French and British security: Mirror images in a globalized world

International Affairs

Volumn 76, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 725-740

  Clarke, Michael ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0002747186     PISSN: 00205850     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1468-2346.00161     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. Mission d'Analyse et de Proposition Relative à l'Enseignement et à la Recherche en 'Relations Internationales' et 'Affairs Stratégiques et de Défense'. The Commission was appointed in November 1998 and is led by François Heisbourg. Hereafter it is referred to as the Heisbourg Report.
2. In particular, US schools at Columbia, Princeton, Georgetown, Harvard, Johns Hopkins and Tufts are singled out.
3. Charles Bremner, 'French accuse their diplomats of being arrogant old fogies', The Times, 13 July 2000, p. 19.
4. Quoted in House of Commons Defence Committee, Session 1998-9, The future of NATO: the Washington summit, HC 39, p. 118; Le Monde, 5 Dec. 1997.
5. Quoted in House of Commons Defence Committee, Session 1998-9, The future of NATO: the Washington summit, HC 39, p. 118; Le Monde, 5 Dec. 1997.
6. Edwina S. Campbell, 'The relevance of American power: the Anglo-American past and the Euro-Atlantic future', London Defence Studies 49 (London: Brassey's/Centre for Defence Studies, 1999), pp. 36-8.
7. This deployment also built on the earlier experiences of French forces in UNPROFOR in Bosnia and especially the creation of the Franco-British-Dutch Rapid Reaction Force during the key months in 1995 when the balance of local forces on the ground changed decisively, and then in the subsequent IFOR and SFOR deployments after the Dayton Agreement. French involvement in the military operation during the Kosovo crisis also represented some important landmarks.
8. A key recommendation of the Heisbourg Report is that French tax policy should be changed to create a similar set of incentives to private research and educational funding as exists in the US, lessening the role of the French state in funding research, of which the authors are very critical.
9. House of Commons Defence Committee, Session 1997-8, The Defence Evaluation and Research Agency, HC 621, pp. xv-xvi.
10. Susan L. Carruthers, 'Not like the US? Europeans and the spread of American culture', International Affairs 74: 4, October 1998, pp. 883-92.
11. See David Chuter, Humanity's soldier: France and international security, 1919-2001 (Oxford: Berghahn Books, 1996), pp. 13-51.
12. David Sanders, Losing an empire, finding a role:: British foreign policy since 1945 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1990).
13. Laurence Martin and John Garnett, British foreign policy: challenges and choices for the 21st century (London: Pinter/Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1997), p. 68.
14. See The Strategic Defence Review Cm 3999, London, 1998, pp. 13-15.
15. Ministry of Defence, Defence Diplomacy, 1999, pp. 6-7.
16. Foreign and Commonwealth Office, News, 'New resources for conflict prevention', 18 July 2000.
17. See Michael Clarke, British external policy-making in the 1990s (Basingstoke: Macmillan/RIIA, 1992), pp. 217-27.
18. The requirement was set at the ability for the Europeans to deploy 50-60,000 troops within 60 days and sustain them, along with the necessary associated air and maritime assets, on an operation tor at least one year. They should be designed to be capable of performing the 'full range of Petersberg tasks'. Presidency Progress Report to the Helsinki European Council, Strengthening of the Common European Policy on Security and Defence: First Measures on the Military Instruments of Crisis Management and Guidance for Further Work, 24 Nov. 1999, para. 13.
19. For a fuller analysis of this juxtaposition see Jolyon Howorth, 'Britain, France and the European Defence Initiative', Survival 42: 2, summer 2000, pp. 34-6.
20. Ibid., p. 35.
21. David Armstrong, 'Globalization and the social state', Review of International Studies 24: 4, October 1998, p. 477.
22. Quoted in ibid., also The Times, 1 July 1997, p. 14.
23. The metropolitan economies of Europe have divided countries since the beginnings of nineteenth-century industrialization: see Norman Davies, Europe: a history (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 764-5. Until the last thirty years, however, this did not promote high interdependence and governments did not find that this diminished their authority to any great extent.
24. These figures are all in a special report in The Economist, 29 Jan. 2000, p. 25.
25. Armstrong, op. cit., pp. 461-78.
26. Dominic Lieven, Empire: the Russian empire and its rivals (London: John Murray, 2000).
27. Richard Norton-Taylor and Owen Bowcott, 'Deadly cost of the new warfare', The Guardian, 22 Oct. 1999.
28. Patrick Brogan, World conflicts (London: Bloomsbury, 1992), p. viii. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees presently calculates a total of some 50 million refugees and internally displaced people around the world. UNHCR by numbers. Table 1, UNHCR 1999.
29. Mariyam Joyce-Hasham, 'Emerging threats on the Internet', RIIA Briefing Paper 15, July 2000. p. 4