Sexual dimorphism in hominoids: Further studies of craniofacial shape differences in Pan, Gorilla and Pongo

Journal of Human Evolution

Volumn 24, Issue 3, 1993, Pages 183-205

  O’higgins, Paul ^a   Dryden, Ian L ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cranium; Finite elements; Gorilla; Landmarks; Pan; Pongo; Sexual dimorphism; Shape; Size; Thin plate spline

Indexed keywords

EID: 0002391727     PISSN: 00472484     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/jhev.1993.1014     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Alexander, R. V. (1981). Sexual dimorphism in the cranium of Cercopitkecus aethiops. J. hum. Evol. 10, 311-317.
2. Ashton, E. H. (1957). Age changes in dimensional differences between the skulls of male and female apes. Proc. zool. Soc. Lend. 128, 259-265.
3. Ashton, E. H. & Pardne, V. J. (1950). Acraniostat and projector for the measurement of mammalian skulls. Man 50, 103-106.
4. Bookstein, F. L. (1978). The Measurement of Biological Shape and Shape Change. Lecture notes on biomathematics, volume 24. New York: Springer-Verlag.
5. Bookstein, F. L. (1986). Size and shape spaces for landmark data in two dimensions. Slat. Sci. 1, 181-242.
6. Bookstein, F. L. (1989). Principal warps: thin-plate splines and the decomposition of deformations. IEEE Trans, Pat. Anal. Mach. Intel. 11, 567-585.
7. Bookstein, F. L, (1992). Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data: Geometry and Biology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
8. Bookstein, F. L. & Rohlf, F. J. (Eds) (1990). Proceedings of the Michigan Morphometries Workshop. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Museum of Zoology.
9. Bookstein, F. L. & Sampson, P. D. (1990). Statistical models for geometric components of shape change. Comm. Statist.’ Theory Aieth. 19, 1939-1972.
10. Bromage, T. G. (1987). The scanning electron microscopy replica technique and recent applications to the study of fossil bone,.Scan. Micro. 1, 607-613.
11. Cheverud, J. M., Lewis, J. L., Bachrach, W, & Lew, W. D. (1983). The measurement of form and variation in form: An application of three dimensional quantitative morphology by finite element methods. Am. J.phys, Anthrop. 62, 151-165.
12. Cheverud, J. M, & Richtsmeicr, J. T, (1986). Finite element scaling applied to sexual dimorphism in rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatto) facial growth. Syst. fool. 35, 381-399.
13. Glutton-Brock, T. H. (1985). Size, sexual dimorphism and polygyny in primates. In (V. L. Jungers, Ed.) Size and Scaling in Primate Biology, pp. 51-60. New York: Plenum Press.
14. Clutton-Brock, T. H., Harvey, P. H. & Rudder, B. (1977). Sexual dimorphism, soeionomie sex ratio and body weight in primates. Vature (Land.) 269, 797-800.
15. Drydcn, I. L. (1989). The statistical analysis of shape data. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Leeds.
16. Dryden, I. L. (1991). In discussion to Good all (1991). J. R. Statist. Soc. B 53, 327-328.
17. Drydcn, I. L. & Mardia, K. V. (1992). Size and shape analysis oflandmark data. Biometrika 79, 57—68.
18. Eniow, D. H, (1976), The remodelling of hone. Tearh.phys. Anthrop. 20, 19-34.
19. Freedman, L. (1962). Growth of muzzle length relative to calvaria length in Papio. Growth 26, 117—128.
20. Good all, C. R. (1991). Procrustes methods in the statistical analysis of shape. J. R. Statist. Soc. B 53, 285-339.
21. Goodall, J. (1986). The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
22. Green, P. J, & Sibson, R. (1977). Computing Dirichkt tescalations in the plane. Comp. jf. 21, 168-173.
23. Holland, T, D. (1986). Sex determination of fragmentary crania by analysis of the cranial base. Am. J.phys. Anthrop. 70, 203-208.
24. Huxley, J. S. (1932). Problems of Relative Growth. London: Methuen.
25. J ungers, VV. L. (1985). Body size and scaling of limb proportions in primates. In (W. L.J ungers, Ed.) Size and Scaling in Primate Biology, pp. 345-381. New York: Plenum Press.
26. Kendall, D. G. (1984). Shape manifolds, procrustean metrics and complex projective spaces. Bull, Land. Math. Soc. 16, 81-121.
27. Kendall, M. G. & Stuart, A, (1961). The Advanced Theory of Statistics. Volume 3. London: Griffen.
28. Kent, J. T. (1991). In discussion to Good all (1991). J. R. Statist. Soc. B 53, 324-325.
29. Kent, J. T. (1992)- New directions in shape analysis. In (K. V. Mardia, Ed.) The Art of Statistical Science. Chichester: Wiley.
30. Kent, J. T. (1993). The complex Bingham distribution and shape analysis. J. Roy. Statist. Soc. B., in press.
31. Lele, S. (1991). Some comments on coordinate-free and scale invariant methods in morphometries. Am. J. pkys. Anthrop. 85, 407-417.
32. Leutenegger, W. (1978). Scaling of sexual dimorphism in body size and breeding systems in primates.Nature (Land.) 272, 610-611
33. Leutenegger, W. & Chcverud, J. (1982). Correlates of sexual dimorphism in primates: ecological and size variables. Int. J. Primatol. 3, 387-402.
34. Leutenegger, YV. & Chcverud, J. (1985). Sexual dimorphism in primates: The effects of size. In (W. L.Jungers, Ed.) Size and Scaling in Primate Biology, pp. 33-50. New York: Plenum Press.
35. Leutenegger, W. & Kelly, J. T. (1977). Relationship of sexual dimorphism in canine size and body size to social, behavioural and ecological correlates in anthropoid primates. Primates 18, 117-136.
36. Leutenegger, W. & Larson, S. (1985). Sexual dimorphism in the post-cranial skeleton of New World primates. Folia primal. 44, 82-95.
37. Leutenegger, W. & Lubach, G. (1987). Sexual dimorphism, mating system, and the effect of phylogeny in De Brazza’s monkey (Cercopithecus neglectus). Am. J. Primatol. 13, 171-179.
38. Leutenegger, W, & Masterson, T. J. (1989a). The ontogeny of sexual dimorphism in the cranium of Bornean orangutans (Pongopygmaeuspygmaeus): I. Univariate analyses. f. Morph. Anthrop. 78, 1-14.
39. Leutenegger, W. & Masterson, T. J. (1989). l’he ontogeny of sexual dimorphism in the cranium of Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus): II. Allomctry and heterochrony. Morph. Anthrop. 78, 15-24.
40. Lew, W. D. & Lewis, J. L. (1977). An anthropometric sealing method with application to the knee joint. J. Biomech. 10, 171-184.
41. Mardia, K. V. & Dryden, I. L. (1989). The statistical analysis of shape data. Biometrika 76, 71-282.
42. Mardia, K. V., Edwards, R, fit Puri, M. L, (1977). Analysis of central place theory. Bull. Int. Slat. Inst. 47, 93-110.
43. Mosimann, J. E. (1970). Size allomctry: Size and shape variables with characterizations of the log-normal and generalized gamma distributions. J. Am. Statist. 4i.r. 65, 930-945.
44. Moss, M. L., Vilman, H., Moss-Salentijn, L., Sen, K., Pucciarelli, H. M. & Skalak, R. (1987). Studies on ortho-cephalization: growth behaviour of the rat skull in the period 13-19 days as described by the finite clement method. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 72, 323-342.
45. Nishida, T. & Hiraiwa-Hasegawa, M. (1987). Chimpanzees and Bonobos: cooperative relationships amongst males. In (B. B. Smuts, D. L. Chcyney, R M. Seyfarih, R. W. Wrangham & T. T. Struhsakcr, Eds) Primate Satieties. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
46. O’Higgins, P. (1989). A morphometric study of cranial shape in the Hominoidea. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Leeds.
47. O’Higgins, P. & Dryden, I. L. (1992), Studies of craniofacial development and evolution. Persp. Hum. Biol. 2/Archaeol. Oceania 27, 95-104.
48. O’Higgins, P., Moore, W.J., Johnson, D. R., McAndrew, T. J., StFlinn, R. M. (1990a). The variability of patterns of sexual dimorphism in the primate skull. Experientia 46, 670-672.
49. O’Higgins, P., Moore, W. J., Johnson, D. R., McAndrew, T. J. & Flinn, R. M. (1990). Patterns of cranial sexual dimorphism in certain groups of extant hominoids. J. fool., Lond. 222, 399-420.
50. Oxnard, C. E. (1983). Sexual dimorphisms in the overall proportions of primates. Am. J. Primatol. 41, 1-22.
51. Oxnard, C. E. (1987). Fossils, Teeth and Sex: New Perspectives on Human Evolution. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
52. Reymcnt, R. A. (1992). Multidimensional Palaeohiology. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
53. Rodman, P. S. & Mitani, J. C. (1987). Orangutans: sexual dimorphism in a solitary species. In (B. B. Smuts, D. L. Chcyney, R. M. Seyfarth, R. W. Wrangham & T. T. Struhsakcr, Eds) Primate Societies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
54. Richtsmeicr, J. T. (1986). Finite element scaling analysis of human craniofacial growth. J. craniofac. Genet. Dev, Biol. 6, 289-323.
55. Richtsmeier, J. T. (1989). Applications of finite element sealing in primatology. Folia primal. 53, 50-64.
56. Satterthwaitc, F. W. (1946). An approximate distribution of estimates of variance components. Biomet. Bull. 2, 110-114.
57. Shea, B. T. (1983). Allomctry and heterochrony in the African apes. Am. J.phys. Anthrop. 62, 275-289.
58. Shea, B. T. (1985). Bivariate and multivariate growth allometry: statistical and biological considerations. J. fool., Lond. (A) 206, 367-390.
59. Shea, B. T. (1986). Ontogenetic approaches to sexual dimorphism in the anthropoids. Hum. Evol. 1, 97—110.
60. Siegel, A. F. & Benson, R. H. (1982) A robust comparison of biological shapes. Biometrics 38, 341—350.
61. Sneath, P. H. A. (1967). Trend surface analysis of transformation grids. J. fool. Lond. 151, 65-122.
62. Sneath, P. H. A. & Sokal, R. R. (1973). Numerical Taxonomy. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Co.
63. Sperber, G. H. (1989). Craniofacial Embryology. Dental practitioner handbooks, volume 15. London: Wright.
64. Stewart, K. J. & Harcourt, A. H. (1987). Gorillas: variation in female relationships. In (B. B. Smuts, D. L. Chcyney, R. M. Seyfarth, R. W. Wrangham & T. T. Struhsaker, Eds) Primate Societies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
65. Stoyan, D., Kendall, W. S. & Mecke, J. (1987). Stochastic Geometry and Its Applications. New York: Wiley.
66. Sundberg, P, (1989). Shape and size-constrained principal components analysis (with discussion). Syst. Tyrol. 38, 166-168.
67. Thompson, D’A. W. (1917, 1942, 1961). On Growth and Form. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
68. Trevor, J. C. T. (1950). Anthropometry. Chamb. Encycl. 1, 458-462.
69. Uyttcrschaut, H. T. (1986). Sexual dimorphism in human skulls. A comparison of sexual dimorphism in different populations. In (M. Pickford & B. Chiarelli, Eds) Sexual Dimorphism in Living and Fossil, Primates, pp. 193-220. Firenze: II Sedicesimo.
70. Winkler, L. A. (1987). Sexual dimorphism in the cranium of infant and juvenile orangutans.-.Primatol. 49, 117—126.
71. Wood, B. A. (1975). An analysis of sexual dimorphism in primates. Ph.D, Dissertation, University of London.
72. Wood, B. A. (1976). The nature and basis of sexual dimorphism in the primate skeleton. J. £ool., Lond. 180, 15-34.
73. Wood, B. A. (1985). Sexual dimorphism in the hominid fossil record. In (J. Ghesquiere, R. D. Martin & F. Newcombe, Eds) Human Sexual Dimorphism. London; Taylor and Francis.
74. Wood, B. A., Li, Y, & Willoughby, C. (1991). Intraspecific variation and sexual dimorphism in cranial and dental variables among higher primates and their bearing on the hominid fossil record. J. Anal. 174, 185-205.
75. Zicnkiewicz, O. C. (1971). The Finite Element Method in Engineering Science. London: McGraw-Hill.
76. Zuckerman, S., Ashton, E. H., Flinn, R. M., Oxnard, C. E. & Spence, T. F. (1973). Some locomotor features of the pelvic girdle in primates. Symp. £ool. Soc. Lond. 33, 71-165.