Natural history of the ACL-deficient knee

Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 20-28

  Boden, Barry P ^a   Feagin Jr , John A ^a  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Anterior cruciate ligament; Natural history; Nonoperative therapy

Indexed keywords

EID: 0002481386     PISSN: 10628592     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (49)

1. Feagin JA, Curl WW. Isolated tear of the anterior cruciate ligament: 5-year follow-up study. Am J Sports Med 1976;4:95-100.
2. O'Donoghue DH, Frank GR, Jeter GL, Johnson W, Zedders JW, Kenyon R. Repair and reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament in dogs: factors influencing long-term results. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1971;53:710-8.
3. Cabaud HE, Rodkey WG, Feagin JA. Experimental studies of acute anterior cruciate ligament injury and repair. Am J Sports Med 1979; 7:18-22.
4. Dye SF. The future of anterior cruciate ligament restoration. Clin Orthop 1996;325:130-9.
5. Lyon RM, Akeson WH, Amiel D, Kitabayashi LR, Woo SL. Ultrastructural differences between the cells of the medial collateral and anterior cruciate ligaments. Clin Orthop 1991;272:279-86.
6. Amiel D, Wiig M, Nimni M. The molecular signals in ligament healing. In: Jackson DW, ed. The anterior cruciate ligament: current and future concepts. New York: Raven Press, 1993:189-94.
7. Butler DL, Noyes FR, Grood ES. Ligamentous restraints to anterior-posterior drawer in the human knee: a biomechanical study. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1980;62:259-70.
8. Levy IM, Torzilli PA, Warren RF. The effect of medial meniscectomy on anterior-posterior motion of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1982;64:883-8.
9. Levy IM, Torzilli PA, Gould JD, Warren RF. The effect of lateral meniscectomy on motion of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1989; 71:401-6.
10. Frankel VH, Burstein AH, Brooks DB. Biomechanics of internal derangement of the knee: pathomechanics as determined by analysis of instant centers of motion. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1971;53:945-62.
11. Muller W. The knee: form, function and ligament reconstruction. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1983:8-13.
12. Limbird TJ, Shiavi R, Frazer M, Borra H. EMG profiles of knee joint musculature during walking: changes induced by anterior cruciate ligament deficiency. J Orthop Res 1988;6:630-8.
13. Berchuck M, Andriacchi TP, Bach BR, Reider B. Gait adaptations by patients who have deficient anterior cruciate ligament. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1990;72:871-7.
14. Arms SW, Pope MH, Johnson RJ, Fischer RA, Arvidsson I, Erikson E. The biomechanics of anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation and reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 1984;12:8-15.
15. Timoney JM, Inman WS, Quesada PM, et al. Return of normal gait patterns after anterior cruciate reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 1993;21:887-9.
16. Andriacchi TP. Functional evaluation of normal and ACL-deficient knee using gait analysis techniques. In: Jackson DW, ed. The anterior cruciate ligament: current and future concepts. New York: Raven Press, 1993:153-9.
17. Kannus P, Jarvinen M. Conservatively treated tears of the anterior cruciate ligament: long-term results. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1987; 69:1007-12.
18. Dupont Y. Evolution of lesions and symptoms after ACL injury. In: Feagin JA Jr, ed. The crucial ligaments: diagnosis and treatment of ligamentous injuries about the knee. New York: Churchill Livingston, 1994:239-65.
19. Wojtys EM. The ACL-deficient knee. AAOS monograph series. 1994:3-4.
20. Odensten M, Hamberg P, Nordin M, Lysholm J, Gillquist J. Surgical or conservative treatment of the acutely torn anterior cruciate ligament: a randomized study with short-term follow-up observations. Clin Orthop 1985;198:87-93.
21. Hawkins RJ, Misamore GW, Merritt TR. Follow-up of the acute nonoperated isolated anterior cruciate ligament tear. Am J Sports Med 1986;14:205-10.
22. Pattee GA, Fox JM, Del Pizzo W, Friedman MJ. Four to ten year follow-up of unreconstructed anterior cruciate ligament tears. Am J Sports Med 1989;17:430-5.
23. Anderson C, Odensten M, Good L, Gillquist J. Surgical or non-surgical treatment of acute rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament: a randomized study with long-term follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1989;71:965-74.
24. Jokl P, Kaplan N, Stovell K. Non-operative treatment of severe injuries to the medial and anterior cruciate ligaments of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1984;66:741-4.
25. Chick RR, Jackson DW. Tears of the anterior cruciate ligament in young athletes. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1978;60:970-3.
26. Noyes FR, Mooar PA, Matthews DS, Butler DL. The symptomatic anterior cruciate-deficient knee: part I: the long-term functional disability in athletically active individuals. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1983;65:154-62.
27. Noyes FR, Matthews DS, Mooar PA, Grood ES. The symptomatic anterior cruciate-deficient knee: part II: the results of rehabilitation, activity modification, and counseling on functional disability. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1983;65:163-74.
28. Fowler PJ, Regan WD. The patient with symptomatic chronic anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency: results of minimal arthroscopic surgery and rehabilitation. Am J Sports Med 1987;15:321-5.
29. McDaniel WJ Jr, Dameron TB Jr. Untreated ruptures of the anterior cruciate ligament: a follow-up study. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1980; 62:696-705.
30. McDaniel WJ Jr, Dameron TB Jr. The untreated anterior cruciate ligament rupture. Clin Orthop 1983;172:158-63.
31. Drongowski RA, Coran AG, Wojtys EM. Predictive value of meniscal and chondral injuries in conservatively treated anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Arthroscopy 1994;10:97-102.
32. Engebretsen L, Tegnander A. Short-term results of the nonoperated isolated anterior cruciate ligament tear. J Orthop Trauma 1990;4: 406-10.
33. Daniel DM, Stone ML, Dobson BE, Fithian DC, Rossman DJ, Kaufmen KR. Fate of the ACL-injured patient: a prospective outcome study. Am J Sports Med 1994;22:632-44.
34. Cicotti MG, Lombardo SJ, Nonweiler B, Pink M. Non-operative treatment of ruptures of the anterior cruciate ligament in middle-aged patients. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1994;76:1315-21.
35. Buss DD, Min R, Skyhar M, Galinat B, Warren RF, Wickiewicz TL. Nonoperative treatment of acute anterior cruciate ligament injuries in a selected group of patients. Am J Sports Med 1995;23: 160-5.
36. DeHaven K. Diagnosis of acute knee injuries with hemarthrosis. Am J Sports Med 1980;8:9-14.
37. Noyes FR, Bassett RW, Grood ES, Butler DL. Arthroscopy in acute traumatic hemarthrosis of the knee: incidence of anterior cruciate tears and other injuries. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1980; 62:687-95.
38. Satku K, Kumar VP, Ngoi SS. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries: to counsel or to operate? J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 1986;68: 458-61.
39. Irvine GB, Glasgow MMS. The natural history of the meniscus in anterior cruciate insufficiency: arthroscopic analysis. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 1992;74:403-5.
40. Speer KP, Spritzer CE, Bassett FH, Feagin JA Jr, Garrett WE Jr. Osseous injury associated with acute tears of the anterior cruciate ligament. Am J Sports Med 1992;20:382-9.
41. Graf BK, Cook DA, DeSmet AA, Keene JS. "Bone bruises" on magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Am J Sports Med 1993;21:220-3.
42. Faber D, Dill J, Amendola A, et al. Intermediate follow-up of occult osteochondral lesions following ACL reconstruction. AOSSM Abstract, 1996:39.
43. Marshall JL, Olsson S. Instability of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1971;53:1561-70.
44. McDevitt C, Gilbertson E, Muir H. An experimental model of osteoarthritis: early morphological and biochemical changes. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 1977;59:24-35.
45. Brandt KD. Insights into the natural history of osteoarthritis provided by the cruciate-deficient dog. Ann NY Acad Sci 1994;732: 199-205.
46. O'Connor BL, Visco DM, Brandt KD, Myers SL, Kalasinske LA. Neurogenic acceleration of osteoarthrosis: the effects of previous neurectomy of the articular nerves on the development of osteoarthrosis after transection of the anterior cruciate ligament in dogs. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1992;74:367-6.
47. O'Connor BL, Visco DM, Brandt KD. Sensory nerves only temporarily protect the unstable canine knee joint from osteoarthritis: evidence that sensory nerves reprogram the central nervous system after cruciate ligament transection. Arthritis Rheum 1993; 36:1154-1163.
48. Sherman MF, Warren RF, Marshall JL, Savatsky GJ. A clinical and radiographical analysis of 127 anterior cruciate insufficient knees. Clin Orthop 1988;227:229-37.
49. Funk FJ Jr. Osteoarthritis of the knee following ligamentous injury. Clin Orthop 1983;172:154-7.