The Nonverbal Display and Judgment of Extraversion, Masculinity, Femininity, and Gender Diagnosticity: A Lens Model Analysis

Journal of Research in Personality

Volumn 32, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 80-107

  Lippa, Richard ^a  

^a CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0002351697     PISSN: 00926566     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/jrpe.1997.2189     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Ambady N., Hallahan M., Rosenthal R. On judging and being judged accurately in zero-acquaintance situations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 69:1995;518-529.
2. Ambady N., Rosenthal R. Half a minute: Predicting teacher evaluations from thin slices of behavior and physical attractiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 64:1993;431-441.
3. Ashmore R. D. Sex, gender, and the individual. Handbook of personality: Theory and research. 1990;Guilford, New York. p. 486-526.
4. Bem S. L. The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 42:1974;165-172.
5. Bem S. L. Bem Sex-Role Inventory, professional manual. 1981a;Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto.
6. Bem S. L. Gender schema theory: A cognitive account of sex typing. Psychological Review. 88:1981b;354-364.
7. Bem S. L. Androgyny and gender schema theory: A conceptual and empirical integration. Sonderegger T. B. Psychology and gender: Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1984. 1985;179-226 Univ. of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
8. Bem S. L. The lenses of gender: Transforming the debate on sexual inequality. 1993;Yale Univ. Press, New Haven.
9. Block J. A contrarian view of the five-factor approach to personality description. Psychological Bulletin. 117:1995;187-215.
10. Block J. H. Conceptions of sex roles: Some cross-cultural and longitudinal perspectives. American Psychologist. 28:1973;512-526.
11. Borkenau P., Liebler A. Trait inferences: Sources of validity at zero acquaintance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 62:1992;645-657.
12. Borkenau P., Liebler A. Observed attributes as manifestations and cues of personality. Journal of Personality. 63:1995;1-25.
13. Brunswick E. Perception and the representative design of experiments. 1956;Univ. of California Press, Berkeley.
14. Colvin C. R. Judgable people: Personality, behavior, and competing explanations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 64:1993;861-873.
15. Constantinople A. Masculinity-femininity: An exception to a famous dictum? Psychological Bulletin. 80:1973;389-407.
16. Cook E. P. Psychological androgyny. 1985;Pergamon, New York.
17. Costa P. T., McCrae R. R. The five-factor model of personality and its relevance to personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders. 6:1992;343-359.
18. Costa P. T., McCrae R. R. Solid ground in the wetlands of personality: A reply to Block. Psychological Bulletin. 117:1995;216-220.
19. Deaux K. Psychological constructions of masculinity and femininity. Reinisch J. M., Rosenblum L. A., Sanders S. A. Masculinity/femininity: Basic Perspectives. 1987;289-303 Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
20. Funder D. C. On the accuracy of personality judgment: A realistic approach. Psychological Review. 102:1995;652-670.
21. Funder D. C., Colvin C. R. Friends and strangers: Acquaintanceship, agreement, and the accuracy of personality judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 55:1988;149-158.
22. Funder D. C., Dobroth K. M. Differences between traits: Properties associated with interjudge agreement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 52:1987;409-418.
23. Funder D. C., Sneed C. Behavioral manifestations of personality: An ecological approach to judgmental accuracy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 64:1993;479-490.
24. Gallaher P. E. Individual differences in nonverbal behavior: Dimensions of style. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 63:1992;133-145.
25. Gifford R. Mapping nonverbal behavior on the interpersonal circle. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 61:1991;279-288.
26. Gifford R. A lens-mapping framework for understanding the encoding and decoding of interpersonal dispositions in nonverbal behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 66:1994;398-412.
27. Goldberg L. The structure of phenotypic personality traits. American Psychologist. 48:1993;26-34.
28. Hammond K. R., Hursch C. J., Todd F. J. Analyzing the components of clinical inferences. Psychological Review. 71:1964;215-224.
29. John O. P. The "Big Five" factor taxonomy: Dimensions of personality in the natural language and in questionnaires. Pervin L. A. Handbook of personality: Theory and research. 1990;66-100 Guilford, New York.
30. John O. P., Robins R. W. Determinants of interjudge agreement on personality traits: The Big Five domains, observability, evaluativeness, and the unique perspective of the self. Journal of Personality. 61:1993;521-551.
31. Kenny D. A. Interpersonal perception. 1994;Guilford, New York.
32. Lanning K. Dimensionality of observer ratings on the California adult Q-set. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 67:1994;151-160.
33. Lenney E. Sex roles the measurement of masculinity, femininity, and androgyny. Robinson J. P., Shaver P. R., Wrightsman L. S. Measures of psychological attitudes. Vol. 1. Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes. 1991;573-660 Academic Press, San Diego.
34. Lippa R. Expressive behavior. Wheeler L., Shaver P. Review of personality and social psychology. 1983a;Sage, Beverly Hills.
35. Lippa R. Sex typing and the perception of body outlines. Journal of Personality. 51:1983b;667-682.
36. Lippa R., Valdez E., Jolly A. The effects of self-monitoring on the expressive display of masculinity-femininity. Journal of Research in Personality. 17:1983c;324-338.
37. Lippa R. Some psychometric characteristics of gender diagnosticity measures: Reliability, validity, consistency across domains and relationship to the Big Five. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 61:1991;1000-1011.
38. Lippa R. Do sex differences define gender-related individual differences within the sexes? Evidence from three studies. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 21:1995a;349-355.
39. Lippa R. Gender-related individual differences and psychological adjustment in terms of the Big Five and circumplex models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 69:1995b;1184-1202.
40. Lippa R. The display of masculinity, femininity, and gender diagnosticity in self-descriptive photo essays. Journal of Personality. 65:1997;137-169.
41. Lippa R., Connelly S. C. Gender diagnosticity: A new Bayesian approach to gender-related individual differences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 59:1990;1051-1065.
42. Lykken D. T., McGue M., Tellegen A., Bouchard T. J. Emergenesis: Genetic traits that may not run in families. American Psychologist. 47:1992;1565-1577.
43. McCrae R. R., Costa P. T. Validation of the five-factor model of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 52:1987;81-90.
44. Myers A. M., Gonda G. Utility of the masculinity-femininity construct: Comparison of traditional and androgyny approaches. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 43:1982;514-522.
45. Paunonen S. V. Consensus in personality judgments: Moderating effects of target-rater acquaintanceship and behavior observability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 56:1989;823-833.
46. Sadalla E. K., Kenrick D. T., Vershure B. Dominance and heterosexual attraction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 52:1987;730-738.
47. Snyder M., Ickes W. Personality and social behavior. Lindzey G., Aronson E. Handbook of social Psychology. 1985;883-945 Random House, New York.
48. Spence J. T. Gender identity and its implications for the concepts of masculinity and femininity. Sonderegger T. B. Psychology and gender: Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1984. 1985;59-95 Univ. of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
49. Spence J. T. Gender-related traits and gender ideology: Evidence for a multifactorial theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 64:1993;624-635.
50. Spence J. T., Buckner C. Masculinity and femininity: Defining the undefinable. Kalbfleisch P. J., Cody M. J. Gender, power, and communication in human relationships. 1995;105-138 Erlbaum, Hillsdale.
51. Spence J. T., Helmreich R. L. Masculinity and Femininity: Their psychological dimensions, correlates, and antecedents. 1978;Univ. of Texas Press, Austin.
52. Spence J. T., Helmreich R. L. Masculine instrumentality and feminine expressiveness: Their relationships with sex role attitudes and behaviors. Psychology of Women Quarterly. 5:1980;147-163.
53. Spence J. T., Helmreich R. L., Stapp J. The Personal Attributes Questionnaire: A measure of sex role stereotypes and masculinity-femininity. JSAS: Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology. 4:1974;43-44.
54. Spence J. T., Sawin L. L. Images of masculinity and femininity: A reconceptualization. O'Leary V. E., Unger R. K., Wallston B. X. Women, gender, and social psychology. 1985;35-66 Erlbaum, Hillsdale.
55. Terman L. M., Miles C. C. Sex and personality: Studies in masculinity and femininity. 1936;Russell & Russell, New York.
56. Unger R. K., Crawford M. Women and gender: A feminist psychology. 1992;McGraw-Hill, New York.
57. Watson D. Strangers' ratings of the five robust personality factors: Evidence of a surprising convergence with self-reports. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 57:1989;120-128.
58. Westen D. A clinical-empirical model of personality: Life after the Mischelian ice age and the NEO-lithic era. Journal of Personality. 63:1995;495-524.