Frank Lamson-Scribner and American plant pathology, 1885-1888

Agricultural History

Volumn 70, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 33-56

  Peterson Jr , Paul D ^a   Griffith, Clay S ^a   Campbell, C Lee ^a  

^a NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0002852037     PISSN: 00021482     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. For a general overview of the effect of specialized and intensive agriculture on the severity of plant disease, see Gail L. Schumann, Plant Diseases: Their Biology and Social Impact (St. Paul, Minn.: APS Press, 1991).
2. William A. Setchell, William Gilson Farlow, 1844-1919, Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 21 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1927), 1-22; Richard A. Overfield, Science with Practice: Charles E. Bessey and the Maturing of American Botany (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1993); Dean A. Glawe, "Thomas J. Burrill, Pioneer in Plant Pathology," Annual Review of Phytopathology, vol. 30 (Palo Alto, Calif.: Annual Reviews, 1992), 17-24 . For a discussion of the germ theory of disease with respect to plants, see Andrew D. Rodgers, III, Erwin Frink Smith: A Story of North American Plant Pathology, Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 31 (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1952), 51, 64-66; E. C Large, The Advance of the Fungi (New York: H. Holt, 1940; reprint, New York: Dover Publications, 1962), 63-65, 93-94, 96-103, 131-36; G. C Ainsworth, Introduction to the History of Plant Pathology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 34-38. On the transferral of "New Botany" to America, see Andrew D. Rodgers, III, American Botany: 1873-1392; Decades of Transition (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1944), 198-250.
3. William A. Setchell, William Gilson Farlow, 1844-1919, Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 21 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1927), 1-22; Richard A. Overfield, Science with Practice: Charles E. Bessey and the Maturing of American Botany (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1993); Dean A. Glawe, "Thomas J. Burrill, Pioneer in Plant Pathology," Annual Review of Phytopathology, vol. 30 (Palo Alto, Calif.: Annual Reviews, 1992), 17-24 . For a discussion of the germ theory of disease with respect to plants, see Andrew D. Rodgers, III, Erwin Frink Smith: A Story of North American Plant Pathology, Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 31 (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1952), 51, 64-66; E. C Large, The Advance of the Fungi (New York: H. Holt, 1940; reprint, New York: Dover Publications, 1962), 63-65, 93-94, 96-103, 131-36; G. C Ainsworth, Introduction to the History of Plant Pathology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 34-38. On the transferral of "New Botany" to America, see Andrew D. Rodgers, III, American Botany: 1873-1392; Decades of Transition (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1944), 198-250.
4. William A. Setchell, William Gilson Farlow, 1844-1919, Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 21 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1927), 1-22; Richard A. Overfield, Science with Practice: Charles E. Bessey and the Maturing of American Botany (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1993); Dean A. Glawe, "Thomas J. Burrill, Pioneer in Plant Pathology," Annual Review of Phytopathology, vol. 30 (Palo Alto, Calif.: Annual Reviews, 1992), 17-24 . For a discussion of the germ theory of disease with respect to plants, see Andrew D. Rodgers, III, Erwin Frink Smith: A Story of North American Plant Pathology, Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 31 (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1952), 51, 64-66; E. C Large, The Advance of the Fungi (New York: H. Holt, 1940; reprint, New York: Dover Publications, 1962), 63-65, 93-94, 96-103, 131-36; G. C Ainsworth, Introduction to the History of Plant Pathology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 34-38. On the transferral of "New Botany" to America, see Andrew D. Rodgers, III, American Botany: 1873-1392; Decades of Transition (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1944), 198-250.
5. William A. Setchell, William Gilson Farlow, 1844-1919, Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 21 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1927), 1-22; Richard A. Overfield, Science with Practice: Charles E. Bessey and the Maturing of American Botany (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1993); Dean A. Glawe, "Thomas J. Burrill, Pioneer in Plant Pathology," Annual Review of Phytopathology, vol. 30 (Palo Alto, Calif.: Annual Reviews, 1992), 17-24 . For a discussion of the germ theory of disease with respect to plants, see Andrew D. Rodgers, III, Erwin Frink Smith: A Story of North American Plant Pathology, Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 31 (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1952), 51, 64-66; E. C Large, The Advance of the Fungi (New York: H. Holt, 1940; reprint, New York: Dover Publications, 1962), 63-65, 93-94, 96-103, 131-36; G. C Ainsworth, Introduction to the History of Plant Pathology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 34-38. On the transferral of "New Botany" to America, see Andrew D. Rodgers, III, American Botany: 1873-1392; Decades of Transition (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1944), 198-250.
6. William A. Setchell, William Gilson Farlow, 1844-1919, Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 21 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1927), 1-22; Richard A. Overfield, Science with Practice: Charles E. Bessey and the Maturing of American Botany (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1993); Dean A. Glawe, "Thomas J. Burrill, Pioneer in Plant Pathology," Annual Review of Phytopathology, vol. 30 (Palo Alto, Calif.: Annual Reviews, 1992), 17-24 . For a discussion of the germ theory of disease with respect to plants, see Andrew D. Rodgers, III, Erwin Frink Smith: A Story of North American Plant Pathology, Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 31 (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1952), 51, 64-66; E. C Large, The Advance of the Fungi (New York: H. Holt, 1940; reprint, New York: Dover Publications, 1962), 63-65, 93-94, 96-103, 131-36; G. C Ainsworth, Introduction to the History of Plant Pathology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 34-38. On the transferral of "New Botany" to America, see Andrew D. Rodgers, III, American Botany: 1873-1392; Decades of Transition (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1944), 198-250.
7. William A. Setchell, William Gilson Farlow, 1844-1919, Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 21 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1927), 1-22; Richard A. Overfield, Science with Practice: Charles E. Bessey and the Maturing of American Botany (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1993); Dean A. Glawe, "Thomas J. Burrill, Pioneer in Plant Pathology," Annual Review of Phytopathology, vol. 30 (Palo Alto, Calif.: Annual Reviews, 1992), 17-24 . For a discussion of the germ theory of disease with respect to plants, see Andrew D. Rodgers, III, Erwin Frink Smith: A Story of North American Plant Pathology, Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 31 (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1952), 51, 64-66; E. C Large, The Advance of the Fungi (New York: H. Holt, 1940; reprint, New York: Dover Publications, 1962), 63-65, 93-94, 96-103, 131-36; G. C Ainsworth, Introduction to the History of Plant Pathology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 34-38. On the transferral of "New Botany" to America, see Andrew D. Rodgers, III, American Botany: 1873-1392; Decades of Transition (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1944), 198-250.
8. William A. Setchell, William Gilson Farlow, 1844-1919, Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 21 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1927), 1-22; Richard A. Overfield, Science with Practice: Charles E. Bessey and the Maturing of American Botany (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1993); Dean A. Glawe, "Thomas J. Burrill, Pioneer in Plant Pathology," Annual Review of Phytopathology, vol. 30 (Palo Alto, Calif.: Annual Reviews, 1992), 17-24 . For a discussion of the germ theory of disease with respect to plants, see Andrew D. Rodgers, III, Erwin Frink Smith: A Story of North American Plant Pathology, Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 31 (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1952), 51, 64-66; E. C Large, The Advance of the Fungi (New York: H. Holt, 1940; reprint, New York: Dover Publications, 1962), 63-65, 93-94, 96-103, 131-36; G. C Ainsworth, Introduction to the History of Plant Pathology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 34-38. On the transferral of "New Botany" to America, see Andrew D. Rodgers, III, American Botany: 1873-1392; Decades of Transition (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1944), 198-250.
9. Paul D. Peterson, Jr., C. Lee Campbell, and Clay S. Griffith, "James E. Teschemacher and the Cause and Management of Potato Blight in the United States," Plant Disease 76 (July 1992): 754-56. On the limitations of agricultural science, see A. Hunter Dupree, Science in the Federal Government: A History of Policies and Activities to 1940 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, Belknap Press, 1957), 111-12; Margaret W. Rossiter, The Emergence of Agricultural Science: Justis Liebig and the Americans, 1840-1880, Yale Studies in the History of Science and Medicine, vol. 9 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975); Robert V. Bruce, The Launching of Modern American Science, 1846-1876 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987), 145-48. Thomas Taylor's contributions are discussed in J. Kenneth Grace, "The Role of Thomas Taylor in the History of American Phytopathology," Annual Review of Phytopathology, vol. 26 (Palo Alto, Calif.: Annual Reviews, 1988), 25-28.
10. Paul D. Peterson, Jr., C. Lee Campbell, and Clay S. Griffith, "James E. Teschemacher and the Cause and Management of Potato Blight in the United States," Plant Disease 76 (July 1992): 754-56. On the limitations of agricultural science, see A. Hunter Dupree, Science in the Federal Government: A History of Policies and Activities to 1940 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, Belknap Press, 1957), 111-12; Margaret W. Rossiter, The Emergence of Agricultural Science: Justis Liebig and the Americans, 1840-1880, Yale Studies in the History of Science and Medicine, vol. 9 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975); Robert V. Bruce, The Launching of Modern American Science, 1846-1876 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987), 145-48. Thomas Taylor's contributions are discussed in J. Kenneth Grace, "The Role of Thomas Taylor in the History of American Phytopathology," Annual Review of Phytopathology, vol. 26 (Palo Alto, Calif.: Annual Reviews, 1988), 25-28.
11. Paul D. Peterson, Jr., C. Lee Campbell, and Clay S. Griffith, "James E. Teschemacher and the Cause and Management of Potato Blight in the United States," Plant Disease 76 (July 1992): 754-56. On the limitations of agricultural science, see A. Hunter Dupree, Science in the Federal Government: A History of Policies and Activities to 1940 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, Belknap Press, 1957), 111-12; Margaret W. Rossiter, The Emergence of Agricultural Science: Justis Liebig and the Americans, 1840-1880, Yale Studies in the History of Science and Medicine, vol. 9 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975); Robert V. Bruce, The Launching of Modern American Science, 1846-1876 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987), 145-48. Thomas Taylor's contributions are discussed in J. Kenneth Grace, "The Role of Thomas Taylor in the History of American Phytopathology," Annual Review of Phytopathology, vol. 26 (Palo Alto, Calif.: Annual Reviews, 1988), 25-28.
12. Paul D. Peterson, Jr., C. Lee Campbell, and Clay S. Griffith, "James E. Teschemacher and the Cause and Management of Potato Blight in the United States," Plant Disease 76 (July 1992): 754-56. On the limitations of agricultural science, see A. Hunter Dupree, Science in the Federal Government: A History of Policies and Activities to 1940 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, Belknap Press, 1957), 111-12; Margaret W. Rossiter, The Emergence of Agricultural Science: Justis Liebig and the Americans, 1840-1880, Yale Studies in the History of Science and Medicine, vol. 9 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975); Robert V. Bruce, The Launching of Modern American Science, 1846-1876 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987), 145-48. Thomas Taylor's contributions are discussed in J. Kenneth Grace, "The Role of Thomas Taylor in the History of American Phytopathology," Annual Review of Phytopathology, vol. 26 (Palo Alto, Calif.: Annual Reviews, 1988), 25-28.
13. Paul D. Peterson, Jr., C. Lee Campbell, and Clay S. Griffith, "James E. Teschemacher and the Cause and Management of Potato Blight in the United States," Plant Disease 76 (July 1992): 754-56. On the limitations of agricultural science, see A. Hunter Dupree, Science in the Federal Government: A History of Policies and Activities to 1940 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, Belknap Press, 1957), 111-12; Margaret W. Rossiter, The Emergence of Agricultural Science: Justis Liebig and the Americans, 1840-1880, Yale Studies in the History of Science and Medicine, vol. 9 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975); Robert V. Bruce, The Launching of Modern American Science, 1846-1876 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987), 145-48. Thomas Taylor's contributions are discussed in J. Kenneth Grace, "The Role of Thomas Taylor in the History of American Phytopathology," Annual Review of Phytopathology, vol. 26 (Palo Alto, Calif.: Annual Reviews, 1988), 25-28.
14. Clay S. Griffith, Paul D. Peterson, Jr., and C Lee Campbell, "The Origins of Plant Disease Research in the United States Department of Agriculture," Plant Disease 78 (March 1994): 318-19. For a discussion of USDA entomology and animal science see Alfred C. True, "A History of Agricultural Experimentation and Research in the United States, 1607-1925, including a History of the United States Department of Agriculture," USDA, Miscellaneous Publication no. 251 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1937), 54; T. Swann Harding, Two Blades of Grass: A History of Scientific Development in the U.S. Department of Agriculture (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1947), 148-50. Memorial quote is from J. C. Arthur et al., "First Report of the Committee on the Encouragement of Researches on the Health and Diseases of Plants," Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Thirty-Fourth Meeting, August, 1885 (Salem, Mass.: Permanent Secretary, 1886), 38. For Colman's outlook on science, see Alan I Marcus, Agricultural Science and the Quest for Legitimacy: Farmers, Agricultural Colleges, and Experiment Stations, 1870-1890 (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1985), 191.
15. Clay S. Griffith, Paul D. Peterson, Jr., and C Lee Campbell, "The Origins of Plant Disease Research in the United States Department of Agriculture," Plant Disease 78 (March 1994): 318-19. For a discussion of USDA entomology and animal science see Alfred C. True, "A History of Agricultural Experimentation and Research in the United States, 1607-1925, including a History of the United States Department of Agriculture," USDA, Miscellaneous Publication no. 251 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1937), 54; T. Swann Harding, Two Blades of Grass: A History of Scientific Development in the U.S. Department of Agriculture (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1947), 148-50. Memorial quote is from J. C. Arthur et al., "First Report of the Committee on the Encouragement of Researches on the Health and Diseases of Plants," Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Thirty-Fourth Meeting, August, 1885 (Salem, Mass.: Permanent Secretary, 1886), 38. For Colman's outlook on science, see Alan I Marcus, Agricultural Science and the Quest for Legitimacy: Farmers, Agricultural Colleges, and Experiment Stations, 1870-1890 (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1985), 191.
16. Clay S. Griffith, Paul D. Peterson, Jr., and C Lee Campbell, "The Origins of Plant Disease Research in the United States Department of Agriculture," Plant Disease 78 (March 1994): 318-19. For a discussion of USDA entomology and animal science see Alfred C. True, "A History of Agricultural Experimentation and Research in the United States, 1607-1925, including a History of the United States Department of Agriculture," USDA, Miscellaneous Publication no. 251 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1937), 54; T. Swann Harding, Two Blades of Grass: A History of Scientific Development in the U.S. Department of Agriculture (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1947), 148-50. Memorial quote is from J. C. Arthur et al., "First Report of the Committee on the Encouragement of Researches on the Health and Diseases of Plants," Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Thirty-Fourth Meeting, August, 1885 (Salem, Mass.: Permanent Secretary, 1886), 38. For Colman's outlook on science, see Alan I Marcus, Agricultural Science and the Quest for Legitimacy: Farmers, Agricultural Colleges, and Experiment Stations, 1870-1890 (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1985), 191.
17. Clay S. Griffith, Paul D. Peterson, Jr., and C Lee Campbell, "The Origins of Plant Disease Research in the United States Department of Agriculture," Plant Disease 78 (March 1994): 318-19. For a discussion of USDA entomology and animal science see Alfred C. True, "A History of Agricultural Experimentation and Research in the United States, 1607-1925, including a History of the United States Department of Agriculture," USDA, Miscellaneous Publication no. 251 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1937), 54; T. Swann Harding, Two Blades of Grass: A History of Scientific Development in the U.S. Department of Agriculture (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1947), 148-50. Memorial quote is from J. C. Arthur et al., "First Report of the Committee on the Encouragement of Researches on the Health and Diseases of Plants," Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Thirty-Fourth Meeting, August, 1885 (Salem, Mass.: Permanent Secretary, 1886), 38. For Colman's outlook on science, see Alan I Marcus, Agricultural Science and the Quest for Legitimacy: Farmers, Agricultural Colleges, and Experiment Stations, 1870-1890 (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1985), 191.
18. Clay S. Griffith, Paul D. Peterson, Jr., and C Lee Campbell, "The Origins of Plant Disease Research in the United States Department of Agriculture," Plant Disease 78 (March 1994): 318-19. For a discussion of USDA entomology and animal science see Alfred C. True, "A History of Agricultural Experimentation and Research in the United States, 1607-1925, including a History of the United States Department of Agriculture," USDA, Miscellaneous Publication no. 251 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1937), 54; T. Swann Harding, Two Blades of Grass: A History of Scientific Development in the U.S. Department of Agriculture (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1947), 148-50. Memorial quote is from J. C. Arthur et al., "First Report of the Committee on the Encouragement of Researches on the Health and Diseases of Plants," Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Thirty-Fourth Meeting, August, 1885 (Salem, Mass.: Permanent Secretary, 1886), 38. For Colman's outlook on science, see Alan I Marcus, Agricultural Science and the Quest for Legitimacy: Farmers, Agricultural Colleges, and Experiment Stations, 1870-1890 (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1985), 191.
19. James H. Hilty, "The University's Pioneering Botanist: Frank Lamson-Scribner," Context [University of Tennessee, Knoxville] 12 (1995): 14-15.
20. Griffith, "The Origins of Plant Disease Research," 320; Frank Lamson-Scribner, "Report of the Botanist: Fungous Diseases of Plants," Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, 1885 (Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office, 1885), 76-88.
21. Griffith, "The Origins of Plant Disease Research," 320; Frank Lamson-Scribner, "Report of the Botanist: Fungous Diseases of Plants," Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, 1885 (Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office, 1885), 76-88.
22. Griffith, "The Origins of Plant Disease Research," 320-21; Scribner to W. J. Beal, 1886, Letters Sent, 1885-4888, Records of the Division of Vegetable Pathological and Physiological Investigations, National Archives, Record Group 54 (hereafter NARG 54).
23. Griffith, "The Origins of Plant Disease Research," 320-21; Scribner to W. J. Beal, 1886, Letters Sent, 1885-4888, Records of the Division of Vegetable Pathological and Physiological Investigations, National Archives, Record Group 54 (hereafter NARG 54).
24. John A. Stevenson, "Plants, Problems, and Personalities: The Genesis of the Bureau of Plant Industry," Agricultural History 28 (October 1954): 156; Thomas Pinney, A History of Wine in America: From the Beginnings to Prohibition (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), 156-202, 373-403; William G. Le Duc, "Grape Culture and Wine Making," Annual Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, 1880 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1881), 26.
25. John A. Stevenson, "Plants, Problems, and Personalities: The Genesis of the Bureau of Plant Industry," Agricultural History 28 (October 1954): 156; Thomas Pinney, A History of Wine in America: From the Beginnings to Prohibition (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), 156-202, 373-403; William G. Le Duc, "Grape Culture and Wine Making," Annual Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, 1880 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1881), 26.
26. John A. Stevenson, "Plants, Problems, and Personalities: The Genesis of the Bureau of Plant Industry," Agricultural History 28 (October 1954): 156; Thomas Pinney, A History of Wine in America: From the Beginnings to Prohibition (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), 156-202, 373-403; William G. Le Duc, "Grape Culture and Wine Making," Annual Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, 1880 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1881), 26.
27. Pinney, A History of Wine in America, 172; Isidor Bush, "Grape-rot," Proceedings of the Seventeenth Session of the American Pomological Society September 17th, 18th, and 19th, 1879 (published by the Society, 1880), 43; Albert F. Woods, "The Relation of Plant Physiology to the Development of Agriculture," Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture, 1904 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1905), 127.
28. Pinney, A History of Wine in America, 172; Isidor Bush, "Grape-rot," Proceedings of the Seventeenth Session of the American Pomological Society September 17th, 18th, and 19th, 1879 (published by the Society, 1880), 43; Albert F. Woods, "The Relation of Plant Physiology to the Development of Agriculture," Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture, 1904 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1905), 127.
29. Pinney, A History of Wine in America, 172; Isidor Bush, "Grape-rot," Proceedings of the Seventeenth Session of the American Pomological Society September 17th, 18th, and 19th, 1879 (published by the Society, 1880), 43; Albert F. Woods, "The Relation of Plant Physiology to the Development of Agriculture," Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture, 1904 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1905), 127.
30. On practical control methods see, for example, Bush, "Grape-rot," 42-43; A. W. Pearson, "Grape Rot and Mildew," Thirty-Seventh Annual Report of the Ohio State Board of Agriculture, 1882, 130-35, appendix, Sixteenth Annual Report of the Ohio State Horticultural Society, for the Year 1882-1883 (Columbus: Myers Brothers, State Printers, 1883); William Trelease, "Grape Rot," Transactions of the Wisconsin State Horticultural Society, 1884-1885, vol. 15 (Madison: Democrat Printing Company, 1885), 197-98.
31. On practical control methods see, for example, Bush, "Grape-rot," 42-43; A. W. Pearson, "Grape Rot and Mildew," Thirty-Seventh Annual Report of the Ohio State Board of Agriculture, 1882, 130-35, appendix, Sixteenth Annual Report of the Ohio State Horticultural Society, for the Year 1882-1883 (Columbus: Myers Brothers, State Printers, 1883); William Trelease, "Grape Rot," Transactions of the Wisconsin State Horticultural Society, 1884-1885, vol. 15 (Madison: Democrat Printing Company, 1885), 197-98.
32. On practical control methods see, for example, Bush, "Grape-rot," 42-43; A. W. Pearson, "Grape Rot and Mildew," Thirty-Seventh Annual Report of the Ohio State Board of Agriculture, 1882, 130-35, appendix, Sixteenth Annual Report of the Ohio State Horticultural Society, for the Year 1882-1883 (Columbus: Myers Brothers, State Printers, 1883); William Trelease, "Grape Rot," Transactions of the Wisconsin State Horticultural Society, 1884-1885, vol. 15 (Madison: Democrat Printing Company, 1885), 197-98.
33. On practical control methods see, for example, Bush, "Grape-rot," 42-43; A. W. Pearson, "Grape Rot and Mildew," Thirty-Seventh Annual Report of the Ohio State Board of Agriculture, 1882, 130-35, appendix, Sixteenth Annual Report of the Ohio State Horticultural Society, for the Year 1882-1883 (Columbus: Myers Brothers, State Printers, 1883); William Trelease, "Grape Rot," Transactions of the Wisconsin State Horticultural Society, 1884-1885, vol. 15 (Madison: Democrat Printing Company, 1885), 197-98.
34. For a general description of the use of sulphur, see E. G. Lodeman, The Spraying of Plants: A Succinct Account of the History, Principles and Practice of the Application of Liquids and Powders to Plants for the Purpose of Destroying Insects and Fungi (New York: Macmillan, 1916), 174-76.
35. C. V. Riley, "The Mildews of the Grape-Vine-An Effectual Remedy for Peronospora," Proceedings of the Twentieth Session of the American Pomological Society, September 9th, 10th, and 11th, 1885 (published by the Society, 1886), 49; Scribner, "Report of the Botanist: Fungous Diseases of Plants," 80.
36. C. V. Riley, "The Mildews of the Grape-Vine-An Effectual Remedy for Peronospora," Proceedings of the Twentieth Session of the American Pomological Society, September 9th, 10th, and 11th, 1885 (published by the Society, 1886), 49; Scribner, "Report of the Botanist: Fungous Diseases of Plants," 80.
37. Large, The Advance of the Fungi, 222-33; Ainsworth, Introduction to the History of Plant Pathology 111-42.
38. Large, The Advance of the Fungi, 222-33; Ainsworth, Introduction to the History of Plant Pathology 111-42.
39. Riley, "The Mildews of the Grape-Vine," 52-53; Scribner, "Report of the Botanist: Fungous Diseases of Plants," 83-84.
40. Riley, "The Mildews of the Grape-Vine," 52-53; Scribner, "Report of the Botanist: Fungous Diseases of Plants," 83-84.
41. Scribner to C. Dabney, 20 January 1886; Colman to W. G. Farlow, 31 October 1885, NARG 54.
42. See Frank Lamson-Scribner, "Report on the Fungus Diseases of the Grape Vine," Botanical Division, Section of Plant Pathology, USDA, Bulletin No. 2 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1886), 5; Scribner to C. Dabney, 20 January 1886, NARG 54.
43. U.S. Department of Agriculture, "Treatment of the Downy Grape Mildew (Peronospora viticola) and the Black Rot (Phoma uvicola)" Botanical Division, Section of Mycology, Circular No. 1 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1886); US. Department of Agriculture, "Grape Mildew and Black Rot of the Grape," Botanical Division, Section of Mycology, Circular No. 2 (Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office, 1886); Scribner, "Report on the Fungus Diseases of the Grape Vine," 52, app. A.
44. U.S. Department of Agriculture, "Treatment of the Downy Grape Mildew (Peronospora viticola) and the Black Rot (Phoma uvicola)" Botanical Division, Section of Mycology, Circular No. 1 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1886); US. Department of Agriculture, "Grape Mildew and Black Rot of the Grape," Botanical Division, Section of Mycology, Circular No. 2 (Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office, 1886); Scribner, "Report on the Fungus Diseases of the Grape Vine," 52, app. A.
45. U.S. Department of Agriculture, "Treatment of the Downy Grape Mildew (Peronospora viticola) and the Black Rot (Phoma uvicola)" Botanical Division, Section of Mycology, Circular No. 1 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1886); US. Department of Agriculture, "Grape Mildew and Black Rot of the Grape," Botanical Division, Section of Mycology, Circular No. 2 (Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office, 1886); Scribner, "Report on the Fungus Diseases of the Grape Vine," 52, app. A.
46. Frank Lamson-Scribner, "Report of the Mycological Section," Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, 1886 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1887), 96, 100.
47. Ibid., 100-101.
48. Scribner, "Report on the Fungus Diseases of the Grape Vine"; Frank Lamson-Scribner, "Botanical Characters of the Black Rot Physabspora Bidwellii, Sacc.," Botanical Gazette 11 (November 1886): 297-302; Frank Lamson-Scribner, "Black Rot-Physalospora Bidwellii (Ell.) Lace.," Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Meeting of the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science, 1886 (Columbus, Ohio: Gazette Printing House, 1886), 82-88; Frank Lamson-Scribner, "The Fungus Diseases of the Vine and Their Remedies," Proceedings of the New Jersey State Horticultural Society, December 15th and 16th, 1886 (Newark: Starbuck and Dunham, 1887), 123-46; Scribner, "Report of the Mycological Section," 95.
49. Scribner, "Report on the Fungus Diseases of the Grape Vine"; Frank Lamson-Scribner, "Botanical Characters of the Black Rot Physabspora Bidwellii, Sacc.," Botanical Gazette 11 (November 1886): 297-302; Frank Lamson-Scribner, "Black Rot-Physalospora Bidwellii (Ell.) Lace.," Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Meeting of the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science, 1886 (Columbus, Ohio: Gazette Printing House, 1886), 82-88; Frank Lamson-Scribner, "The Fungus Diseases of the Vine and Their Remedies," Proceedings of the New Jersey State Horticultural Society, December 15th and 16th, 1886 (Newark: Starbuck and Dunham, 1887), 123-46; Scribner, "Report of the Mycological Section," 95.
50. Scribner, "Report on the Fungus Diseases of the Grape Vine"; Frank Lamson-Scribner, "Botanical Characters of the Black Rot Physabspora Bidwellii, Sacc.," Botanical Gazette 11 (November 1886): 297-302; Frank Lamson-Scribner, "Black Rot-Physalospora Bidwellii (Ell.) Lace.," Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Meeting of the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science, 1886 (Columbus, Ohio: Gazette Printing House, 1886), 82-88; Frank Lamson-Scribner, "The Fungus Diseases of the Vine and Their Remedies," Proceedings of the New Jersey State Horticultural Society, December 15th and 16th, 1886 (Newark: Starbuck and Dunham, 1887), 123-46; Scribner, "Report of the Mycological Section," 95.
51. Scribner, "Report on the Fungus Diseases of the Grape Vine"; Frank Lamson-Scribner, "Botanical Characters of the Black Rot Physabspora Bidwellii, Sacc.," Botanical Gazette 11 (November 1886): 297-302; Frank Lamson-Scribner, "Black Rot-Physalospora Bidwellii (Ell.) Lace.," Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Meeting of the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science, 1886 (Columbus, Ohio: Gazette Printing House, 1886), 82-88; Frank Lamson-Scribner, "The Fungus Diseases of the Vine and Their Remedies," Proceedings of the New Jersey State Horticultural Society, December 15th and 16th, 1886 (Newark: Starbuck and Dunham, 1887), 123-46; Scribner, "Report of the Mycological Section," 95.
52. Scribner, "Report on the Fungus Diseases of the Grape Vine"; Frank Lamson-Scribner, "Botanical Characters of the Black Rot Physabspora Bidwellii, Sacc.," Botanical Gazette 11 (November 1886): 297-302; Frank Lamson-Scribner, "Black Rot-Physalospora Bidwellii (Ell.) Lace.," Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Meeting of the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science, 1886 (Columbus, Ohio: Gazette Printing House, 1886), 82-88; Frank Lamson-Scribner, "The Fungus Diseases of the Vine and Their Remedies," Proceedings of the New Jersey State Horticultural Society, December 15th and 16th, 1886 (Newark: Starbuck and Dunham, 1887), 123-46; Scribner, "Report of the Mycological Section," 95.
53. On Scribner's control recommendations, see Frank Lamson-Scribner, "Treatment of Grape Mildew and Black-Rot," Colman's Rural World 39 (24 June 1886): 194. Scribner quotes on unanswered questions are from Scribner, "Report on the Fungus Diseases of the Grape Vine," 6; Scribner, "Report of the Mycological Section," 105. For a discussion on the general climate surrounding the advent and use of pesticides in nineteenth-century America see James Whorton, Before Silent Spring: Pesticides and Public Health in Pre-DDT America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974), 3-35.
54. On Scribner's control recommendations, see Frank Lamson-Scribner, "Treatment of Grape Mildew and Black-Rot," Colman's Rural World 39 (24 June 1886): 194. Scribner quotes on unanswered questions are from Scribner, "Report on the Fungus Diseases of the Grape Vine," 6; Scribner, "Report of the Mycological Section," 105. For a discussion on the general climate surrounding the advent and use of pesticides in nineteenth-century America see James Whorton, Before Silent Spring: Pesticides and Public Health in Pre-DDT America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974), 3-35.
55. On Scribner's control recommendations, see Frank Lamson-Scribner, "Treatment of Grape Mildew and Black-Rot," Colman's Rural World 39 (24 June 1886): 194. Scribner quotes on unanswered questions are from Scribner, "Report on the Fungus Diseases of the Grape Vine," 6; Scribner, "Report of the Mycological Section," 105. For a discussion on the general climate surrounding the advent and use of pesticides in nineteenth-century America see James Whorton, Before Silent Spring: Pesticides and Public Health in Pre-DDT America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974), 3-35.
56. On Scribner's control recommendations, see Frank Lamson-Scribner, "Treatment of Grape Mildew and Black-Rot," Colman's Rural World 39 (24 June 1886): 194. Scribner quotes on unanswered questions are from Scribner, "Report on the Fungus Diseases of the Grape Vine," 6; Scribner, "Report of the Mycological Section," 105. For a discussion on the general climate surrounding the advent and use of pesticides in nineteenth-century America see James Whorton, Before Silent Spring: Pesticides and Public Health in Pre-DDT America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974), 3-35.
57. Norman Colman, "Section of Vegetable Pathology," Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, 1887 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1888), 27.
58. U.S. Department of Agriculture, "Treatment of the Downy Mildew and Black Rot of the Grape," Botanical Division, Section of Vegetable Pathology, Circular No. 3 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1887); Frank Lamson-Scribner, "Report of the Section of Vegetable Pathology," Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, 1887 (Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office, 1888), 328-31.
59. U.S. Department of Agriculture, "Treatment of the Downy Mildew and Black Rot of the Grape," Botanical Division, Section of Vegetable Pathology, Circular No. 3 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1887); Frank Lamson-Scribner, "Report of the Section of Vegetable Pathology," Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, 1887 (Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office, 1888), 328-31.
60. Frank Lamson-Scribner, "Report on the Experiments Made in 1887 in the Treatment of the Downy Mildew and the Black Rot of the Grape Vine," USDA, Botantical Division, Section of Vegetable Pathology, Bulletin No. 5 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1888), 7-36; Frank Lamson-Scribner, "Observations the Past Season with Grape Rot and Mildew," Proceedings of the New Jersey State Horticultural Society, December 14th and 15th, 1887 (Newark: Starbuck and Dunham, 1888), 144.
61. Frank Lamson-Scribner, "Report on the Experiments Made in 1887 in the Treatment of the Downy Mildew and the Black Rot of the Grape Vine," USDA, Botantical Division, Section of Vegetable Pathology, Bulletin No. 5 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1888), 7-36; Frank Lamson-Scribner, "Observations the Past Season with Grape Rot and Mildew," Proceedings of the New Jersey State Horticultural Society, December 14th and 15th, 1887 (Newark: Starbuck and Dunham, 1888), 144.
62. Scribner, "Report of the Section of Vegetable Pathology," 329-30. On Scribner's understanding of the preventative nature of copper fungicides, see Scribner to A. P. Butler, 7 June 1886; and Scribner to P. A. Heickman, 6 July 1886, NARG 54. Hybridization experiments also had been conducted in an attempt to find European and American grape cultivars with less susceptibility to black rot. These investigations were "disappointing," however, furthering Scribner's resolve to test copper sulfate sprays. See Frank Lamson-Scribner and Pierre Viala, "Black Rot (Laestadia bidwellii)" USDA, Botanical Division, Section of Vegetable Pathology, Bulletin No. 7 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1888), 8.
63. Scribner, "Report of the Section of Vegetable Pathology," 329-30. On Scribner's understanding of the preventative nature of copper fungicides, see Scribner to A. P. Butler, 7 June 1886; and Scribner to P. A. Heickman, 6 July 1886, NARG 54. Hybridization experiments also had been conducted in an attempt to find European and American grape cultivars with less susceptibility to black rot. These investigations were "disappointing," however, furthering Scribner's resolve to test copper sulfate sprays. See Frank Lamson-Scribner and Pierre Viala, "Black Rot (Laestadia bidwellii)" USDA, Botanical Division, Section of Vegetable Pathology, Bulletin No. 7 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1888), 8.
64. Scribner, "Report on the Fungus Diseases of the Grape Vine," 28-34,40-42; Scribner and Viala, "Black Rot (Laestadia bidwellii)" 5; Scribner, "Observations the Past Season with Grape Rot and Mildew," 133-46.
65. Scribner, "Report on the Fungus Diseases of the Grape Vine," 28-34,40-42; Scribner and Viala, "Black Rot (Laestadia bidwellii)" 5; Scribner, "Observations the Past Season with Grape Rot and Mildew," 133-46.
66. Scribner, "Report on the Fungus Diseases of the Grape Vine," 28-34,40-42; Scribner and Viala, "Black Rot (Laestadia bidwellii)" 5; Scribner, "Observations the Past Season with Grape Rot and Mildew," 133-46.
67. Scribner, "Observations the Past Season with Grape Rot and Mildew," 135. For additional information on Scribner s observations in the field and laboratory work in Washington, see Frank Lamson Scribner, "Grape Leaf Spot Disease and Black Rot," Colman's Rural World 40 (24 November 1887): 365; Frank Lamson-Scribner, "New Observations on the Fungus of Black Rot of Grapes," Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Meeting of the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science, 1888 (Columbus, Ohio: Gazette Printing House, 1888), 68-72.
68. Scribner, "Observations the Past Season with Grape Rot and Mildew," 135. For additional information on Scribner s observations in the field and laboratory work in Washington, see Frank Lamson Scribner, "Grape Leaf Spot Disease and Black Rot," Colman's Rural World 40 (24 November 1887): 365; Frank Lamson-Scribner, "New Observations on the Fungus of Black Rot of Grapes," Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Meeting of the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science, 1888 (Columbus, Ohio: Gazette Printing House, 1888), 68-72.
69. Scribner, "Observations the Past Season with Grape Rot and Mildew," 135. For additional information on Scribner s observations in the field and laboratory work in Washington, see Frank Lamson Scribner, "Grape Leaf Spot Disease and Black Rot," Colman's Rural World 40 (24 November 1887): 365; Frank Lamson-Scribner, "New Observations on the Fungus of Black Rot of Grapes," Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Meeting of the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science, 1888 (Columbus, Ohio: Gazette Printing House, 1888), 68-72.
70. Scribner and Viala, "Black Rot (Laestadia bidwellii)" 16.
71. Frank Lamson-Scribner, "Successful Treatment of Black Rot," Proceeding of the Ninth Annual Meeting of the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science, 1888 (Columbus, Ohio: Gazette Printing House, 1888), 72-73; Scribner to A. W. Pearson, 5 May 1888; and Scribner to H. Jaeger, 8 August 1888, NARG 54; Scribner and Viala, "Black Rot (Laestadia bidwellii)" 28-29.
72. Frank Lamson-Scribner, "Successful Treatment of Black Rot," Proceeding of the Ninth Annual Meeting of the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science, 1888 (Columbus, Ohio: Gazette Printing House, 1888), 72-73; Scribner to A. W. Pearson, 5 May 1888; and Scribner to H. Jaeger, 8 August 1888, NARG 54; Scribner and Viala, "Black Rot (Laestadia bidwellii)" 28-29.
73. Scribner, "Successful Treatment of Black Rot," 73; Frank Lamson-Scribner, Fungus Diseases of the Grape and Other Plants and Their Treatment (Little Silver, RJ.: J. T. Lovett Co., 1890), 21-22; Scribner to A. W. Pearson, 20 July 1888, NARG 54.
74. Scribner, "Successful Treatment of Black Rot," 73; Frank Lamson-Scribner, Fungus Diseases of the Grape and Other Plants and Their Treatment (Little Silver, RJ.: J. T. Lovett Co., 1890), 21-22; Scribner to A. W. Pearson, 20 July 1888, NARG 54.
75. Scribner, "Successful Treatment of Black Rot," 73; Frank Lamson-Scribner, Fungus Diseases of the Grape and Other Plants and Their Treatment (Little Silver, RJ.: J. T. Lovett Co., 1890), 21-22; Scribner to A. W. Pearson, 20 July 1888, NARG 54.
76. Scribner to H. Jaeger, 8 August 1888, NARG 54; Scribner, "Successful Treatment of Black Rot," 73.
77. On M. Prillieux's experiments, see Scribner and Viala, "Black Rot (Laestadia bidwellii)," 29. For a discussion of additional tests in the United States, see Frank Lamson-Scribner, "Experiments in Treating Black-Rot," Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Meeting of the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science, 1889 (Columbus, Ohio: Gazette Printing House, 1889), 62-64; Scribner, Fungus Diseases of the Grape and Other Plants and Their Treatment, 23-24. Scribner quote is from Scribner to unidentified correspondent, 19 September 1888, NARG 54.
78. On M. Prillieux's experiments, see Scribner and Viala, "Black Rot (Laestadia bidwellii)," 29. For a discussion of additional tests in the United States, see Frank Lamson-Scribner, "Experiments in Treating Black-Rot," Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Meeting of the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science, 1889 (Columbus, Ohio: Gazette Printing House, 1889), 62-64; Scribner, Fungus Diseases of the Grape and Other Plants and Their Treatment, 23-24. Scribner quote is from Scribner to unidentified correspondent, 19 September 1888, NARG 54.
79. On M. Prillieux's experiments, see Scribner and Viala, "Black Rot (Laestadia bidwellii)," 29. For a discussion of additional tests in the United States, see Frank Lamson-Scribner, "Experiments in Treating Black-Rot," Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Meeting of the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science, 1889 (Columbus, Ohio: Gazette Printing House, 1889), 62-64; Scribner, Fungus Diseases of the Grape and Other Plants and Their Treatment, 23-24. Scribner quote is from Scribner to unidentified correspondent, 19 September 1888, NARG 54.
80. Beverly T. Galloway, "Experiments with Fungicides," Transactions of the Peninsula Horticultural Society, Fourth Annual Session, January 20th, 21st, and 22nd, 1891 (Wilmington, Del.: A. P. Whitaker, 1891), 26. On the use of Bordeaux by growers, see, for example, Louis de Fureux, "Grape Rot and Its Remedy," American Agriculturist 48 (August 1889): 409; Beverly T. Galloway, "Some Fungous Diseases of Fruits and Their Treatment," Transactions of the Peninsula Horticultural Society, Third Annual Session, January 28th, 29th, and 30th, 1890 (Wilmington, Del.: A. P. Whitaker, 1890), 78; W. R. Lazenby, "Preventing Grape Rot," Cultivator and Country Gentleman, 1 January 1891, 8; John M. Stahl, "Spraying in Western Illinois," Cultivator and Country Gentleman, 3 September 1891, 716; Hermann Jaeger, "Treatment for Mildew and Rot," Thirty-fifth Annual Report of the State Horticultural Society of the State of Missouri, 1892 (Jefferson City: Tribune Printing Co., 1893), 117. Quotes are from Stahl, "Spraying in Western Illinois," 716.
81. Beverly T. Galloway, "Experiments with Fungicides," Transactions of the Peninsula Horticultural Society, Fourth Annual Session, January 20th, 21st, and 22nd, 1891 (Wilmington, Del.: A. P. Whitaker, 1891), 26. On the use of Bordeaux by growers, see, for example, Louis de Fureux, "Grape Rot and Its Remedy," American Agriculturist 48 (August 1889): 409; Beverly T. Galloway, "Some Fungous Diseases of Fruits and Their Treatment," Transactions of the Peninsula Horticultural Society, Third Annual Session, January 28th, 29th, and 30th, 1890 (Wilmington, Del.: A. P. Whitaker, 1890), 78; W. R. Lazenby, "Preventing Grape Rot," Cultivator and Country Gentleman, 1 January 1891, 8; John M. Stahl, "Spraying in Western Illinois," Cultivator and Country Gentleman, 3 September 1891, 716; Hermann Jaeger, "Treatment for Mildew and Rot," Thirty-fifth Annual Report of the State Horticultural Society of the State of Missouri, 1892 (Jefferson City: Tribune Printing Co., 1893), 117. Quotes are from Stahl, "Spraying in Western Illinois," 716.
82. Beverly T. Galloway, "Experiments with Fungicides," Transactions of the Peninsula Horticultural Society, Fourth Annual Session, January 20th, 21st, and 22nd, 1891 (Wilmington, Del.: A. P. Whitaker, 1891), 26. On the use of Bordeaux by growers, see, for example, Louis de Fureux, "Grape Rot and Its Remedy," American Agriculturist 48 (August 1889): 409; Beverly T. Galloway, "Some Fungous Diseases of Fruits and Their Treatment," Transactions of the Peninsula Horticultural Society, Third Annual Session, January 28th, 29th, and 30th, 1890 (Wilmington, Del.: A. P. Whitaker, 1890), 78; W. R. Lazenby, "Preventing Grape Rot," Cultivator and Country Gentleman, 1 January 1891, 8; John M. Stahl, "Spraying in Western Illinois," Cultivator and Country Gentleman, 3 September 1891, 716; Hermann Jaeger, "Treatment for Mildew and Rot," Thirty-fifth Annual Report of the State Horticultural Society of the State of Missouri, 1892 (Jefferson City: Tribune Printing Co., 1893), 117. Quotes are from Stahl, "Spraying in Western Illinois," 716.
83. Beverly T. Galloway, "Experiments with Fungicides," Transactions of the Peninsula Horticultural Society, Fourth Annual Session, January 20th, 21st, and 22nd, 1891 (Wilmington, Del.: A. P. Whitaker, 1891), 26. On the use of Bordeaux by growers, see, for example, Louis de Fureux, "Grape Rot and Its Remedy," American Agriculturist 48 (August 1889): 409; Beverly T. Galloway, "Some Fungous Diseases of Fruits and Their Treatment," Transactions of the Peninsula Horticultural Society, Third Annual Session, January 28th, 29th, and 30th, 1890 (Wilmington, Del.: A. P. Whitaker, 1890), 78; W. R. Lazenby, "Preventing Grape Rot," Cultivator and Country Gentleman, 1 January 1891, 8; John M. Stahl, "Spraying in Western Illinois," Cultivator and Country Gentleman, 3 September 1891, 716; Hermann Jaeger, "Treatment for Mildew and Rot," Thirty-fifth Annual Report of the State Horticultural Society of the State of Missouri, 1892 (Jefferson City: Tribune Printing Co., 1893), 117. Quotes are from Stahl, "Spraying in Western Illinois," 716.
84. Beverly T. Galloway, "Experiments with Fungicides," Transactions of the Peninsula Horticultural Society, Fourth Annual Session, January 20th, 21st, and 22nd, 1891 (Wilmington, Del.: A. P. Whitaker, 1891), 26. On the use of Bordeaux by growers, see, for example, Louis de Fureux, "Grape Rot and Its Remedy," American Agriculturist 48 (August 1889): 409; Beverly T. Galloway, "Some Fungous Diseases of Fruits and Their Treatment," Transactions of the Peninsula Horticultural Society, Third Annual Session, January 28th, 29th, and 30th, 1890 (Wilmington, Del.: A. P. Whitaker, 1890), 78; W. R. Lazenby, "Preventing Grape Rot," Cultivator and Country Gentleman, 1 January 1891, 8; John M. Stahl, "Spraying in Western Illinois," Cultivator and Country Gentleman, 3 September 1891, 716; Hermann Jaeger, "Treatment for Mildew and Rot," Thirty-fifth Annual Report of the State Horticultural Society of the State of Missouri, 1892 (Jefferson City: Tribune Printing Co., 1893), 117. Quotes are from Stahl, "Spraying in Western Illinois," 716.
85. Beverly T. Galloway, "Experiments with Fungicides," Transactions of the Peninsula Horticultural Society, Fourth Annual Session, January 20th, 21st, and 22nd, 1891 (Wilmington, Del.: A. P. Whitaker, 1891), 26. On the use of Bordeaux by growers, see, for example, Louis de Fureux, "Grape Rot and Its Remedy," American Agriculturist 48 (August 1889): 409; Beverly T. Galloway, "Some Fungous Diseases of Fruits and Their Treatment," Transactions of the Peninsula Horticultural Society, Third Annual Session, January 28th, 29th, and 30th, 1890 (Wilmington, Del.: A. P. Whitaker, 1890), 78; W. R. Lazenby, "Preventing Grape Rot," Cultivator and Country Gentleman, 1 January 1891, 8; John M. Stahl, "Spraying in Western Illinois," Cultivator and Country Gentleman, 3 September 1891, 716; Hermann Jaeger, "Treatment for Mildew and Rot," Thirty-fifth Annual Report of the State Horticultural Society of the State of Missouri, 1892 (Jefferson City: Tribune Printing Co., 1893), 117. Quotes are from Stahl, "Spraying in Western Illinois," 716.
86. Beverly T. Galloway, "Experiments with Fungicides," Transactions of the Peninsula Horticultural Society, Fourth Annual Session, January 20th, 21st, and 22nd, 1891 (Wilmington, Del.: A. P. Whitaker, 1891), 26. On the use of Bordeaux by growers, see, for example, Louis de Fureux, "Grape Rot and Its Remedy," American Agriculturist 48 (August 1889): 409; Beverly T. Galloway, "Some Fungous Diseases of Fruits and Their Treatment," Transactions of the Peninsula Horticultural Society, Third Annual Session, January 28th, 29th, and 30th, 1890 (Wilmington, Del.: A. P. Whitaker, 1890), 78; W. R. Lazenby, "Preventing Grape Rot," Cultivator and Country Gentleman, 1 January 1891, 8; John M. Stahl, "Spraying in Western Illinois," Cultivator and Country Gentleman, 3 September 1891, 716; Hermann Jaeger, "Treatment for Mildew and Rot," Thirty-fifth Annual Report of the State Horticultural Society of the State of Missouri, 1892 (Jefferson City: Tribune Printing Co., 1893), 117. Quotes are from Stahl, "Spraying in Western Illinois," 716.
87. Large, Advance of the Fungi, 235. On the expanded use of Bordeaux, see Beverly T. Galloway, "Combating the Fungous Diseases of Plants: Progress of the Work in the United States," Annual Report of the Wisconsin State Horticultural Society for the Year 1892 (Madison: Democrat Printing Co., 1893), 240; Lodeman, The Spraying of Plants. 102-12, 130. Galloway quote is from Beverly T. Galloway, "Plant Pathology; A Review of the Development of the Science in the United States," Agricultural History 2 (April 1928): 55.
88. Large, Advance of the Fungi, 235. On the expanded use of Bordeaux, see Beverly T. Galloway, "Combating the Fungous Diseases of Plants: Progress of the Work in the United States," Annual Report of the Wisconsin State Horticultural Society for the Year 1892 (Madison: Democrat Printing Co., 1893), 240; Lodeman, The Spraying of Plants. 102-12, 130. Galloway quote is from Beverly T. Galloway, "Plant Pathology; A Review of the Development of the Science in the United States," Agricultural History 2 (April 1928): 55.
89. Large, Advance of the Fungi, 235. On the expanded use of Bordeaux, see Beverly T. Galloway, "Combating the Fungous Diseases of Plants: Progress of the Work in the United States," Annual Report of the Wisconsin State
90. Large, Advance of the Fungi, 235. On the expanded use of Bordeaux, see Beverly T. Galloway, "Combating the Fungous Diseases of Plants: Progress of the Work in the United States," Annual Report of the Wisconsin State Horticultural Society for the Year 1892 (Madison: Democrat Printing Co., 1893), 240; Lodeman, The Spraying of Plants. 102-12, 130. Galloway quote is from Beverly T. Galloway, "Plant Pathology; A Review of the Development of the Science in the United States," Agricultural History 2 (April 1928): 55.
91. Albert F. Woods, "Frank Lamson Scribner," Science 88 (29 July 1938): 101-2; Hilty, "The University's Pioneering Botanist," 14-45.
92. Albert F. Woods, "Frank Lamson Scribner," Science 88 (29 July 1938): 101-2; Hilty, "The University's Pioneering Botanist," 14-45.
93. Frank Lamson-Scribner, interview by Anna E. Jenkins, transcript, October 1937, Frank Lamson-Scribner Papers, USDA Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland; Ralph E. Smith, "Early Plant Pathology in America," Phytopathology 52 (February 1962): 121; Beverly T. Galloway, "Twenty Years Progress in Plant Pathology," Proceeding of the Twenty-First Annual Meeting of the Society for Promotion of Agricultural Science (Syracuse: published by the Society, 1900), 6.
94. Frank Lamson-Scribner, interview by Anna E. Jenkins, transcript, October 1937, Frank Lamson-Scribner Papers, USDA Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland; Ralph E. Smith, "Early Plant Pathology in America," Phytopathology 52 (February 1962): 121; Beverly T. Galloway, "Twenty Years Progress in Plant Pathology," Proceeding of the Twenty-First Annual Meeting of the Society for Promotion of Agricultural Science (Syracuse: published by the Society, 1900), 6.