Critical Literacy And Digital Texts

Educational Theory

Volumn 46, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 51-70

  Peters, Michael ^a   Lankshear, Colin ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND   (New Zealand)

^b QUEENSLAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0002637798     PISSN: 00132004     EISSN: 17415446     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-5446.1996.00051.x     Document Type: Article

References (89)

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4. Jack Goody, The Interface Between the Written and the Oral (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987)
5. Eric Havelock, The Literate Revolution in Greece and its Cultural Consequences (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982)
6. Eric Havelock, The Muse Learns to Write: Reflections on Orality and Literacy from Antiquity to the Present (London: Yale University Press, 1986)
7. Marshall McLuhan, The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1962)
8. Walter Ong, Orality and Literacy: Studies in the Evolution of Conciousness (London: Methuen, 1982)
9. Jay David Bolter, Writing Space: The Computer, Hypertext, and the History of Writing (Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1991)
10. Bill Green and Chris Bigum, "Hypermedia or Media Hype? New technologies and the Future of Literacy Education," In The Literacy Lexicon, ed. Michele Anstey and Geoff Bull (Sydney: Prentice Hall, in press)
11. George Landow and Paul Delany, The Digital Word: Text-Based Computing in the Humanities (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1993)
12. Jean-François Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge, trans. Goeff Bennington and Brian Massumi (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984)
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14. Mark Poster, The Mode of Information: Poststructualism and Social Context (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990)
15. Mark Poster, "The Second Media Age," Arena 3 (1994): 49-92.
16. Michel Foucault, The Archaeology of Knowledge (New York: Pantheon, 1972)
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20. Richard Lanham, The Electronic Word: Democracy, Technology and the Arts (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1993
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24. Steven Hodas, "Technology Refusal and the Organizational Culture of Schools," Education Policy Analysis Archives 1, 10 (1993
25. Seymour Papert, The Children's Machine: Rethinking School in the Age of the Computer (New York: Basic Books, 1993)
26. Lewis Perelman, School's Out: A Radical New Formula for the Revitahzation of America's Educational System (New York: Avon Books, 1992).
27. Paulo Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed (New York: Seabury, 1970)
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31. Michael Helm, The Metaphysics of Virtual Reality (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 16.
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36. Wendy Morgan, A Poststructuralist English Classroom: The Example of Ned Kelly (Melbourne: Victorian Association for the Teaching of English, 1992).
37. Peter McLaren, Life in Schools (New York: Longman, 1989), 160
38. Peter McLaren, Critical Pedagogy and Predatory Culture (London: Routledge, 1995).
39. Catherine Wallace, "Critical Language Awareness in the EFL Classroom In Critical Language Awareness, ed. Norman Fairclough (Harlow: Longman, 1992), 59-92.
40. James Paul Gee, Social Linguistics and Literacies: Ideology in Discourses (London: Falmer Press, 1990
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42. Gary Anderson and Patricia Irvine, "Informing Critical Literacy with Ethnography," in Critical Literacy: Politics, Praxis and the Postmodern, ed. Colin Lankshear and Peter McLaren (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993), 81-104.
43. Anderson and Irvine, "Informing Critical Literacy," 94-95.
44. Gunther Kress, Linguistic Processes in Sociocultural Practice, 31.
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47. The Australian, 14 August (Sydney: Nationwide News Pty Ltd.), 1.1992
48. Colin Lankshear, Critical Literacy (Canberra: Australian Curriculum Studies Association, 1994).
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50. Colin Lankshear and Michele Knobel, "Critical Literacy and Active Citizenship," In Constructing Critical Literacies, ed. Sandy Muspratt, Allan Luke, and Peter Freebody (Norwood, N.J.: Hampton Press, forthcoming).
51. Marshall McLuhan, The Gutenberg Galaxy; Andre Gorz, Farewell to the Working Class: An Essay on Post-Industrial Socialism (London: Pluto Press, 1982
52. Andre Gorz, Paths to Paradise: On Liberation from Work (London: Pluto Press, 1985
53. Michel Foucault, Power/Knowledge and The Foucault Reader.
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55. Poster, The Mode of Information.
56. George Landow, Hypertext: The Convergence of Contemporary Critical Theory and Technology (Baltimore: The John Hopkins Press, 1992), 2.
57. Bolter, Writing Space, 6.
58. Paul Delany and George Landow, "Managing the Digital Word: The Text in an Age of Electronic Reproduction," In Landow and Delany, The Digital Word, 3-32.
59. Lanham, The Electronic Word, xi.
60. Mark Poster, The Second Media Age (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995).
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62. William Gibson, Neuromancer (New York: Paladin, 1984).
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64. Erik Davis, "Techgnosis: Magic, Memory, and the Angels of Information," South Atlantic Quarterly 94, no. 4 (1993): 586.
65. Bolter, Writing Space, 42-43.
66. Delany and Landow, "Managing the Digital Word."
67. Lanham, The Electronic Word, 11-13.
68. As one reviewer observed, our points about the digital text not being a physical object apply also to conventional texts at the level of "the information object." We agree, but the desubstantiation of digital texts resists logics of fixity and enclosure in ways not so readily available to conventional texts - notwithstanding attempts to "domesticate" digital texts to more or less conventional formats (as in many distance education and computer-based education initiatives which employ linear information delivery. These possibilities for resisting "enclosure" and their effects on social practices and the formation of subjectivity are important. The "truth" about the information object not being physical, and hence fixed, within conventional print forms was typically lost at the level of everyday practices grounded in the "book" as text paradigm. Like many others, we do not want to see this history repeated in new pedagogies appropriating digital texts.
69. Lanham, The Electronic Word, 4.
70. Roland Barthes, S/Z (London: Cape, 1979).
71. Landow, Hypertext, 3.
72. Anne Okerson, "Oh Lord, Won't You Buy Me a Mercedes Benz. Or, There is a There There," Surfaces IV (1994): 102.
73. Andrew Odlyzko, "Tragic Loss or Good Riddance?: The Impending Demise of Traditional Scholarly Journals," Surfaces IV (1994): 105.
74. Having emphasized the potential for such "progressive" outcomes, we nonetheless agree with one reviewer's reservations concerning the way things have tracked out empirically thus far. Our point, of course, is that if the sorts of ideals we favor are to be seen in the first place as serious and viable options, they must first be named, advocated, and championed. This is the task we are hoping to contribute to here.
75. Delany and Landow, "Managing the Digital Word," 16.
76. Lanham, The Electronic Word, 4.
77. Kress, Linguistic Processes in Sociocultural Practice.
78. Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed; Education for Critical Consciousness, The Politics of Education; and Freire and Macedo, Literacy: Reading the Word and the World
79. D.W. Harding, "The Role of the Onlooker", Scrutiny 6, no. 3 (1937): 247-58
80. Wolfgang Iser, The Act of Reading: A Theory of Aesthetic Response (London: Routledge, 1976).
81. Henry Giroux, "Slacking Off: Border Youth and Postmodern Education," In Counter narratives: Cultural Studies and Critical Pedagogies in Postmodern Spaces, Henry Giroux, Colin Lankshear, Peter McLaren and Michael Peters (New York: Routledge, in press); Douglas Rushkoff, Cyberia: Life in the Trenches of Hyperspace (San Francisco: Harper, 1994
82. Douglas Rushkoff, The GenX Reader (New York: Ballantine Books, 1994
83. Neil Howe and Bill Strauss, 13th Gen: Abort, Retry, Ignore, Fail! (New York: Vintage Books, 1993).
84. Richard Smith, "Cyberpunk Nurseries: Computer Game-Playing among Young Children and Adoles cents" (Research Grant Application, Griffith University, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Brisbane, 1994).
85. Chris Bigum and Bill Green, "Technologizing Literacy: The Dark Side of the Dream," Discourse: The Australian Journal of Educational Studies 12, no. 2 (1992): 4-28
86. Heim, The Metaphysics of Virtual Reality; Howard Rheingold, Virtual Community (London: Seeker and, Warburg, ), chap. 10; and Rushkoff, Cyberia.1994
87. Compare Cohen, "Educational Technology, Policy, and Practice"; Cuban, Teachers and Machines; Hodas, "Technology Refusal and the Organizational Culture of Schools; Green and Bigum, Hypermedia or Media Hype?"; and Papert, The Children's Machine.
88. Cuban, Teachers and Machines; Stephen Kerr, "Lever and Fulcrum: Educational Technology in Teachers' Thought and Practice," Teachers College Record and Papert, The Children's Machine.931991 114-36
89. Bolter, Writing Space, 2, cited in Lanham, The Electronic Word, x.