Supported polyolefin catalysts

Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 94-103

  Jenny, Charles ^a   Maddox, Peter ^a  

^a BP EXPLORATION   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

AFM atomic force microscopy; CP MAS cross polarisation magic angle spinning; ESR electron spin resonance; FTIR Fourier transform infra red; GPC gel permeation chromatograph; HDPE high density polyethylene; LLDPE low density polyethylene

Indexed keywords

EID: 0002314111     PISSN: 13590286     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1359-0286(98)80071-5     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Kuhlke WC. Polyolefins review 1997. Hydrocarbon Processing. 1997;1-3.
2. Forte MC, Coutinho FMB. Highly active magnesium chloride supported Ziegler-Natta catalysts with controlled morphology. Eur Polym J. 2:1996;223-231.
3. Garoff T, Leinonen T. Mn doping of the Ziegler-Natta catalyst support material. J Mol Catal A. 104:1996;205-212.
4. Dupuy J, Spitz R. Modification of Ziegler-Natta catalysts by cyclopentadienyl ligands: activation of titanium-based catalysts. J Appl Polym Sci. 65:1997;2281-2288.
5. Magni E, Somorjai GA. Preparation of a model Ziegler-Natta catalyst: surface science studies of magnesium chloride thin film deposited on gold and its interaction with titanium chloride. Appl Surf Sci. 89:1995;187-195.
6. Magni E, Somorjai GA. Preparation of a model Ziegler-Natta catalyst: electron irrdation induced titanium chloride deposition on magnesium chloride thin films grown on gold. Surf Sci. 345:1996;1-16.
7. Magni E, Somorjai GA. Electron irradiation induced chemical vapour deposition of titanium chloride on gold and on magnesium chloride thin films. Surface characterisation by AES, XPS and TPD. J Phys Chem. 100:1996;14786-14793.
8. Magni E, Somorjai GA. Ethylene and propylene polymerisation catalysed by a model Ziegler-Natta catalyst prepared by gas phase deposition of magnesium chloride and titanium chloride thin films. Catal Lett. 35:1995;205-214.
9. Magni E, Somorjai GA. Surface science study of model Ziegler-Natta catalysts. Surf Sci. 377-379:1997;824-827.
10. Hasebe K, Mori H, Tomitori M, Keii T, Terano M. Titanium distribution on the surface of Ziegler-Natta catalysts observed by scanning Auger electron microscopy. J Mol Catal A. 115:1997;259-263.
11. Hasebe K, Mori H, Terano M. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of oxidation states of titanium chloride on the surface of Ziegler-Natta catalysts. J Mol Catal A. 124:1997;L1-L3.
12. 2 catalyst. Macromol Chem Phys. 198:1997;3477-3484.
13. 2 supported Ziegler-Natta catalysts. International Herald A Oeye Symp. 1995;449-461 Norwegian Institute of Technology, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Trondheim, Norway.
14. Tarazona A, Koglin E, Buda F, Coussens BB, Renkema J, van Heel S, Meier RJ. Structure and stability of aluminum alkyl cocatalysts in Ziegler-Natta catalysts. Phys Chem B. 101:1997;4370-4378.
15. Potapov AG, Zakharov VA, Mikenas TB, Sergeev SA, Volodin AM. Surface acidic sites on supported titanium magnesium catalyst for propylene polymerisation: ESR study via adsorption of stable nitroxyl radicals. Macromol Chem Phys. 198:1997;2867-2873.
16. Novokshonova LA, Kovaleva NY, Gavrilov YA, Krasheninnikov VG, Leipunskii IO, Zhigach AN, Larichev MN, Chebunin MV. Study of the energy distribution of active sties in heterogeneous Ziegler-Natta catalysts. Polymer Bull. 39:1997;59-65 Temperature programmed desorption of products from the catalyst surface at initial stages of polymerisation leads to two well-resolved peaks, resulting from thermal destruction of Ti-C bonds. Active sites uniformity can be addressed by this method.
17. Kissin YV. Kinetics of olefin copolymerisation with heterogeneous Ziegler-Natta catalysts. Macromol Symp. 89:1995;113-123.
18. Spitz R, Patin M, Robert P, Masson P, Dupuy J. The control of molecular weight distributions in Ziegler-Natta catalysis. Studies Surf Sci Catal. 89:1994;109-118.
19. Albizzati E, Giannini U, Balbontin G, Camurati I, Chadwick JC, Dall'Occo T, Dubitsky Y, Galimberti M, Morini G, Maldotti A. Propylene polymerisation with catalysts containing divalent titanium. J Polym Sci. 35:1997;2645-2652.
20. 2-supported titanium catalyst. Polymer. 36:1995;5015-5018.
21. Rishina LA, Vizen EI, Sosnovskaya LN, Dubnikova IL. Propylene polymerisation on a titanium-magnesium catalyst in the presence of various organoaluminium compounds. Kinet Catal. 37:1996;396-401.
22. 2-supported Ziegler-Natta catalysts. Macromol Chem Phys. 198:1997;1623-1648 The effect of injection of various olefins during the polymerisation of ethylene and propylene is studied. The influence of steric hindrance and the electronic properties of the injected olefins is discussed in the light of changes in kinetic profiles.
23. 2 supported Ziegler-Natta catalysts. J Polym Sci A. 32:1994;3047-3059.
24. Bonini F, Storti G, Morbidelli M, Carra S. Modelling of Ziegler-Natta olefin polymerisation. Gaz Chim Ital. 126:1996;7584.
25. McKenna TF, Dupuy J, Spitz R. Modelling of transfer phenomena on heterogeneous Ziegler catalysts: I Differences between theory and experiment in olefin polymerisation (an introduction). J Appl Polym Sci. 57:1995;371-384.
26. McKenna TF, Barbotin F, Spitz R. Modelling of transfer phenomena on heterogeneous Ziegler catalysts: II Experimental investigation of intraparticle mass transfer resistance during the polymerisation of ethylene in slurry. J Appl Polym Sci. 62:1996;1835-1841.
27. McKenna TF, Dupuy J, Spitz R. Modelling of transfer phenomena on heterogeneous Ziegler catalysts: III Modelling of intraparticle mass transfer resistance. J Appl Polym Sci. 63:1997;315-322.
28. 2 catalyst. II. Kinetic parameter estimation and model building. J Polym Sci A. 35:1997;2075-2096 Monomer diffusion is quantified by the mean of a temperature-pertubation method. Pratcice growth modelling and practical implications are discussed.
29. Sacchi MC, Forlini F, Tritto I, Locatelli P, Morini G, Noristi L, Albizzati E. Polymerisation stereochemistry with Ziegler-Natta catalysts containing dialkylpropane diethers: a tool for understanding internal/external donor relationship. Macromolecules. 29:1996;3341-3345.
30. 2-supported Ziegler-Natta catalysts. Macromolecules. 29:1996;5570-5776.
31. Härkönen M, Seppälä JV, Chujo R, Kogure Y. External silane donors in Ziegler-Natta catalysis: a two-site model simulation of the effects of various alkoxysilane compounds. Polymer. 36:1995;1499-1505.
32. Härkönen M, Seppälä JV, Salminen H. External silane donors in Ziegler-Natta catalysis. A three-site model analysis of effects on catalyst active sites. Polymer J. 27:1995;256-261.
33. 2. J Phys Chem A. 1997;6063-6068.
34. 2 support. J Mol Catal A: Chem. 123:1997;171-178.
35. Puhakka E, Pakkanen TT, Pakkanen TP, Iiskola E. Theoretical investigations on Ziegler-Natta catalysis: models for the catalyst components. J Organomet Chem. 511:1996;19-27.
36. 4 catalyst. J Mol Catal A. 120:1997;143-147.
37. McDaniel MP. Supported chromium catalysts for ethylene polymerisation. Adv Catal. 33:1985;47-98.
38. Marsden CE. Advances in supported chromium catalysts. Plast Rubber Compos Process Appl. 21:1994;193-200.
39. Augustine SM, Blitz JP. A proposed mechanism for silica supported chromium HDPE catalyst activation. J Catal. 161:1996;641-650.
40. Ruddick VJ, Dyer PW, Bell G, Gibson VC, Badyal JPS. Mechanistic study of the calcination of supported chromium (III) precursors for ethene polymerization catalysts. J Phys Chem. 100:1996;11062-11066.
41. 29Si magic angle spinning nmr study of Phillips catalysts: multi-exponent spin-lattice relaxation resulting from adsorption of paramagnetic chromium species onto a silica surface. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans. 92:1996;453-460.
42. Hunter G, Rochester CH, Wilkinson AG, Paton J. FTIR study of chromium carbonyl complexes on silica-alumina: active ethene polymerization catalysts. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans. 93:1997;1205-1210.
43. Ruddick VJ, Badjal JPS. AFM study of the breakup of catalyst particles during ethylene polymerisation. J Phys Chem B. 101:1997;1791-1793.
44. Estenoz D, Chiovetta MG. A structure model for the catalytic polymerization of ethylene using chromium catalysts. Part I: description and solution. Polym Eng Sci. 36:1996;2208-2228.
45. Estenoz D, Chiovetta MG. A structural model for the catalytic polymerization of ethylene using chromium catalysts. Part II: thermal effects. Polym Eng Sci. 36:1996;2229-2240.
46. Thune PC, Verhagen CPJ, van den Boer MJG, Niemantsverdriet JW. Working surface science model for the Phillips ethylene polymerization catalyst: preparation and testing. J Phys Chem B. 101:1997;8559-8563 A surface science model of Phillips catalyst is described. The model is active for ethylene polymerisation, and this approach could enable a real understanding on 'working' catalysts.
47. Messere R, Noels AF, Dournel P, Zandona N, Breulet J. Chromium-based catalyst: derivatives of chromocene in olefins polymerization. Metallocenes '96, 2nd Proceedings of the International Congress on Metallocene Polymerisation. 1996;309-322. Edited by Schotland Business Research, Skillman, NJ.
48. Sinn H, Kaminsky W. Ziegler-Natta Catalysis. Adv Organomet Chem. 18:1980;99-149.
49. Ribeiro MR, Deffieux A, Portela MF. Supported metallocene complexes for ethylene and propylene polymerizations: preparation and activity. Ind Eng Chem Res. 36:1997;1224-1237 An excellent review on the preparation and polymerisation performance of supported metallocene catalysts, including key patient literature, is presented. Ethylene and propylene polymerisation data have been compiled and referenced.
50. Soares JBP, Hamielec AE. Metallocene/aluminoxane catalysts for olefin polymerisation. A review. Polym React Eng. 3:1995;131-200.
51. Olabisi O, Atiqullah M, Kaminsky W. Group 4 metallocenes: supported and unsupported. J Macromol Sci - Rev Macromol Chem Phys. C37:1997;519-554.
52. Soga K, Aria T, Nozawa H, Uozumi T. Recent development in heterogeneous metallocene catalysts. Macromol Symp. 97:1995;53-62.
53. Ihm S-K, Chu K-J, Yim J-H. Molecular weight distribution control with supported metallocene catalysts. Studies Surf Sci Catal. 89:1994;299-306.
54. Lee D, Shin S-Y, Lee D. Ethylene polymerization with metallocene and trimethylaluminum-treated silica. Macromol Symp. 97:1995;195-203.
55. Quijada R, Rojas R, Alzamora L, Retuert J, Rabagliati F. Study of metallocene supported on porous and nonporous silica for the polymerization of ethylene. Catal Lett. 46:1997;107-112.
56. Dufrenne NG, Blitz JP, Meverden CC. Reactions of Group IV metallocene dichlorides with modified silica gel surfaces. Microchem J. 55:1997;192-199.
57. Woo SI, Ko YS, Han TK, Park JW, Huh WS. Olefin polymerization catalyzed over zeolite-supported metallocene catalysts. Metallocenes '96, 2nd Proceedings of the International Congress on Metallocene Polymerisation. 1996;271-292. Edited by Schotland Business Resarch Skillman, NJ.
58. Woo SI, Ko YS, Han TK. Polymerisation of ethylene over metallocenes confine inside the supercage of a NaY zeolite. Macromol Rapid Commun. 16:1995;489-494.
59. Kitagawa T, Uozumi T, Soga K, Takata T. Syndiospecific propene polymerization with polymer-supported metallocene catalyst. Polymer. 38:1997;615-620.
60. Nishida H, Uozumi T, Arai T, Soga K. Polystyrene-supported metallocene catalysts for olefin polymerizations. Macromol Rapid Commun. 16:1995;821-830.
61. Suzuki T, Suga Y. Solid acid supported metallocene catalysts for olefin polymerization. Polym Prepr (Am Chem Soc, Div Polym Chem). 38:1997;207-208.
62. Lee D, Yoon K, Huh W. Metallocene/MAO polymerization catalysts supported on cyclodextrin. Macromol Symp. 97:1995;185-193.
63. Soga K, Arai T, Hoang BT, Uozumi T. Olefin polymerization with metallocene catalysts supported on polysiloxane derivatives. Macromol Rapid Commun. 16:1995;905-911.
64. Roos P, Meier GB, Samson JJC, Weickert G, Westertep KR. Gas-phase polymerization of ethylene with a silica-supported metallocene catalyst. Influence of temperature on deactivation. Macromol Rapid Commun. 18:1997;319-324.
65. Sacchi MC, Zucchi D, Tritto I, Locatelli P, Dall'Occo T. Silica supported metallocenes: stereochemical comparison between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. Macromol Rapid Commun. 16:1995;581-590.
66. 2. J Polym Sci A. 35:1997;1-8.
67. Steinmetz B, Tesche B, Przybyla C, Zechlin J, Fink G. Polypropylene growth on silica-supported metallocene catalysts. A microscopic study to explain kinetic behavior especially in early polymerization stages. Acta Polym. 48:1997;392-399 This paper describes studies on the practice growth mechanism of supported metallocene catalysts. It proposes that this mechanism is different from accepted mechanisms for other supported olefin polymerisation catalysts. The rate of catalyst fragmentation is dependent on the actual metallocene complex used and the preparation method.
68. Bonini F, Fraaije V, Fink G. Propylene polymerization through supported metallocene/MAO catalysts: kinetic analysis and modeling. J Polym Sci A. 33:1995;2393-2402.
69. Hlatky GG, Upton DJ. Supported ionic metallocene polymerization catalysts. Macromolecules. 29:1996;8019-8020.