The nature of faith in Albania: Toward the 21st century

East European Quarterly

Volumn 31, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 181-194

  Liolin, Arthur E ^a  

^a Albanian Orthodox Archdiocese in America ^*  (Albania)

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EID: 0002851645     PISSN: 00128449     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. Janice Broun, Albania: Religion in a Fortress State (Washington. DC: Puebla Institute, 1989).
2. Christo A. Dako, Albania, The Master Key to the Near East (Boston, E.L. Grimes, 1919), pp. 117-133.
3. See also Nicholas Costa. Albania: A European Enigma (Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, 1995)
4. and Arben Puto, Demokracia e Rrethuar (Tirana: Kombinata Poligrafik, 1990).
5. Zef Pllumi. "Përkthimet e Biblës," Hylli I Dritës (Tirana, 1995).
6. Kristaq Prifti. ed., 70 Vjet të Kishës Orthodokse Autoqefale Shqiptare (Tirana: Akademia e Shkëncave, 1992).
7. Arqile Berxholi, Seifi Protopapa, and Kristaq Prifti, The Greek Minority in the Albanian Republic: A Demographic Study (Tirana: Geographical Studies Institute, 1993).
8. Elez Biberaj, "Albania's Road to Democracy." Current History (Europe and the Balkans), November 1993, pp. 381-385.
9. For concrete examples of current social work projects and religious initiatives, see also Penny Deligrannis, Diaconia Agapes, 1997 Programs and Budgets (Tirana: Orthodox Church of Albania, 1996), p. 8f.
10. Nicholas X. Rizopoulos, "A Third Balkan War?," World Policy Journal, vol. X, no. 2 (Summer 1993), pp. 2-5.
11. Anton Logoreci, The Albanians: Europe's Forgotten Survivors (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1978), pp. 188-214.
12. "United Nations Human Rights Commission on Albania," Albanian Catholic Bulletin, vol. XII (Santa Clara, 1991), pp. 54-63.
13. Barbara Frey, ed., Human Rights in Albania (Minneapolis: Minnesota Advocates, 1990).
14. (Zizioulas), Metropolitan John, "Communion and Otherness," St. Vladimir's Theological Quarterly, vol. 38, no. 4 (1994), p. 352f.
15. See for example "The Church in Today's Social Climate" in Priest, Parish and Renewal by Metropolitan Emilianos (Timiadis), (Brookline: Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 1993).
16. Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, "A Sacred Cosmos, Scandalous Code, Defiant Society," Fundamentalisms and Society, vol. 2 (1993), pp. 3-5.
17. See also John Breck, "Procreation and 'The Beginning of Life'," St. Vladimir's Theological Quarterly, vol. 39, no. 3 (1995), pp. 215-232.
18. Bishop Sevastianos, Northern Epirus Crucified (Athens: Georgios L. Kaphounos, 1984);
19. and for a less polemical study, see Laurie Hart, "'Northern Epiros': The Greek Minority in Southern Albania," Cultural Survival Quarterly, Summer 1995, p. 60f.
20. See "Islam and the West," survey in The Economist, August 6-12, 1994, pp. 8-10.
21. Karel F. Koecher, "Democratization in European Communist Countries" Columbia Essays in International Affairs, vol. V (New York: Columbia University Press, 1970). pp. 78 ff.
22. "Southern Balkans: The Killing Hills," East European Newsletter, vol. 7, no. 22 (1995), pp. 4-7.
23. Louis Zanga, "One Year of Democracy in Albania" RFE/RL Report on Eastern Europe, April, 1993, vol. 2, no. 14.
24. Napoleon Roshi, Që Shekulli I 21-të të Mas Nisë Me Një Bosnjë Tjetër (Lublijana, 1996).
25. Barbara Jelavich, History of the Balkans (Cambridge, 1985), pp. 80-82.
26. See also Pietro Luccari, Annali di Rausa, 2nd ed., (Venice, 1605), p. 159.
27. Faik Konitza, ed., ALBANIA, XI (Brussels, 1903), p. 36
28. and Stavro Skendi, Albanian National Awakening (Princeton University Press, 1967), pp. 296-301.
29. Mihal Grameno, Kryengritja Shqiptare (Tirana, 1959), p. 143.
30. Kristo Frasheri, The History of Albania (Tirana, 1964), pp. 19-30.
31. Daniel Farlati, Illyricum Sacrum, 8 volumes (Venice: Jacopo Coleti, 1817).
32. Stavro Skendi, "Religion in Albania during Ottoman Rule," Südost-Forschungen, XIX (Munich, 1960). pp. 233-284;
33. and Edwin E. Jacques, The Albanians, An Ethnic History from Prehistoric Times to the Present (London: McFarland, 1995), p. 213f.
34. H.J. Kissling, "Zur Frage der Anfänge des Bektaschitums in Albanien," Oriens, XV (Leiden, 1910), pp. 281-286.
35. Metropolitan Fan Stylian Noli, compiler, Fiftieth Anniversary Book of the Albanian Orthodox Church in America 1908-1958 (Boston, 1960), pp. 9-18;
36. also see (in Greek) Apostolos Glavinas, The Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Albania (Thessaloniki: Defteri Ekdosi, 1989).
37. Guntram Koch, "Frühchristliche und frühbyzantische Zeit (4-8. Jh.)," in ALBANIEN, Schaetze aus dem Land der Skipetaren, (Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabem, 1992), p. 118f.
38. Skendi, Albanian National Awakening, op. cit., pp. 135-139.
39. Kristo Frasheri, "Pjeter Bogdani dhe levizja clirimtare shqipiare ne shek. XVII" in Studime Historike, vol. 2 (Tirana, 1990),p. 164f.
40. Edith Durham, Some Tribal Origins, Laws and Customs of the Balkans, 1928.
41. Constantine Chekrezi, Albania Past and Present, (New York: MacMillan, 1919), p. 200f;
42. see also Fatos Arapi, "Ç'ka Përtej Kishës autoqefale Shqiptare?" in Zëri i Intelligencës per Çeshtijen Kombetare (Tirana: Eurolindja, 1995), p. 130.
43. P.B. Kennedy, Predikime (Korce, 1929), pp. 88. 141.
44. See also Edwin Jacques, The Albanians, op. cit., pp. 286-287.
45. Joseph Jakoel, Izraelitët ne Shqipëri (unpublished) [Tirana, 1990], pp. 25-38.
46. See also Arthur Liolin, "Of Albanians and Jews," Illyria, February 1995.
47. Rexhep Krasniqi, "Persekutimet Fetare në Shqipërinë Komuniste," Fryma Halvetiane (New York, 1975), p. 33f.
48. John I. Thomas, Education for Communism (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1969), pp. 118-120.
49. Peter Prifti, "Albania - Towards an Atheist Society," Religion and Atheism in the U.S.S.R. and Eastern Europe (London: MacMillan, 1975), p. 401.
50. Gjon Sinishta, The Fulfilled Promise (Santa Clara, 1976), pp. 20-28.
51. Stavro Skendi, "The Millet System and its Contribution to the Blurring of Orthodox National Identity in Albania," in Bernard Lewis, ed., Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire (New York: Holmes and Meyer, 1982). p. 243f.;
52. and for a tumultuous account of religious groups in Albania between the World Wars, see Roberto Morozzodella Rocca, Nazione e Religione in Albania (1920-1944) in its Albanian version (Tirana: Elena Gjika, 1994).
53. Andrew Rubis, "The Early Church in the Illyrian Provinces and its Decimation" (unpublished seminar study for St. Vladimir's Seminary), 1996.
54. Dennis Buck, "The Orthodox Church in Albania from Independence to Autocephaly" (unpublished study for St. Vladimir's Seminary, 1983)
55. Leonid Kishkovsky, "Orthodoxy at a Crossroads," The Catholic World, Jan./Feb. 1994, pp. 11-16.
56. Nicholas Pano, The People's Republic of Albania (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1968), p. 19.
57. Stavro Skendi, Albanian National Awakening, op. cit., pp. 169-170.
58. Giacomo Gardin, Banishing God in Albania (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1988).
59. See also Finngeir Hiorth. "Albania, An Atheist State," (unpublished report) [Oslo, 1990], p. 17.
60. Nelo Drizari, "Illyrian Background" in International Seminar of the Pan Albanian Federation of America, VATRA, H.H. Oruci, ed. (New York, 1969).
61. For an analysis of such a religious perspective, see Gordon W. Allport, The Individual and His Religion (New York: MacMillan, 1950),
62. and the classic: William James, The Varieties of Religious Experience (New York: MacMillan, 1961), especially p. 39f.
63. Arthur E. Liolin, "Fan Noli and the Albanian Conscience" in 70th Anniversary Symposium on the Democratic Government of 1924 in Albania (Tirana, 1994).
64. Ambroz Marlaska, "On Faith and Morality," Hylli I Dritës, vol. 5-6 (Tirana, 1994), p. 48f.
65. Arthur E. Liolin, "Albanian Society: Reform and Rediscovery," seminar on: Transformations in Albanian Societies, New York, Columbia University, 1995,
66. to be published in Harriman Institute Review, 1996.
67. Nermin Vlora Falaschi, Lashtësia e Gjuhës Shqipe (Roma: Bardi Editore, 1991), p. 121f.
68. John Wilkes. The Illyrians (Cambridge: Blackwell, 1995).
69. Ernst Kris, Psychoanalytic Explorations in Art (New York: International Universities Press, 1952), p. 291f.
70. See Nermin Vlora Falaschi, L'Etrusco Lingua Viva (Roma: Bardi Editore, 1989).
71. Theofan Popa, Icônes et miniatures du Moyen âge en Albanie (Tirana: Mihal Duri, 1974).
72. Ismail Kadare, "Avant propos" in Trésors d'an Albanais, icônes byzantines et post-byzantines du XII au XIX siècle (Nice: Musée Nacional méssage Biblique Marc Chagall, 1993), pp. 13-18;
73. and Alain Ducellier, "Brève introduction a un pays méconnu," pp. 19-38 in the same catalogue.
74. Eqrem Cabej, Vepra, ed. Dhimiter Shuteriqi, Tirana, 1957.
75. Stuart E. Mann, Albanian Literature (London: Quarilch, 1955), p. 2;
76. Gjergj Fishta, "Vjershaheroike shqyptare," Hylli I Dritës, vol. XI (Shkodër, 1935), pp. 142-152.
77. Zinni Sako and Qemal Haxhihasani, Epika Legjendare, (Tirana: Mihal Duri, 1996), vol. 1, p. 9.
78. Stavro Skendi, Albanian and South Slavic Oral Epic Poetry (Philadelphia: American Folklore Society, 1954), p. 88f.
79. Namik Ressuli, Albanian Literature (Boston: Vatra, 1987), pp. 16-20.
80. Faik Konitza, Albania, the Rock Garden of South Eastern Europe, edited by G.M. Panarity (Boston, Vatra, 1957).
81. Dhori Koti, Endërshpegonjës (Korce, ca. 1920).
82. Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, The Future of Man (New York: Harper and Row, 1959), p. 155f.
83. Kurt Weitzmann, "The Survival of Mythological Representation in Early Christian and Byzantine Art and Their Impact on Christian Iconography," Dumbarton Oaks Papers, No. 14, (Washington, D.C., 1960).
84. Robert Elsie, "Evolution and Revolution in Modern Albanian Literature," World Literature Today, Spring, 1991, p. 256f.
85. William H. McNeill, "Fundamentalism and the World in the 1990's," Fundamentalisms and Society, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 561.
86. Kalendari Kombiar, Sofia, 1902.
87. John Chryssavgis, "The Human Person at Prayer" in Ascent to Heaven: The Theology of the Human Person (Brookline: Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 1989), p. 239f.
88. Bishop Fan Stylian Noli, Kremtore (Boston: Albanian Orthodox Church in America, 1911, and new edition, 1948).
89. The Albanian Struggle in the Old World and New, Federal Writer's Project of the Works Progress Administration of Massachusetts (Boston, 1932).
90. Gjin Duka, "Proza Fishtjane" in Shejzat, Martin Camaj, ed. (Rome, Nov.Dec. 1961), p. 440.
91. Ramadan Sokoli, 16 Shekuj (Tirana: Eurolindja, 1994), pp. 5-9.
92. Leopold von Thalloczy, "Die albanische Diaspora," Illyrisch-albanische Forschungen, I (Munich, 1916), pp. 299-342.
93. John Scollard, "Grief Counseling: Applications of Current Psychological Research in the Dynamics of Loss and Grief to Pastoral Counseling in the Framework of Orthodox Theology in the Albanian Orthodox Archdiocese in America," (doctoral dissertation, San Francisco Theological Seminary, 1989).
94. William E. Griffith, Albania and the Sino-Soviet Rift (Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1963), p. 168f.
95. James Swire, King Zog's Albania (New York: Liveright, 1937), p. 86f.
96. See also Nigel Heseltine, Scarred Background (London: Lovat Dickson Ltd., 1938) - one of numerous travel accounts which provide a flavor of the diversity still found in the Albanian hinterland.
97. Effendi Wassa, "La vérité sur L'Albanie e les Albanais," Paris, 1879.
98. Skendi, The Albanian National Awakening, op. cit., pp. 137-138.
99. William Peacock, Albania, The Foundling State of Europe (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1924), p. 176f.
100. Jacques Bourcart, "L'Albanie et les Albanais" in ALBANIA (Roma: Apice, 1962), p. 108f;
101. see also Salvatore Manna, "L'Illirico e i suoi problemi," La Chiesa Ortodossa di Albania, Oct.-Nov. 1978 (Palermo: Oriente Cristiano), p. 64.
102. Qerim Panarity, "Albania, A Nation in Perpetual Crisis," Dielli (The Sun) [Boston], 1960.
103. R.M. Dawkins, "The Crypto-Christians of Turkey," Byzantium, VIII (Paris, 1933), pp. 247-275.
104. At Stefan Gjecov, Kanuni i Lek Dukagjinit (Shkodër, 1933).
105. M. Hasluck, "The Non-Conformist Moslems of Albania," Contemporary Review, CXXVIII (May, 1925), pp. 599-606.
106. Dymphna Cusack, Illyria Reborn (London: Heinemann, 1966), p. 60.
107. Holger Pederson, The Discovery of Language (Bloomington Indiana University Press), p. 70.
108. Agim Cergu, "La Grande Famille," Les Lettres Albanaises, vol. 1 (Tirana, 1972), pp. 119-124.
109. L.S. Stavrianos, The Balkans Since 1453 (New York: Rinehait and Co., 1958). pp. 709-731.
110. Vladimir Dedijer. "Albania, Soviet Pawn," Foreign Affairs (Oct. 1951), pp. 102-111.
111. George N. Shuster, Religion Behind the Iron Curtain (New York: MacMillan, 1954). pp. 198-207.
112. Stavro Skendi, The Albanian National Awakening, op. cit., p. 111.
113. Kostas Kazazis, "Greek and Arvanitika in Corinthia," Balkanistica, III (1976).
114. Bishop Fan Stylian Noli, George Castrioti Scanderbeg (1405-1468) (New York: International Universities Press, 1947), p. 21.
115. M. Hasluck, The Unwritten Law of Albania (Cambridge: 1954).
116. Arben Kallamata, "They Can Live in Peace," The Christian Science Monitor. July 12, 1993.
117. M. Edith Durham, High Albania (Boston: Beacon Press, 1985, based on the 1909 original).
118. P.G. Valentini, "Considerazioni Preliminari e Generali sul Kanun Detto Di Leke Dukagjini," Studi E Testi, Gjuridica no. 1, Serie 1 (Roma: Institute Di Studi Albanesi, 1943), p. 29f.
119. Robert Austin, "What Albania Adds to the Balkan Stew," Orbis, vol. 37, no. 2 (Spring, 1993). p. 259f.
120. Sami Bey Frascheri, Was war Albanien, was ist es, was wird es werden? (Vienna, 1913), pp. 29-30;
121. see also Rosina Romeo, "Coscienza religiosa albanese," Oriente Cristiano, op. cit., p. 101,
122. and Sam E. Ericsson, "Justice: Striking a Balance Between Competing Interests; Religious Liberty in the OSCE Present and Future," in Human Rights Without Frontiers (Brussels, 1996), p. 4f.
123. Teilhard de Chardin, op. cit., pp. 241-244.
124. L.S. Stavrianos, Balkan Federation: A History of the Movement toward Balkan Unity in Modern Times (Northampton, 1944);
125. and R. Pinon, "Une confederation Balkanique est - elle possible?," Revue des Deux Mondes, May-June 1910, pp. 799-829.
126. Shefqet Pilana, "Kangët e Motmotit ndër Shqiptarët," Gjurmime Albanologjike, vol. 2 (Prishtinë, 1965), p. 258.