Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Classification and histologic appearances

Advances in Anatomic Pathology

Volumn 4, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 71-84

  Nicholls, John M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

Epstein Barr virus; Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Indexed keywords

EID: 0002358470     PISSN: 10724109     EISSN: 15334031     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00125480-199703000-00001     Document Type: Review

References (51)

1. Ali MY. Histology of the human nasopharyngeal mucosa. J Anat 1965;99:657-72.
2. Bernstein JM. Mucosal immunology of the upper respiratory tract. Respiration 1992;59(suppl):3-13.
3. Fujiyoshi T, Watanabe T, Ichimiya I, Mogi G. Functional architecture of the nasopharyngeal tonsil. Am J Otolaryngol 1989;10:124-31.
4. Sanderson RJ, Sim DWS, Meehan CJ. Tuberculoma of the nasopharynx. Auris Nasus Larynx 1992;19:189-92.
5. Shanmugaratnam K, Sobin LH. Histological typing of upper respiratory tract tumors. In: Shanmugaratnam K, Sobin LH, Eds. International Histological Classification of Tumors: No 19. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1978:32-3.
6. Ch'eng YL. Lymphoepithelioma of the nasopharynx with involvement of the nervous system. Chin Med J [Engl] 1935;49:1075-91.
7. Ch'in KY, Szulu C. Lymphoepithelioma: pathologic study of 97 cases. Chin Med J Suppl [Engl] 1940;3:94-119.
8. Digby KH, Fook WL, Che YT. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Br J Surg 1941;28:517-37.
9. Annual Report 1991. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Cancer Registry. 1995:12.
10. Godtfredsen E. On the histopathology of malignant nasopharyngeal tumors. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1944;55(suppl):38-319.
11. Yeh S. A histological classification of carcinomas of the nasopharynx with a critical review as to the existence of lymphoepithelioma. Cancer 1962;15:895-920.
12. Teoh TB. Epidermoid carcinoma of the nasopharynx among Chinese: a study of 31 necropsies. J Pathol Bacteriol 1957;73:451-65.
13. Svoboda D, Kirchner E, Shanmugaratnam K. Ultrastructure of nasopharyngeal carcinomas in American and Chinese patients: an application of electron microscopy to geographic pathology. Exp Mol Pathol 1965;4:189-204.
14. Prasad U. Cells of origin of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: an electron microscopical study. J Laryngol Otol 1974;88:1087.
15. Michaeu C, Rilke F, Pilotti S. Proposal for a new histopathological classification of the carcinomas of the nasopharynx. Tumori 1978;64:513-8.
16. Shanmugaratnam K. Histological typing of tumors of the upper respiratory tract and ear. In: Shanmugaratnam K, Sobin LH, Eds. International histological classification of tumors. 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization. 1991:32-3.
17. Wan SK, Chan JKC, Lan WH, Yip TTC. Basaloid squamous carcinoma of the nasopharynx: an Epstein Barr virus associated neoplasm compared with morphologically identical tumors occurring in other sites. Cancer 1995;76:1689-93.
18. Tsai CC, Chen CL, Hsu HC. Expression of Epstein-Barr virus in carcinomas of major salivary glands: a strong association with lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma. Hum Pathol 1996;27:258-62.
19. Yao QY, Zong YS, Li JT. Pathomorphological observation on vesicular nucleus cell carcinoma of the nasopharynx. Chin Med J 1985;98:591-4.
20. Liang PC, Chen CC, Chu CC, Hu YF, Chu HM, Tsung YS. The histopathologic classification, biologic characteristics histogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinomas. Chin Med J 1962;81:629-58.
21. Flores AD, Dickson RI, Riding K, Coy P. Cancer of the nasopharynx in British Columbia. Am J Clin Oncol 1986;4:281-91.
22. Naedobitek G, Hansmann ML, Herbst H, et al. Epstein Barr virus and carcinomas: undifferentiated carcinoma but not squamous cell carcinomas of the nasopharynx are regularly associated with the virus. J Pathol 1991;165:17-24.
23. Pathmanathan R, Prasad U, Chandrika G, Sadler R, Flynn K, Raab-Traub N. Undifferentiated, nonkeratinizing, and squamous cell carcinomas of the nasopharynx: variants of Epstein-Barr virus-infected neoplasia. Am J Pathol 1995;146:1355-67.
24. Chen KY, Fletcher GH. Malignant tumors of the nasopharynx. Radiology 1971;99:165-71.
25. Hoppe RT, Williams J, Warnke R, et al. Carcinoma of the nasopharynx: the significance of histology. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1978;4:199-201.
26. Turgman J, Modan B, Shilon M, Rappaport Y, Shanon E. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in a total population: selected clinical and epidemiological aspects. Br J Cancer 1977;36:783-4.
27. Applebaum EL, Mantravadi P, Hass R. Lymphoepithelioma of the nasopharynx. Laryngoscope 1982;92:510-4.
28. Scanlon PW et al. Cancer of the nasopharynx: 142 patients treated in the 11 year period 1950-1960. Am J Roentgenol 1967;99:313-25.
29. Perez CA, Ackerman LV, Mill WB, et al. Cancer of the nasopharynx: factors influencing prognosis. Cancer 1969;24:1-17.
30. Sham JST, Choy D. Prognostic factors of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a review of 759 patients. Br J Radiol 1990;63:51-8.
31. Madri JA, Barwisk KW. An immunohistochemical study of nasopharyngeal neoplasms using keratin antibodies: epithelial versus nonepithelial neoplasms. Am J Surg Pathol 1982;6:143-9.
32. Gusterson BA, Mitchell DP. Warburton MJ, Carter RL. Epithelial markers in the diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: an immunocytochemical study. J Clin Pathol 1983;36:628-31.
33. Bosq J, Gatter KC, Micheau C, Mason DY. Role of immunocytochemistry in the diagnosis of nasopharyngeal tumors. J Clin Pathol 1985;38:845-8.
34. Ziegels-Weissman J, Nadji M, Penneys NS, Morales AR. Prekeratin immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of undifferentiated carcinoma of the nasopharyngeal type. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1984;108:588-9.
35. Crissman JD, Zarbo RD. Short course no. 5: surgical pathology of the upper aerodigestive tract. San Francisco: US and Canadian Academy of Pathology, 1989.
36. Oppedal BR, Böhler PJ, Marton PF, Brandtzaeg P. Carcinoma of the nasopharynx: histopathological examination with supplementary immunohistochemistry. Histopathology 1987;11:1161-9.
37. Shi S-R, Goodman MK, Bhan AK, Pilch BZ, Chen LB, Sun T-T. Immunohistochemical study of nasopharyngeal carcinomas using monoclonal keratin antibodies. Am J Pathol 1984;117:53-63.
38. Ruco LP, Stoppacciaro A, Uccini S, et al. Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in undifferentiated carcinoma (lymphoepithelioma) and in malignant epithelial tumors. Hum Pathol 1994;25:924-8.
39. Niedobitek G, Young LS, Sam CK, Brooks L, Prasad U, Rickinson AB. Expression of Epstein-Barr virus genes and of lymphocyte activation molecules in undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinomas. Am J Pathol 1992;140:879-87.
40. Wu TC, Mann RB, Epstein JI, et al. Abundant expression of EBER1 small nuclear RNA in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a morphologically distinctive target for detection of Epstein-Barr virus in formalin fixed paraffin-embedded carcinoma specimens. Am J Pathol 1991;138:1461-9.
41. Hamilton-Dutoit SJ, Pallesen G. Demonstration of Epstein-Barr viral genomes in routine paraffin sections of lymphoproliferative and epithelial lesions by in situ hybridisation. In: Fenoglio-Preiser CM, Wolff M, Rilke F, eds. Progress in Surgical Pathology. Volume 12. USA: Field and Wood, 1992;12:97-128.
42. Yeung WN, Zong YS, Chiu CT, et al. Epstein-Barr virus carriage by nasopharyngeal carcinoma in situ. Int J Cancer 1993;55:746-50.
43. Pacchioni D, Negro F, Valente G, Bussolati G. Epstein-Barr virus detection by in situ hybridization in fine needle aspiration biopsies. Diagn Mol Pathol 1994;3:100-4.
44. Ba C, Ohshima K, Kobata K, et al. The relationship between Epstein-Barr virus and metastatic lymphoepithelioma in the cervical lymph nodes, in comparison with other metastatic carcinomas and granulomatous diseases. Rinsho Byori 1994;42:295-301.
45. MacDonald MR, Freeman JL, Hui MF, Cheung RK, Warde P, McIvor NP. Role of Epstein-Barr virus in fine-needle aspirates of metastatic neck nodes in the diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Head Neck 1995;17:497-3.
46. Chan CW, Nicholls JM, Sham JST, Dickens P, Choy D. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in situ in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Clin Pathol 1992;45:898-901.
47. Pathmanathan R, Prasad U, Sadler R, Flynn K, Raab-Traub N. Clonal proliferations of cells infected with Epstein-Barr virus in preinvasive lesions related to nasopharyngeal carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1995;333:693-8.
48. Nicholls JM, Sham JST, Chan CW, Choy D. Radiation therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: histologic appearance and patterns of tumor regression. Hum Pathol 1992;23:742-7.
49. Suit HD, Gallagher HS. Intact cells in irradiated tissue. Arch Pathol 1964;78:648-51.
50. Dickens P, Wei WI, Sham JST. Osteosarcoma of the maxilla in Hong Kong Chinese postirradiation for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer 1990;66:1924-6.
51. Nicholls JM, Sham J, Ng MH, Choy D. In-situ carcinoma adjacent to recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma: evidence of a new growth? Pathol Res Pract 1993;189:1067-70.