Volume II of the 1935 Tewa Basin Study with Supplementary Materials (Santa Fe: The Lightening Tree, 1975) and M. Works, "A Place for Things: Material Culture and Socio-Spatial Processes in Northern New Mexico," Paper presented at the Annual Meetings of the American Association of Geographers, San Diego, April 1992.
42. For the early roots of this pattern, see J. Bodine, "A Tri-Ethnic Trap: The Spanish-Americans in Taos," in Spanish-Speaking People in the United States, Proceedings of the 1968 Spring Meetings of the American Ethnological Society (Seattle: University of Washington, 1968);
43. S. Rodriguez, "Art, Tourism, and Race Relations in Taos: Towards a Sociology of the Art Colony," Journal of Anthropological Research 45, 1989.
44. Archdiocesan Rural Life Conference on Rural Problems of New Mexico (1947) Bioregions Archive, Hulbert Center for Southwest Studies, Colorado College, "Agricultural Studies and Agroecology File;" W. Denevan, "Livestock Numbers in Nineteenth-Century New Mexico, and the Problem of Gullying in the Southwest, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 57, 1967; W. deBuys, Enchantment and Exploitation (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1989); Division of Research, Department of Government, University of New Mexico, The Soil Conservation Problem in New Mexico (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1946); Archdiocese of Santa Fe, Proceedings; Oberg, Harper and Cordova, op cit.; Soil Conservation Service, Division of Regional Planning, Southwest region, The Sociological Survey of the Rio Grande Watershed (1936). Bioregions Archive, Hulbert Center for Southwestern Studies, Colorado College, "Environmental History File"; M. Weigle, op cit.
45. Archdiocesan Rural Life Conference on Rural Problems of New Mexico (1947) Bioregions Archive, Hulbert Center for Southwest Studies, Colorado College, "Agricultural Studies and Agroecology File;" W. Denevan, "Livestock Numbers in Nineteenth-Century New Mexico, and the Problem of Gullying in the Southwest, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 57, 1967; W. deBuys, Enchantment and Exploitation (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1989); Division of Research, Department of Government, University of New Mexico, The Soil Conservation Problem in New Mexico (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1946); Archdiocese of Santa Fe, Proceedings; Oberg, Harper and Cordova, op cit.; Soil Conservation Service, Division of Regional Planning, Southwest region, The Sociological Survey of the Rio Grande Watershed (1936). Bioregions Archive, Hulbert Center for Southwestern Studies, Colorado College, "Environmental History File"; M. Weigle, op cit.
46. Archdiocesan Rural Life Conference on Rural Problems of New Mexico (1947) Bioregions Archive, Hulbert Center for Southwest Studies, Colorado College, "Agricultural Studies and Agroecology File;" W. Denevan, "Livestock Numbers in Nineteenth-Century New Mexico, and the Problem of Gullying in the Southwest, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 57, 1967; W. deBuys, Enchantment and Exploitation (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1989); Division of Research, Department of Government, University of New Mexico, The Soil Conservation Problem in New Mexico (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1946); Archdiocese of Santa Fe, Proceedings; Oberg, Harper and Cordova, op cit.; Soil Conservation Service, Division of Regional Planning, Southwest region, The Sociological Survey of the Rio Grande Watershed (1936). Bioregions Archive, Hulbert Center for Southwestern Studies, Colorado College, "Environmental History File"; M. Weigle, op cit.
47. Archdiocesan Rural Life Conference on Rural Problems of New Mexico (1947) Bioregions Archive, Hulbert Center for Southwest Studies, Colorado College, "Agricultural Studies and Agroecology File;" W. Denevan, "Livestock Numbers in Nineteenth-Century New Mexico, and the Problem of Gullying in the Southwest, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 57, 1967; W. deBuys, Enchantment and Exploitation (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1989); Division of Research, Department of Government, University of New Mexico, The Soil Conservation Problem in New Mexico (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1946); Archdiocese of Santa Fe, Proceedings; Oberg, Harper and Cordova, op cit.; Soil Conservation Service, Division of Regional Planning, Southwest region, The Sociological Survey of the Rio Grande Watershed (1936). Bioregions Archive, Hulbert Center for Southwestern Studies, Colorado College, "Environmental History File"; M. Weigle, op cit.
48. Archdiocesan Rural Life Conference on Rural Problems of New Mexico (1947) Bioregions Archive, Hulbert Center for Southwest Studies, Colorado College, "Agricultural Studies and Agroecology File;" W. Denevan, "Livestock Numbers in Nineteenth-Century New Mexico, and the Problem of Gullying in the Southwest, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 57, 1967; W. deBuys, Enchantment and Exploitation (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1989); Division of Research, Department of Government, University of New Mexico, The Soil Conservation Problem in New Mexico (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1946); Archdiocese of Santa Fe, Proceedings; Oberg, Harper and Cordova, op cit.; Soil Conservation Service, Division of Regional Planning, Southwest region, The Sociological Survey of the Rio Grande Watershed (1936). Bioregions Archive, Hulbert Center for Southwestern Studies, Colorado College, "Environmental History File"; M. Weigle, op cit.
49. Archdiocesan Rural Life Conference on Rural Problems of New Mexico (1947) Bioregions Archive, Hulbert Center for Southwest Studies, Colorado College, "Agricultural Studies and Agroecology File;" W. Denevan, "Livestock Numbers in Nineteenth-Century New Mexico, and the Problem of Gullying in the Southwest, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 57, 1967; W. deBuys, Enchantment and Exploitation (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1989); Division of Research, Department of Government, University of New Mexico, The Soil Conservation Problem in New Mexico (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1946); Archdiocese of Santa Fe, Proceedings; Oberg, Harper and Cordova, op cit.; Soil Conservation Service, Division of Regional Planning, Southwest region, The Sociological Survey of the Rio Grande Watershed (1936). Bioregions Archive, Hulbert Center for Southwestern Studies, Colorado College, "Environmental History File"; M. Weigle, op cit.
50. Archdiocesan Rural Life Conference on Rural Problems of New Mexico (1947) Bioregions Archive, Hulbert Center for Southwest Studies, Colorado College, "Agricultural Studies and Agroecology File;" W. Denevan, "Livestock Numbers in Nineteenth-Century New Mexico, and the Problem of Gullying in the Southwest, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 57, 1967; W. deBuys, Enchantment and Exploitation (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1989); Division of Research, Department of Government, University of New Mexico, The Soil Conservation Problem in New Mexico (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1946); Archdiocese of Santa Fe, Proceedings; Oberg, Harper and Cordova, op cit.; Soil Conservation Service, Division of Regional Planning, Southwest region, The Sociological Survey of the Rio Grande Watershed (1936). Bioregions Archive, Hulbert Center for Southwestern Studies, Colorado College, "Environmental History File"; M. Weigle, op cit.
51. Archdiocesan Rural Life Conference on Rural Problems of New Mexico (1947) Bioregions Archive, Hulbert Center for Southwest Studies, Colorado College, "Agricultural Studies and Agroecology File;" W. Denevan, "Livestock Numbers in Nineteenth-Century New Mexico, and the Problem of Gullying in the Southwest, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 57, 1967; W. deBuys, Enchantment and Exploitation (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1989); Division of Research, Department of Government, University of New Mexico, The Soil Conservation Problem in New Mexico (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1946); Archdiocese of Santa Fe, Proceedings; Oberg, Harper and Cordova, op cit.; Soil Conservation Service, Division of Regional Planning, Southwest region, The Sociological Survey of the Rio Grande Watershed (1936). Bioregions Archive, Hulbert Center for Southwestern Studies, Colorado College, "Environmental History File"; M. Weigle, op cit.
52. K. Weber, "Necessary but Insufficient: Land, Water, and Economic Development in Hispanic Southern Colorado," The Journal of Ethnic Studies 19, 1991.
53. Torres, op cit.;
54. Richardson, op cit.
55. G. Libecap and G. Alter, "Agricultural Productivity, Partible Inheritance and the Demographic Response to Rural Poverty: An Examination of the Spanish Southwest," Explorations in Economic History 19, 1982;
56. W. Scott, "Spanish Land-Grant Problems Were Here Before the Anglos," New Mexico Business 20, 1967.
57. L. Redman, "Soil Conservation and its Relation to the Community and the Family,"
58. in Archdiocese of Santa Fe, op cit., pp. 17-18. Italic added.
59. P-W. Cockerill, "Rural Economic Problems in Low Income Areas in New Mexico," in ibid., pp. 5-6. Italic added.
60. A. Carlson, The Spanish-American Homeland: Four Centuries in New Mexico's Rio Arriba (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1990), p. 110.
61. T. Jervis, Audubon Society, Interview with author (Los Alamos: July, 1990).
62. Northern Rio Grande Resource Conservation and Development Project, "Amendment of the Northern Rio Grande Resource Conservation and Development Project Action Plan," 1969, p. 10.
63. Bioregions Archive, Hulbert Center for Southwest Studies, Colorado College, "Environmental History File." Italic added.
64. 27deBuys, op cit., p. 297.
65. I do not mean to imply that this is the intention of such actors, but I do argue that this is one result.
66. L. Thrupp, "Political Ecology of Sustainable Rural Development: Dynamics of Social and Natural Resource Degradation," in P. Allen, ed., Food for the Future: Conditions and Contradictions of Sustainability (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1993); M. Watts, Silent Violence (Berkeley: University of California, 1983); A. Wright, The Death of Ramon Gonzalez (Austin: University of Texas, 1992).
67. L. Thrupp, "Political Ecology of Sustainable Rural Development: Dynamics of Social and Natural Resource Degradation," in P. Allen, ed., Food for the Future: Conditions and Contradictions of Sustainability (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1993); M. Watts, Silent Violence (Berkeley: University of California, 1983); A. Wright, The Death of Ramon Gonzalez (Austin: University of Texas, 1992).
68. L. Thrupp, "Political Ecology of Sustainable Rural Development: Dynamics of Social and Natural Resource Degradation," in P. Allen, ed., Food for the Future: Conditions and Contradictions of Sustainability (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1993); M. Watts, Silent Violence (Berkeley: University of California, 1983); A. Wright, The Death of Ramon Gonzalez (Austin: University of Texas, 1992).
69. Van Ness, op cit.; Eastman, Carruthers, and Liefer, op cit.; Harper, Cordova and Oberg, op cit. This practice is common throughout the political ecology literature. Ashish Kothari notes, "...poverty or the lack of adequate economic opportunities often force people to degrade their own environment: for instance, firewood collection is a serious threat to forests in some places. What needs to be understood, however, is the genesis of this situation: more often than not, it lies in state policies which deprive the poor of their meager resources, and do not provide adequate alternative avenues for economic and social security" (J. Martínez Alier, "Ecological Struggles in India: Interview with Ashish Kothari," CNS 4, 1993, p. 113).
70. Van Ness, op cit.; Eastman, Carruthers, and Liefer, op cit.; Harper, Cordova and Oberg, op cit. This practice is common throughout the political ecology literature. Ashish Kothari notes, "...poverty or the lack of adequate economic opportunities often force people to degrade their own environment: for instance, firewood collection is a serious threat to forests in some places. What needs to be understood, however, is the genesis of this situation: more often than not, it lies in state policies which deprive the poor of their meager resources, and do not provide adequate alternative avenues for economic and social security" (J. Martínez Alier, "Ecological Struggles in India: Interview with Ashish Kothari," CNS 4, 1993, p. 113).
71. Van Ness, op cit.; Eastman, Carruthers, and Liefer, op cit.; Harper, Cordova and Oberg, op cit. This practice is common throughout the political ecology literature. Ashish Kothari notes, "...poverty or the lack of adequate economic opportunities often force people to degrade their own environment: for instance, firewood collection is a serious threat to forests in some places. What needs to be understood, however, is the genesis of this situation: more often than not, it lies in state policies which deprive the poor of their meager resources, and do not provide adequate alternative avenues for economic and social security" (J. Martínez Alier, "Ecological Struggles in India: Interview with Ashish Kothari," CNS 4, 1993, p. 113).
72. Van Ness, op cit.; Eastman, Carruthers, and Liefer, op cit.; Harper, Cordova and Oberg, op cit. This practice is common throughout the political ecology literature. Ashish Kothari notes, "...poverty or the lack of adequate economic opportunities often force people to degrade their own environment: for instance, firewood collection is a serious threat to forests in some places. What needs to be understood, however, is the genesis of this situation: more often than not, it lies in state policies which deprive the poor of their meager resources, and do not provide adequate alternative avenues for economic and social security" (J. Martínez Alier, "Ecological Struggles in India: Interview with Ashish Kothari," CNS 4, 1993, p. 113).
73. S. Bobrow, The Community Land Trust: A Strategy for Ganados del Valle to Acquire and Secure Land for Agro-Pastoral Development. Masters for Community and Regional Planning Rural Development Concentration. University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 1992. Italic added. See also, C. Eastman and J. Gray, Community Crazing: Practice and Potential in New Mexico (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1987).
74. S. Bobrow, The Community Land Trust: A Strategy for Ganados del Valle to Acquire and Secure Land for Agro-Pastoral Development. Masters for Community and Regional Planning Rural Development Concentration. University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 1992. Italic added. See also, C. Eastman and J. Gray, Community Crazing: Practice and Potential in New Mexico (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1987).
75. Peña, 1991, op cit., p. 3.
76. Van Ness, op cit., p. 194.
77. M. Stoller, "La Tierra y la Merced," R. Teeuwen, ed., La Cultura Constante de San Luis (San Luis, CO: The San Luis Museum Cultural and Commercial Center, 1985), p. 13.
78. For a more nuanced discussion of the complexities and transgressions of Hispano resource management, see D. Peña, "Pasture Poachers, Water Hogs, and Ridge Runners: Archetypes in the Site Ethnography of Local Environmental Conflicts," Paper presented at the 36th Annual Conference of the Western Social Science Association, Albuquerque, New Mexico, April 1994.
79. S. Martinez, Ganados del Valle, Interview with author (Los Ojos: August 1991).
80. For the full history of Ganados and its connection to previous resistance struggles, see Peña, 1992, op cit.; Pulido, 1996, Chapter 4, op cit.
81. For the full history of Ganados and its connection to previous resistance struggles, see Peña, 1992, op cit.; Pulido, 1996, Chapter 4, op cit.
82. P. Torres, Rio Arriba County Extension. Interview with author (Española, August 1990); P. Kutsche and J. Van Ness, Cañones: Values. Crisis and Survival in a Northern New Mexico Village (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1981), p. 45.
83. Only 28 percent of the county is privately owned. Over 50 percent is held by the U.S. Forest Service in the Carson and Santa Fe National Forests, both of which have been reducing their stocking rates. It is important to realize that, in order to qualify for a USFS permit, "base land" is required, which Ganados does not own. Another 17 percent of the county is owned by the Jicarilla Apache, who have in the past entered into leases with Ganados. Although the . WMAs constitute only 2 percent of the county, this obscures the fact that they comprise 20 percent of the rangeland in the Chama area.
84. New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, Bill Humphries Wildlife Management Plan (Santa Fe: NMDGF, 1984); Rio Chama Fish and Wildlife Area Management Plan (Santa Fe: NMDGF, 1984); Edward Sargent Fish and Wildlife Area Management Plan (Santa Fe: NMDGF, 1980).
85. New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, Bill Humphries Wildlife Management Plan (Santa Fe: NMDGF, 1984); Rio Chama Fish and Wildlife Area Management Plan (Santa Fe: NMDGF, 1984); Edward Sargent Fish and Wildlife Area Management Plan (Santa Fe: NMDGF, 1980).
86. New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, Bill Humphries Wildlife Management Plan (Santa Fe: NMDGF, 1984); Rio Chama Fish and Wildlife Area Management Plan (Santa Fe: NMDGF, 1984); Edward Sargent Fish and Wildlife Area Management Plan (Santa Fe: NMDGF, 1980).
87. Ganados drew heavily on Savory's Holistic Resource Management in formulating their proposal (A. Savory, Holistic Resource Management [Covelo, CA: Island Press, 1988]).
88. The Nature Conservancy, Audubon Society, National Wildlife Federation, and Sierra Club individual members.
89. W. Evans, New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, interview with author (Santa Fe: July 1990).
90. This was an initiative associated with Reies Lopez Tijerina and la alianza, See Blawis, op cit.;
91. and Gardner, op cit.
92. La Frontera proposal in M. Varela, "Ganados Wins Sierra Club Foundation Settlement," Noticias Nuevas de Ganados del Valle Spring and Summer, 1995, p.1.
93. S. Rodriguez, "Land, Water, and Ethnic Identity in Taos," in Briggs and Van Ness, eds., op cit.
94. S. Rodriguez, "Land, Water, and Ethnic Identity in Taos," in Briggs and Van Ness, eds., op cit.
95. M. Valdez, interview with D. Peña (San Luis, CO: September 1990). Bioregions Archive, Hulbert Center for Southwestern Studies, Colorado College, "Oral Histories Collection."
96. Ganados del Valle, "The Grazing Proposal and the Issues," Mimeo (Los Ojos: Ganados del Valle, nd).
97. M. Morales, Canjilon resident. Interview with author (Canjilon: August, 1990).
98. T. Atencio, "Cultural Philosophy: A Common Sense Perspective," Upper Rio Grande Waters: Strategies. A Conference on Traditional Water Use, The Upper Rio Grande Working Group (Santa Fe, October, 1987), p. 11.
99. M. Stoller, op cit.,
100. M. Varela, Testimony of Maria Varela Before U.S. Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources on Proposed Rangelands Reforms, Albuquerque, May 14, 1994.
101. K. Cassutt, Sierra Club member. Interview with author (Santa Fe: July, 1990).
102. Peña, 1994, op cit.; Pena, 1991, op cit.; R. MacCameron, "Environmental Change in Colonial New Mexico," Environmental History Review 18, 1994.
103. Peña, 1994, op cit.; Pena, 1991, op cit.; R. MacCameron, "Environmental Change in Colonial New Mexico," Environmental History Review 18, 1994.
104. Peña, 1994, op cit.; Pena, 1991, op cit.; R. MacCameron, "Environmental Change in Colonial New Mexico," Environmental History Review 18, 1994.
105. Peña, 1991, op cit.;
106. Atencio, 1987, op cit.
107. L. Taylor, "The Importance of Cross-Cultural Communication between Environmentalists and Land-Based People," The Workbook 13, 1988. One could also question the way "land-based people" and "environmentalists" are posed as mutually exclusive categories.
108. E. Daggett, Chama, New Mexico: Recreation Center, Its History, industries, Recreations (Albuquerque: Starline Corporation, 1973), p. 42.
109. Bebbington, op cit., 1993.
110. For an interesting example, see H. Rangan, in Friedmann and Rangan, eds., op cit., pp. 155-181.