Chemistry of Jurassic seas and its bearing on the existing organic life

Acta Geologica Polonica

Volumn 48, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 1-29

  Gruszczyński, Michał ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF PALEOBIOLOGY   (Poland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOTA; GEOCHEMISTRY; JURASSIC; PALEOCEANOGRAPHY; PALEOPRODUCTIVITY; PALEOTEMPERATURE; SEAWATER;

EID: 0002400737     PISSN: 00015709     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (140)

1. ADATTE, T., STINNESBECK, W., HUBBERTEN, H. & REMANE, J. 1992. The Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary in the northeastern and central Mexico - a multistratigraphical approach. In: III Congreso Geologico de Espan̄a y VIII Congreso Lationoamericano de Geologia, Salamanca 1992, Actas, 4, 23-29. Salamanca.
2. AHARON, P., SCHIDLOWSKI, M. & SINGH, I.B. 1987. Chronostratigraphic markers in the end-Precambrian carbon isotope record of the Lesser Himalaya. Nature, 327,699-702. London.
3. ALVAREZ, W. 1986, Toward a theory of impact crisises. Eos, 67, 649-658, Washington.
4. ALVAREZ., L.W., ASARO, F., MICHEL, H.V. & ALVAREZ, W 1980. Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction. Science, 208, 1095-1108. Washington.
5. ALVAREZ, W. & MULLER, R.A. 1984. Evidence from crater ages for periodic impacts on the Earth. Nature, 308, 718-720. London.
6. ANDERSON, T.F. & ARTHUR, M.A. 1983. Stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon and their application to sedimentologic and environmental problems. In: M.A. ARTHUR, T.F. ANDERSON, I.R. KAPLAN, J. VEIZER & L.S. LAND (Eds.), Stable Isotopes in Sedimentary Geology, SEPM Short Course, 10, 1.1-1.151. Tulsa.
7. ANDERSON, T.F., POPP, B.N., WILLIAMS, A.C., Ho, L.-Z. & HUDSON, J.D. 1994. The stable isotopic records of fossils from the Peterborough Member. Oxford Clay Formation (Jurassic), UK: palaeoenvironmental implications. J. Geol. Soc., London 151, 125-138. London.
8. BAUMGARTNER, P.O. 1987. Age and genesis of Tethyan Jurassic radiolarites. Eclogae Geol. Helv., 80, 831-879. Bern.
9. BERNSTEIN, R.E., BRYNE, R.H., BETZER, R. & GRECO, A.M. 1992. Morphologies and transformations of celestite in seawater: The role of acantharians in strontium and barium geochemistry. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 56, 3273-3279. Lancaster.
10. BECK, J.W., EDWARDS, R.L., ITO, E., TAYLOR, F.W., REY, J., ROUGERIE, F., JOANNOT, P. & HEINN, C. 1992. Sea-surface temperature from coral skeletal strontium/calcium ratio. Science, 257, 644-646. Washington.
11. 16O isotopes in rostra of Jurassic and Early Cretaceous belemnites. Geokhimja, 8, 971-978. Moscow. [In Russian with English summary]
12. BERNER, R.A. 1971. Principles of Chemical Sedimentology, 1-240. McGraw-Hill: New York.
13. BERNER, R.A. 1981. A new geochemical classification of sedimentary environments. J. Sedim. Petrol., 51, 359-365. Tulsa.
14. BERNER, R.A. 1987. Models for carbon and sulfur cycles and atmospheric oxygen: application to Paleozoic geologic history. Amer. J. Sci., 287, 177-196. New Haven.
15. BERNER, R.A., SCOTT, M.R. & THOMILSON, C. 1970. Carbonate alkalinity in the pore waters of anoxic marine sediments. Limnol. Oceanogr., 15, 544-549. Washington.
16. BERNER, R.A., LASAGA, A.C. & GARRELS, R.M. 1983. The carbonate-silicate geochemical cycle and its effect on atmospheric carbon dioxide over the past 100 million years. Am. J. Sci., 283, 641-683. New Haven.
17. BISHOP, J.K. 1988 The barite-opal-organic carbon association in oceanic particulate matter. Nature, 332, 341-343. London.
18. BOWEN, R. 1961. Paleotemperature analyses of Belemnoidea and Jurassic paleoclimatology. J. Geol., 69, 309-320. Chicago.
19. BOWEN, R. & FRITZ, P. 1963. Oxygen isotope paleotemperature analsis of Lower and Middle Jurassic fossils from Pliensbach, Würt. Experientia, 19, 461-465. Bern.
20. BRADSHAW, M.J. & CRIPPS, D.W. 1992. Mid Callovian. In: J.C.W. COPE, J.K. INGHAM & P.F. RAWSON (Eds), Atlas of Palaeogeography and Lithofacies. Geol. Soc. London, Memoirs, 13,1-120. London.
21. BRAND, U. & VEIZER, J. 1980. Chemical diagenesis of a multicomponent carbonate system - 1: Trace elements. J. Sedim. Petrol., 50, 1219-1236. Tulsa.
22. BRAND, U. & VEIZER, J. 1981. Chemical diagenesis of a multicomponent carbonate system - 2: Stable isotopes. J. Sedim. Petrol., 51, 987-998. Tulsa.
23. BRASIER, M.D., SHIELDS, G., KULESHOV, V.N. & ZHEGALLO, E.A. 1996. Integrated chemo- and biostratigraphic calibration of early animal evolution: Neoproterozoicearly Cambrian of southwest Mongolia: Geol. Magazine, 133, 445-485. Cambridge.
24. BROCHWICZ-LEWINSKI, W., GASIEWICZ, A., KRUMBEIN, W.E., MELENDEZ, G., SQUEIROS, L., SUFFCZYNSKI, S., SZATKOWSKI, K., TARKOWSKI, R. & ZBIK, M. 1986. Anomalia irydowa na granicy jury środkowej i górej. Przegla̧d Geol., 34, 83-87. Warszawa.
25. BROCHWICZ-LEWINSKI, W., GA̧SIEWICZ, A., KRUMBEIN, W.E., MELENDEZ, G., SQUEIROS, L., SUFFCZYNSKI, S., SZATKOWSKI, K. & ZIMMERMANN, H.D. 1989. Zdarzenia jura środkowa-jura górna i ich implikacje. Prza̧glad Geol., 37, 559-562. Warszawa.
26. BROECKER, W.S. 1970. A boundary condition on the evolution of atmospheric oxygen. J. Geophys. Res., 75, 3553-3557. Washington.
27. BROECKER, W.S. 1982. Ocean chemistry during glaciations. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 46, 1689-1705. Lancaster.
28. COLEMAN, M.L. 1985. Geochemistry of diagenetic non-silicate minerals: kinetic considerations. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London A, 315, 39-56. London.
29. COLEMAN, M.L., WALSH, J.N. & BENEMORE, R.A. 1989. Determination of both chemical and stable isotope composition in milligramme-size carbonate samples. Sedim. Geol., 65, 233-238. Amsterdam.
30. COLEMAN, M.L., GRUSZCZYNSKI, M., PSZCZÓLKOWSKI, A., MYCZYNSKI, R. & ISAACS, M.C. 1995. Isotope and elemental record in Late Jurassic-Earliest Cretaceous sedimentary sequence of western Cuba: geochemical evolution of proto-Caribbean sea. In: 1st SEPM Congress Sed Geol. Progr. Abstr., 1, 41. Miami.
31. COLEMAN, M.L., GRUSZCZYNSKI, M., HUDSON, J.D., KULICKI, C & ISAACS, M.C. 1997. Precise determination of seasonal temperature variation from the pre-pubescent stage of an exceptionally-preserved female, Jurassic ammonite. In: Seventh Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference. LPI contrib, 921, 53-54. Lunar & Planetary Institute, Houston.
32. CRICK, R.E. & MANN, K.O. 1987. Biomineralization and Systematic Implications. In: W.B. SAUNDERS & N.H. LANDMANN (Eds.), NAUTILUS, The Biology and Paleobiology of a Living Fossil. 115-134. Plenum Press; New York - London.
33. DEGENS, E.T. 1969. Biogeochemistry of stable carbon isotopes. In: G. EGLINGTON & J. MURPHY (Eds.), Organic Geochemistry, 304-329. Springer-Verlag; New York.
34. DEHAIRS, F., CHESELLET, R. & JEDWAB, J. 1980. Discrete suspended particles of barite and the barium cycle in the ocean. Earth. Planet Sci. Lett., 49, 528-550. Amsterdam.
35. DEHAIRS, F., GOEYENS, L., STROOBANTS, N., BERNARD, N., GOYET, C., POISSON & CHESELLET, R. 1990. On suspended barite and the oxygen minimum in the southern ocean. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 4, 85-102. Washington.
36. DEHAIRS, F., BAYENES, W. & GOEYENS, L. 1992. Accumulation of suspended barite at mesopelagic depths and export production in the southern ocean. Science, 258, 1332-1335. Washington.
37. DEINES, P. 1980. The isotopic composition of reduced organic carbon. In: P. FRITZ & J.Ch. FONTES (Eds), Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry, 329-406. Elsevier: Amsterdam.
38. DEUSER, W.G. 1970. Carbon-13 in Black Sea waters and implications for the origin of hydrogen sulphide. Science, 268, 1575-1577. Washington.
39. DEWEY, J.F., PITTMAN, W.C., RYAN, W.B.F. & BONIN, J. 1973. Plate tectonics and the evolution of the Alpine system. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 84, 3134-3180. Boulder.
40. DYMOND, J., SUESS, E. & LYLE, M. 1992. Barium in deep-sea sediment: a geochemical proxy for paleoproductivity. Paleoceanography, 7, 163-181. Washington.
41. DYRSEN, D. 1986. Stagnant sulphidic basin waters. Sci. Total Environ., 58, 161-173. Washington.
42. ELDERFIELD, H. 1990. Tracers of ocean palaeoproductivity and palaeochemistry: an introduction. Paleoceanography. 5, 711-717. Washington.
43. 16O ratio in nature and some geological implications. In: P.H. ABELSON (Ed.), Researches in Geochemistry, 217-240. Wiley; New York.
44. 18O content of waters from natural sources. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 4, 213-224. Lancaster.
45. EPSTEIN, S., BUCHSBAUM, R., LOWENSTAM, H.A. & UREY, H.C. 1953. Revised carbonate-water isotopic temperature scale. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., 64, 1315-1326. Boulder.
46. FABRICIUS, F., FRIEDRICHSEN, V. & JACOBSHAGEN, V. 1970. Paläotemperaturen und Paläoklima in Obertrias und Lias der Alpen. Geol. Rundschau, 59, 805-826. Stuttgart.
47. FALKNER, K.K. KLINKHAMMER, G.P., BOWERS, T.S., TODD, J.E., LEWIS, B.L., LANDING, W.M. & EDMOND, J.M. 1993. The behaviour of barium in anoxic marine waters. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 57, 537-554. Lancaster.
48. FRANCOIS, R., HONJO, S., MANGANINI, S.J. & RAVIZZA, G. E. 1995. Biogenic barium fluxes to the deep sediments: Implications for paleoproductivity reconstructions. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 9, 289-303. Washington.
49. 16O-Isotopenanalysen und Paläeotemperaturbestimmungen an Belemniten aus dem Schwäb. Jura. Geol. Rundschau, 54, 261-269. Stuttgart.
50. FROELICH, P.N., KLINKHAMMER, G.P., BENDER, M.L., LUEDTKE, N.A., HEATH, G.R., CULLEN, D., DAUPHIN, P., HAMMOND, D., HATRMAN, B. & MAYNARD, V. 1979. Early oxidation of organic matter in pelagic sediments of the eastern equatorial Atlantic: suboxic diagenesis. Geochim. Cosmocim. Acta, 43, 1075-1090, Lancaster.
51. 13C measurements as indicators of carbon flow in marine and freshwater ecosystems. Contrib. Mar. Sci., 27, 13-47. Seattle.
52. FRY, B., JANNASCH, H.W., MOLYNEAUX, S.J., WIRSEN, C.O. MURAMOTO, J.A. & KING, S. 1991. Stable isotope studies of the carbon, nitrogen and sulfur cycles in the Black Sea and the Cariaco Trench. Deep-Sea Res., 38, 1003-1019. Woods Hole.
53. GARRELS, R.M. & THOMPSON, M.E. 1962. A chemical model for sea Water at 25°C and one atmosphere total presure. Amer. J. Sci., 260, 57-66. New Haven.
54. GIVEN, R.K. & WILKINSON, B.H. 1987. Dolomite abundance and stratigraphic age, constraints on rates and mechanisms of Phanerozoic dolostone formation. J Sedim. Petrol., 57, 1068-1078. Tulsa.
55. GOYET, C., BRADSHAW, A.L. & BREWER, P.G. 1991. The carbonate system in the Black Sea. Deep-Sea Res., 38, 1049-1068. Woods Hole.
56. GRUSZCZYNSKI, M. 1979. Ecological succession in Upper Jurassic hardgrounds from Central Poland. Acta Palaeont. Polonica, 24, 429-450. Warszawa.
57. GRUSZCZYNSKI, M. 1986. Hardgrounds and ecological succession in the light of early diagenesis (Jurassic, Holy Cross Mts., Poland). Acta Palaeont. Polonica, 31, 163-212. Warszawa.
58. GRUSZCZYNSKI, M., HALAS, S., HOFFMAN, A. & MALKOWSKI, K. 1989. A brachiopod calcite record of the oceanic carbon and oxgen isotope shifts at the Permian/Triassic transition. Nature, 337, 64-68. London.
59. GRUSZCZYNSKI, M., HOFFMAN, A., MALKOWSKI, K., HALAS, S., ZAWIDZKA, K. & ZENG-YONG, 1990a. Carbon isotopic drop across the Permian-Triassic boundary in SE Sichuan, China. N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Mh., (10), 600-606. Stuttgart.
60. GRUSZCZYNSKI, M., HOFFMAN, A., MALKOWSKI, K., TATUR, A. & HALAS, S. 1990b. Some geochemical aspects of life and burial environments of late Jurassic scleractinian corals from northern Poland. N. Jb. Geol. Palönt. Mh., (11), 673-686. Stuttgart.
61. GRUSZCZYNSKI, M., COLEMAN, M.L. & ISAACS, M.C. 1993a. Origin of handgrounds: a step of understanding. Terra Abstr., 5, 688-689. Oxford.
62. GRUSZCZYNSKI, M., COLEMAN, M.L. & HUDSON, J.D. 1993b. Callovian provinciality: a geochemical perspective. In: Arkell Int. Symp. Jurassic Geology, p. 26. London.
63. GRUSZCZYNSKI, M., COLEMAN, M.L., DREWNIAK, A. & ISAACS, M.C. 1994. Mass extinction and oceanic circulation at the Middle-Upper Jurassic passage. In: l4th lnter. Sedim. Congress Abstr., p. E- 11. Reciefe.
64. 13C Phanerozoic curve once more In: 10th Bathurst Meeting of Carbonate Sedimentologists. Abstracts, p. 24.Egham.
65. HALLAM, A. 1975. Jurassic Environnments, 1-269. Cambridge University Press; Cambridge.
66. HALLAM, A. 1984. Pre-Quaternary sea-level changes. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 12, 205-243. Palo Alto.
67. HEYDARI, E. & MOORE, C.H. 1994. Paleoceanographic and Paleoclimatic controls on ooid mineralogy of the Smackover formation, Mississipi Salt Basin: implications for Late Jurassic seawater composition. J. Sedim. Research, A64, 101-114. Tulsa.
68. HOEFS, J. 1987. Stable Isotope Geochemistry, 1-241. Springer: New York - Berlin - Heidelberg.
69. 34S, in the world ocean. J, Geology, 99, 355-370. Chicago.
70. HOFFMAN, A., GRUSZCZYNSKI, M., MALKOWSKI, K., HALAS, S., MATYJA, B.A. & WIERZBOWSKI, A. 1991b. Carbon and oxygen isotope curves for the Oxfordian of central Poland. Acta Geol. Polonica, 43, 157-164. Warszawa.
71. HOLLAND, H.D. 1978. The Chemistry of the Atmosphere and Oceans, 1-351. Wiley; New York.
72. HOLSER, W.T. 1984. Gradual and abrupt shifts in ocean chemistry during Phanerozoic time. In: H.D. HOLLAND & A.F. TRENDALL (Eds), Patterns of Changes in Earth Evolution, 123-143. Springer-Verlag; Berlin.
73. HOLSER, W.T., SCHIDLOWSKI, M., MACKENZIE, F.T. & MAYNARD, J.B. 1988. Geochemical Cycles of Carbon and Sulfur. In: C.B. Gregor, R.M. GARRELS, F.T. MACKENZIE & J.B. MAYNARD (Eds). Chemical Cycles in the Evolution of the Earth, 105-173.
74. HUDSON, J.D. 1977. Stable isotopes and limestone lithification. J. Geol. Soc., London, 133, 637-660. Lodnon.
75. HUDSON, J.D. & ANDERSON, T.F. 1989. Ocean temperatures and isotopic compositions through time. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, Earth Sci., 80, 183-192. Edinburgh.
76. HUT, P., ALVAREZ, W., ELDER, W.P., HANSEN, T., KAUFFMAN, E.G., KELLER, G., SCHOEMAKER, E.M. & WEISSMAN, P.R. 1987. Comet showers as a cause of mass extinctions. Nature, 329, 118-126. London.
77. IRWIN, H. 1980. Early diagenetic carbonate precipitation and pore fluid migration in the Kimmeridge Clay of Dorset, England, Sedimentology, 27, 57-591. Oxford.
78. IRWIN, H., CURTIS, C. & COLEMAN, M.L. 1977. Isotopic evidence for source of diagenetic carbonates formed durng burial of organic-rich sediments. Nature, 269, 209-213. London.
79. JARVIS, I. Carson, G.A., COOPER, M.K.E., HART. H.B., LEARY, P.N., TOCHER, B.A., HORNE, D. & ROSENFELD, A. 1988. Microfossil assemblages and the Cenomanian - Turonian (late Cretaceous) oceanic anoxic event. Cretaceous Res., 9, 3-103. London.
80. JENKYNS, H.C. 1988. The early Toarcian (Jurassic) anoxic event: stratigraphic, sedimentary and geochemical evidence. Amer. J. Sci., 288, 101-151. New Haven.
81. JENKYNS, H.C. 1996. Relative sea-level change and carbon isotopes: data from the Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian) of central Southern Europe. Terra Nova, 8, 75-85. Oxford.
82. JENKYNS, H.C. & CLAYTON, C.J. 1986. Black shales and carbon isotopes in pelagic sediments from the Tethyan Lower Jurassic. Sedimentology, 33. 87-106. Oxford.
83. JENKYNS, H.C. & CLAYTON, C.J. 1997. Lower Jurassic epicontinental carbonates and mudstones from England and Wales: chemostratigraphic signals and the early Toarcian anoxic event. Sedimentology, 44. 687-706. Oxford.
84. JENKYNS, H.C., GECZY, B. & MARSHALL, J.D. 1991. Jurassic manganese carbonates of central Europe and the early Toarcian anoxic event. J. Geol., 99, 137-149. Chicago.
85. JONES, C.E., JENKYNS, H.C., COE, A.L. & HASSELBO, S.P. 1994. Strontium isotopic variations in Jurassic and Cretaceous seawater. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 58, 3061-3074. Lancaster.
86. JORDAN, R. & STAHL, W. 1970. Isotopische Paläotemperatur Bestimmungen an jurassischen Ammoniten und grundsätzliche Voraussetzungen für diese Methode. Geol. Jb., 89, 33-62. Stuttgart.
87. KEMPE, S. & KAZMIERCZAK, J. 1993. Satonda Crater Lake, Indonesia: Hydrochemistry and biocarbonates. Facies, 28, 1-32. Erlangen.
88. KEMPE, S. & KAZMIERCZAK, J. 1994. The role of alkalinity in the evolution of ocean chemistry, organization of living systems, and biocalcification processes. In: F. DOUMENGE (Ed.), Past and Present Biomineralization Processes. Bull. Inst. Oceanogr., Monaco, No. Spec., 13, 61-117. Monte Carlo.
89. KOPIK, J. 1979. Callovian of the Czestochowa Jura (southwestern Poland). Prace Inst. Geol., 93, 1-69. Warszawa. [In Polish with English summary]
90. LEA, D.W. & SPERO, H.J. 1992. Experimental determination of barium uptake in shells of the planktonic foraminifera Orbulina universa at 22°C. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 56, 2673-2680. Lancaster.
91. 2: Natural variations Archean to present. American Geophysical Union Monograph, 32, 397-411. Washington, D.C.
92. LERMAN, A. 1979. Geochemical Processes: Water and Sediment Environments, 1-481, Wiley & Sons: New York.
93. MACKENZIE, F.T. & GARRELS, R.M. 1966a. Chemical mass balance between rivers and oceans. Amer. J. Sci., 264, 507-525. New Haven.
94. MACKENZIE, F.T. & GARRELS, R. M. 1966b. Silica-bicarbonate balance in the ocean and early diagenesis. J Sedim. Petrol., 36, 1075-1084. Tulsa.
95. MACKENZIE, F.T. & Pigott, J. D. 1981 Tectonic controls of Phanerozoic sedimentary rock cycling. J. Geol. Soc. London, 138, 183-196. London.
96. MACKENZIE, F.T. & MORSE, J.W. 1992. Sedimentary carbonates through Phanerozoic time. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 56, 3281-3295. New Haven.
97. MACKENZIE, F.T., GARRELS, R.M., BRICKER, O.P. & BICKLEY, F. 1967. Silica in sea water: control by silica minerals. Science, 155, 1404-1405. Washington.
98. MALKOWSKI, K., GRUSZCZYNSKI, M., HOFFMAN, A. & HALAS, S. 1989. Oceanic stable isotope composition and a scenario for the Permo-Triassic crisis. Hist. Biology, 2, 289-309. London.
99. MALKOWSKI, K., GRUSZCZYNSKI, M. & HOFFMAN, A. 1990. A model of oceanic controls on limestone-clay alternations in open-shelf settings. N. Jb. Geol. Paläont., Mh., (3),165-168. Stuttgart.
100. MARSHALL, J.D. 1992. Climatic and oeanographic isotopic signals from the carbonate rock record and their preservation. Geol. Mag., 129, 143-160. Cambridge.
101. MARSHALL, J.D. & MIDDLETON, P.D. 1990. Chages in marine isotope composition and the late Ordovician glaciation. J. Geol. Soc. London, 147, 1-4. London.
102. MCNEILL, G.W. 1993. The geochemical palaeo-oceanography and mineralogy of marine sediments from the Peruvian continental margin. Ph.D. Thesis, 1-280. Edinburgh.
103. MORSE, J.W. & MACKENZIE, F.T. 1990. Geochemistry of Sedimentary Carbonates. In: Developments in Sedimentology, 48, 1-707, Elsevier, Amsterdam - New York.
104. Mucci, A. 1983. The solubility of calcite and aragonite in seawater at various salinities, temperatures, and one atmosphere total pressure. Am. J. Sci., 283, 780-799. New Haven.
105. 18O history of seawater. In: J.W. VALLEY, H.P. TAYLOR, JR. & J.R. O'NEIL (Eds), Stable Isotopes in High Temperature Geological Processes. Rev. Mineralogy, 16, 425-444. MSA, Book Crafters, Inc: Chelsea, Michigan.
106. MUEHLENBACHS, K. & CLAYTON, R.N. 1976. Oxygen isotope composition of the oceanic crust and its bearing on seawater. J. Geophys. Res., 81, 4365-4369. Washington.
107. PARRISH, J.T 1992. Jurassic climate and oceanography of the Circum-Pacific region. In: G.E.G. WESTERMANN (Ed.), The Jurassic of the Circum-Pacific. World and Regional Geology, 3, 365-379. Cambridge Univ. Press; Cambridge.
108. RAUP, D. & SEPKOWSKI, J.J. 1984. Periodicity of extinctions in the geologic past. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81, 801-805. Washington.
109. RAUP, D. & SEPKOWSKI. J.J. 1986. Periodic extinction of families and genera. Science, 231, 833-836. Washington.
110. Ross, C.A., MOORE, G.T. & HAYASHIDA, D.N. 1992. Late Jurassic paleoclimate simulation - paleoecological implications for ammonoid provinciality. Palaios, 7, 487-507. Tulsa.
111. ROZYCKI, S.Z. 1953. The Upper Dogger and Lower Malm of the Kraków-Czȩstochowa Jura Chain. Prace Inst. Geol., 17, 1-412. Warszawa. [In Polish]
112. SÆLEN, G., DOYLE, P. & TALBOT, M.R. 1996. Stable-isotope analyses of belemnite rostra from the Whitby Mudstone Fm., England: surface water conditions during deposition of a marine black shale. Palaios, 11, 97-117. Tulsa.
113. SANDBERG, P.A. 1983. An oscillating trend in Phanerozoic nonskeletal carbonate mineralogy. Nature, 305, 19-22. London.
114. 2: Natural Variations Archean to Present. A G U Monogr., 32,585-594. Washington, D.C.
115. SANDBERG, P.A. 1985b. Aragonite cements and their occurrence in ancient limestones. In: N. SCHNEIDERMANN & P.M. HARRIS (Eds), Carbonate Cements. S.E.P.M. Spec. Publ., 36, 33-57. Tulsa, Oklahoma.
116. SCHOLLE, P.A. & ARTHUR, M.A. 1980. Carbon isotopic fluctuations in Cretaceous pelagic limestones: Potential stratigraphic and petroleum exploration tool. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull., 64, 67-87. Tulsa.
117. SCHROEDER, J.O., MURRAY, R.W., LEINEN, M., PFLAUM, R.C. & JANECEK, T.R. 1997. Barium in equatorial Pacific carbonate sediment: Tenrrigenous, oxide, and biogenic associations. Paleoceanography, 12, 125-146. Washington.
118. SEPKOWSKI, J.J. 1989. Periodicity in extinction and the problem of catastrophism in the history of life. J. Geol. Soc. London, 146, 7-19. London.
119. 2 in the Ocean. 355-374. Plenum Press: New York.
120. SHOEMAKER, E.M., & WOLFE, R.F. 1986. Mass extinctions, crater ages and comet showers. In: R.M. SMOLUCHOWSKI, J.N. BAHCALL & M.S. MATTHEWS (Eds), The Galaxy and the Solar System, 338-386. University of Arizona Press; Tuscon, Arizona.
121. STAHL, W. & JORDAN, R. 1969. General considerations on isotopic palaeotemperature determinations and analyses on Jurassic ammonites. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 6, 173-178. Amsterdam.
122. SPAETH, C., HOEFS, J. & VETTER, U. 1971. Some aspects of isotopic composition of belemnites and related paleotemperatures. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., 82, 3139-3150. Boulder.
123. SPITZY, A. & DEGENS, E.T. 1985. Modelling stable isotope fluctuations through geologic time. Mitteilungen Geol.-Paläont. Inst. Uni. Hamburg, 59, 155-156. Hamburg.
124. STEVENS, G.R. & CLAYTON, R.N. 1971. Oxygen isotope studies on Jurassic and Cretaceous belemnites from New Zealand and their biogeographic siginificance. N. Zeal. J. Geol. Geophys., 14, 829-897. Auckland.
125. SUNDQUIST, E.T. & BROECKER, W.S. (Eds.). 1985. The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO:2: Natural Variations, Archaean to Present. Geophys. Monogr. Ser., 32, 1-627. AGU; Washington.
126. TAN, F.C., HUDSON, J.D. & KEITH, M.L. 1970. Jurassic (Callovian) paleotemperatures from Scotland. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 9, 421-426. Amsterdam.
127. TEIS, R.V., NAIDIN, D.P. & SAKS, V.N. 1968. Determination of Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous paleotemperatures from the oxygen isotopic composition of belemnie guards. In: V.N. Saks (Ed.), Mesozoic Marine Faunas of the U.S.S.R. North and Far East and their Stratigraphic Significance. Siberian Branch, USSR Acad. Sci., Trans. lnst. Geol. Geophys., 48, 51-71. Moscow. [In Russian]
128. UREY, H.C. 1951. The origin and development of the Earth and other terrestrial planets. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 1, 209-277. Lancaster.
129. UREY, H.C. 1956. Regarding the early history of the earth's atmosphere. Bull. Geol. Amer. Soc., 67, 1125-1127. Boulder.
130. UREY, H.C., LOWENSTAM, H.A., EPSTEIN, S. & MCKINNEY, C.R. 1951. Measurment of paleotemperatures and temperatures of the Upper Cretaceous of England, Denmark, and the southern United States. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., 62, 399-416. Boulder.
131. VON DAMM, K.L. & EDMUND, J.M. 1984. Reverse weathering in the closed-basin lakes of the Ethiopian rift. J. Amer. Sci., 284, 835-862. New Haven.
132. VEIZER, J. 1974. Chemical diagenesis of belemnite shells and possible consequences for paleotemperature determinations. N. Jb. Geol. Paläont., Abh., 145, 279-305. Stuttgart.
133. VEIZER, J. 1983. Chemical diagenesis of carbonates: theory and application of trace element technique. In: M.A. ARTHUR, T.F. ANDERSON, I.R. KAPLAN, J. VEIZER & L.S. LAND (Eds), Stable Isotopes in Sedimentary Geology. SEPM Short Course, 10, 1-100. Dallas.
134. VEIZER, J. & FRITZ, P. 1976. Possible control of post-depositional alteration in oxgen paleotemperature determinations. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 33, 255-260. Amsterdam.
135. WEISSERT, H. & CHANNELL, J.E.T. 1989. Tethyan carbonate isotope stratigraphy across the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary: an indicator of decelerated global cycling? Paleoceanography, 4,483-494. Washington.
136. WESTERMANN, G.E.G. 1993. Global bio-events in mid-Jurassic ammonites controlled by seaways. In: M.R. HOUSE (Ed.), The Ammonoidea: Environment, Ecology, and Evolutionary Change. Systematics Assoc., Spec. Vol., 47, 187-226. Clarendon Press; Oxford.
137. WIGLEY, T.M.L. & PLUMMER, L.N. 1976. Mixing of carbonate waters. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 40, 989-995. Lancaster.
138. WILKINSON, B.H. & GIVEN, R.K. 1986. Secular variation in abiotic marine carbonates: Constraints on Phanerozoic atmospheric carbon dioxide contents and oceanic Mg/Ca ratios. J. Geology, 94. 321-333. Chicago.
139. WILKINSON, B.H., OWEN, R.M. & CARROLL, A.R. 1985. Submarine hydrothermal weathering, global eustasy, and carbonate polymorphism in Phanerozoic marine oolites. J. Sedim. Petrol., 55, 171-183. Tulsa.
140. ZIEGLER, P.A. 1990. Geological Atlas of Western and Central Europe, 1-390. Shell Internationale Petroleum Maatschappij B.V.; Amsterdam.