The effects of imagery-manipulated appraisal on intensity and direction of competitive anxiety

Sport Psychologist

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 40-51

  Hale, Bruce D ^a   Whitehouse, Adam ^b  

^a STAFFORDSHIRE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0002398679     PISSN: 08884781     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1123/tsp.12.1.40     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Alpert, R., & Haber, R.N. (1960). Anxiety in academic achievement situations. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 61, 207-215.
2. Apter, M.J. (1982). The experience of motivation: The theory of psychological reversals. London and New York: Academic Press.
3. Boutcher, S.H., & Zinsser, N.W. (1990). Cardiac deceleration of elite and beginning golfers during putting. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 12, 37-47.
4. Bunker, L., Williams, J., & Zinsser, N. (1993). Cognitive techniques for improving performance and building confidence. In J. Willams (Ed.), Applied sport psychology: Personal growth to peak performance (2nd ed.) (pp. 225-242). Mountain View, CA: Mayfield.
5. Burton, D. (1988). Do anxious swimmers swim slower? Re-examining the elusive anxiety-performance relationship. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10, 45-61.
6. Carver, C.S., & Scheier, M.F. (1988). A control-process perspective on anxiety. Anxiety Research, 1, 17-22.
7. Collins, D.J., Hale, B.D., & Loomis, J. (1995). Differences in emotional responsivity and anger in athletes and non-athletes: Startle reflex modulation and attributional response. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17, 171-184.
8. Cuthbert, B.N., Vrana, S.R., & Bradley, M.M. (1991). Imagery: Function and physiology. Advances in Psychophysiology, 4, 1-42.
9. Fazey, J.A., & Hardy, L. (1988). The inverted-U hypothesis: A catastrophe for sport psychology. British Association of Sport Sciences Monograph No. 1. Leeds, U.K.: National Coaching Foundation.
10. Hale, B. D. (1982). The effects of internal and external imagery perspectives on muscular and ocular concomitants. Journal of Sport Psychology, 4, 379-387.
11. Hardy, L., Jones, G., & Gould, D. (1996). Understanding psychological preparation for sport: Theory and practice of elite performers. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley.
12. Jones, G. (1991). Recent developments and current issues in competitive state anxiety research. The Psychologist, 4, 152-155.
13. Jones, G. (1995). More than just a game: Research developments and issues in competitive anxiety in sport. British Journal of Psychology, 86, 449-478.
14. Jones, G., & Hanton, S. (1996). Interpretation of anxiety symptoms and goal attainment expectancies. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18, 144-157.
15. Jones, G., Hanton, S., & Swain, A.B.J. (1994). Intensity and interpretation of anxiety symptoms in elite and non-elite sports performers. Personality and Individual Differences, 17, 653-663.
16. Jones, G., & Swain, A.B.J. (1992). Intensity and direction dimensions of competitive state anxiety and relationships with competitiveness. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 74, 467-472.
17. Jones, G., & Swain, A.B.J. (1995). Predispositions to experience debilitative and facilitative anxiety in elite and non-elite performers. The Sport Psychologist, 9, 202-212.
18. Jones, G., Swain, A.B.J., & Hardy, L. (1993). Intensity and direction dimensions of competitive state anxiety and relationships with performance. Journal of Sports Sciences, 11, 525-532.
19. Lang, P. J. (1979). A bio-informational theory of emotional imagery. Psychophysiology, 17, 495-512.
20. Lazarus, R.S. (1966). Psychological stress and the coping process. New York: McGraw-Hill.
21. Lazarus, R.S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer.
22. Levenson, R.W. (1992). Autonomic nervous system differences among emotions. Psychological Science, 3, 23-27.
23. Mahoney, M.J., & Avener, M. (1977). Psychology of the elite athlete: An exploratory study. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1, 135-141.
24. Martens, R., Vealey, R.S., & Burton, D. (1990) Competitive anxiety in sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
25. Maynard, I., Hemmings, B., & Warwick-Evans, L. (1995). The effects of somatic intervention strategy on competitive state anxiety and performance in semiprofessional soccer players. The Sport Psychologist, 9, 51-64.
26. Maynard, I., Smith, M.J., & Warwick-Evans, L. (1995). The effects of a cognitive intervention strategy on competitive state anxiety and performance in semiprofessional soccer players. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17, 428-446.
27. Moritz, S.E., Hall, C.R., & Martin, K. (1996). What are confident athletes imaging? An examination of image content. The Sport Psychologist, 10, 171-179.
28. Rotella, R., & Lerner, D. (1993). Responding to competitive pressure. In R.N. Singer, M. Murphy, and L.K. Tennant (Eds.), Handbook on research in sport psychology (pp. 528-541). New York: Macmillan.
29. Smith, R.E. (1980). A cognitive-affective approach to stress management training for athletes. In C.H. Nadeau, W.R. Halliwell, K.M. Newell & G.C. Roberts (Eds.), Psychology of motor behavior and sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
30. Swain, A.B.J. (1992). Competitive state anxiety: Towards a clearer understanding. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Loughborough University, England.
31. Swain, A.B.J., & Jones, G. (1993). Intensity and frequency dimensions of competitive state anxiety. Journal of Sports Sciences, 11, 533-542.
32. Swain, A.B.J., & Jones, G. (1996). Explaining performance variance: The relative contribution of intensity and direction dimensions of competitive anxiety. Anxiety, Stress and Coping: An International Journal, 9, 1-18.
33. Vadocz, E.A., & Hall, C.R. (in press). The cognitive and motivational functions of images in the anxiety-performance relationship. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology.