Education, morality, and the politics of class in Hamburg and Stockholm, 1870-1914

Journal of Contemporary History

Volumn 31, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 619-650

  Hurd, Madeleine ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0002285209     PISSN: 00220094     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/002200949603100402     Document Type: Review

References (90)

1. See George L. Mosse, Nationalism and Sexuality: Respectability and Abnormal Sexuality in Modern Europe (New York 1985), 1-22
2. Thomas Childers, 'The Social Language of Politics in Germany: The Sociology of Political Discourse in the Weimar Republic', American Historical Review, 1990, 95:2, 40-3, 355, 357
3. For studies confirming the militant potential of temperance, see Brian Harrison, Drink and the Victorians: The Temperance Question in England 1815-1872 (Pittsburgh 1971) and idem., Peaceable Kingdom, Stability and Change in Modern Britain (Oxford 1982)
4. F.M. Leventhal, Respectable Radical: George Howell and Victorian Working-Class Politics (Cambridge 1971)
5. ; Elizabeth Malcolm, Ireland Sober, Ireland Free: Drink and Temperance in 19th-century Ireland (Syracuse, NY 1986)
6. George Bretherton, 'Against the Flowing Tide: Whiskey and Temperance in the Making of Modern Ireland', and George Snow, 'Socialism, Alcoholism, and the Russian Working Classes Before 1917' in Susanna Barrows and Robin Room (eds), Drinking: Behavior and Belief in Modern History (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1991)
7. Ronny Ambjörnson, Den skötsamma arbetaren. Idíer och ideal i ett norrländskt saegverkssamhälle 1880-1930 (Malmö 1988)
8. . For paradigms which stress temperance as 'social control', see Richard Hofstadter, The Age of Reform: From Bryan to Roosevelt (New York 1955);
9. Paul Johnson, A Shopkeepers' Millennium. Society and Revivals in Rochester, New York, 1815-1830 (New York 1987)
10. Verdandisten 7/1/04; Nykterhetsorden Verdandi, Handbok för Nykterhets-orden Verdandi (Stockholm 1899), 33-49
11. idem, Fästskrift. Utgiven till NOVs 25-a®rsjubileum (Stockholm 1921), 39
12. For the historiography of labour culture, see Richard Evans, 'The Sociological Interpretation of German Labour History' in Rethinking German History (London 1987);
13. Gareth Stedman Jones, 'Class Expression versus Social Control? A Critique of Recent Trends in the Social History of "Leisure"' in Languages of Class. Studies in English Working Class History 1832-1982 (Cambridge 1983)
14. Partha Chatterjee, 'Colonialism, Nationalism, and Colonialized Women: the Contest in India' in American Ethnologist, November 1989, 16:4, 622-33
15. For unionization, party membership, industrialization and suffrage, see Klaus Schonhoven, Die deutschen Gewerkschaften (Frankfurt am Main 1987), 61
16. Knut Bäckström, Arbetarrörelsen i Sverige (Stockholm 1958), 294
17. W.L. Guttsman, The German Social Democratic Party, 1875-1933 (London 1981), 153
18. Gerhard Magnusson, Social-Demokratin i Sverige (Stockholm 1921), 161
19. Hartmut Kaelble, 'Der Mythos von der rapiden Industrialisierung in Deutschland' in Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 1983, 9:1.
20. For the cities, Uno Gustafson, Industrialismens storstad (Stockholm 1979), 37-8, 63-9, 182, 232
21. Jane Cederqvist, Arbetare i strejk (Stockholm 1980), 19
22. Richard Evans, Death in Hamburg (Oxford 1987), 1, 28-31, 42
23. Gerd Hohorst, Jürgen Kocka et al. (eds), Sozialgeschichtliche Arbeitsbuch (Munich 1975), 45
24. For Stockholm's Arbetarförening, see O. Liljequist (ed.), Stockholms arbetarfárening 1866-1941 (Stockholm 1941), 10-15
25. for Hamburg's Bildungsverein für Arbeiter, see Franz Appel, Bildungsverein für Arbeiter. Bericht zum 50-jdhrigen Jubiläumsfest (Hamburg 1895), 10;
26. John Breuilly, Joachim Friedrich Martens (1806-1877) and the German Labor Movement (York 1978), 313-14
27. Hamburgischer Correspondent, 28/10/64; Reform 5/3/65, 11/10/65, 9/4/66, 20/8/67
28. Gustav Mayer, Radikalismus, Sozialismus und bürgerliche Demokratie (Frankfurt am Main 1969), 59-60
29. Erich Eyck, Der Vereinstag deutscher Arbeitervereinen 1863-1868 (Berlin 1904), 26-7
30. Toni Offermann, 'Arbeiter, Bürgertum und Staat in Hamburg 1850-1862' in Arno Herzig (ed.), Arbeiter in Hamburg (Hamburg 1983), 285-6
31. Redogörelse för andra svenska arbetarmötet i Norrköping den 10-13 juli 1882, af mötets sekreterare (Stockholm 1882), 3-6, 8-10, 31-3
32. Fäderneslandet, 25/10/84
33. Quoted in Anton Nyström, Reformerande eller revolutionär socialismen? Det är fra®gan (Stockholm 1886), 65-7
34. Sweden's pubs had been curtailed, licensed and put under supervision via the so-called 'Gothenburg' system. For approaches to temperance, see footnote 2. For the social and gender profile of Swedish temperance, see Sven Lundkvist, Politik, nykterhet och reformer (Uppsala 1974), 36; Bernt Kennerstrom, Katalog till Land du välsignade: Nordiska muséets och Riksutstä llningars vandringsutställning om industrialismens genombrott: Sverige, arbetarnas miljöer och folkrörelsernas framväxt 1850-1914 (Stockholm 1974), 92
35. Hilma Faltman, 'En kvinnlig sagverksutovare' in Mats Rehnberg (ed.), Jag kan beratta! Arbetarminnen frdn gamla tiders Sverige (Solna 1978), 183, for one of many such testimonies
36. Kuno Beckholmen, 100 dr med Metall-Ettan (vol. I: Stockholm 1984), 48, 52-4, 58-9
37. N.H. Ossian Hakanson, De som byggt Stockholm. Ur mureriarbetets och murarnas historia (Stockholm 1925), 139; Social-Demokraten, 6/8/90, 'Upprop till alia Sveriges garveriarbetare!'
38. Claes Lundin, Nya Stockholm (Stockholm 1890), 648; for other upperclass acknowledgement of workers' increasing respectability (albeit from another city)
39. see also police chief A. Elliot's memoirs, Minnenfra®n detgamal Goteborg (Stockholm 1930), 88, 162-3.
40. For unions, see N.H. Ossian Hakansson, Bland kulturens primärarbetare. Ur grovoch fabrikarbetets historia (Stockholm 1928), 75, 221-2, one of many studies confirming this point
41. see also Madeleine Hurd, 'Sobriety and Citizenship. The Role of Temperance in the Language of Nineteenth-Century Swedish Politics' in International Labor and Working-Class History, Spring 1994. Quote: resolution by Stockholms socialistiska ungdomsklubb, 17/6/94, quoted in Ture Nerman, Arbetarrorelsens nykterhetspolitik (Stockholm 1966), 18
42. Gerhard Magnusson, 'Arbetarnas Stockholm' in Boken om Stockholm i ord och bild (Stockholm 1901), 344-5
43. Nykterhetsfolkets i Stockholm centralförsamling, Tio a®rs kamp: Nykterhetsfolkets i Stockholm centralförsamling a®ren 1901-1911 (Stockholm 1911), 23, 31-2
44. Henrik Berggren, 'Workers' Education and Representations of Class in the Swedish Labour Movement' in Bo Strath (ed.), Language and the Construction of Class Identities (Gothenburg 1990), 469ff
45. Ture Nerman, Allt var rött (Stockholm 1950), 56; also Hurd, op. cit
46. leaflet, 'Medborgare! Att bruket av rusgivande drycker. . .', in Nykterhetsorden Verdandi: 'Circulärer, tryck' Arbetarrorelsens arkiv, Stockholm; Verdandisten, 15/7/97, 3/6/97, 15/5/97, 7/4/98. For information on Verdandi, see Verdandi, Fästskrift, op. cit., 21, 22, 46; Pär Axelsson, Vidfemti a®r (Hälsingborg 1919), 15 5
47. Nykterhetsfolket i Stockholms centralförsamling (TPCA), minutes for 3/8/01, 21/2/02, 5/2/1900, 16/2/1900, 18/3/1900, 3/5/01, 13/8/01, 30/8/01, 21/2/02, 13/9/01, 12/12/01; 1901 resolution, 20/9/01, 22/10/01
48. for Blomgren, leaflet 'Frisinnade valmän i första kretsen!' 1902, appended to 29/8/02 minutes of Stockholms liberala valmansföreningen, 'Protokoll vid. . . styrelsesammanträden, allmänna valmöten, a®rsmöten, 1884-1908'
49. Allmänna valmansfb̈rbund, quoted in Reformatory 17/7/95, 'Radikala valförberedelser'
50. see also Val-Basunen. Tidning i val-tider, 1905, no. 2
51. Nykterhetsfolket, Tio a®rs, op. cit., 1-8, 12-13, 17-18, 33, 103; idem, e.g. minutes for 5/2/1900, 16/2/1900, 18/3/1900, 3/5/01, 13/8/01, 30/8/01, 21/2/02; 5/5/05, 18/8/08 and 'A®rsmöte och Berättelse för arbetsaret 1904-5', minutes for 3/2/04, 11/8/04, 6/9/05, 18/8/08 in 'Nykterhetsfolket... protokoller', op. cit.; also Frisinnade valmansforening, 'Bilaga I (prot. vid föreningsmötet). Berättelse över Stockholms frisinnade valmansforeningens verksamhet a®r 1910' in 'Stockholms Frisinnade valmansföreningens bevarade handlingar', Kungliga biblioteket. For proportions of MPs endorsing prohibition, Monika Petré, Nykterhetsrörelsen 1908-1911 (Masters' thesis, Stockholm University 1966), 34, 72
52. For examples of socialists as board members of various social reform organizations, see Kommitté för arbetarbostadsfra®gans främjande, minutes for 25/11/02, in idem, 'Arkiv #7-559:2:3', Stockholms stadsarkiv; Axel Hirsch, 'Folkbildning' in G.H. von Koch (ed.), Social Handbok (Stockholm 1908), 155-6
53. Stockholms arbetarkommun, A®rs och revisionsberdttelse över Stockholms arbetarkommuns och dess styrelses verksamhet april 1907-mars 1908 (Stockholm 1908), 10, among others
54. The classic study of German temperance is James Roberts, Drink, Temperance and the Working Class in Nineteenth-Century Germany (Boston 1984)
55. For Lassallean-democratic co-operation, see Reform, 2/8/65 on Association member Perl; idem, 9/4/66 on attendance at the meeting of the Demokratische Verein; idem, 23/8/65, 30/9/65, editorial, and report on O.H. Halben's analysis of the Demokratische Verein's 1865 programme. For election results, Reform, 21/10/65. For information on Lassallean involvement with the Association, see Heinrich Laufenberg, Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung in Hamburg Altona und Umgegend (vol. 1: Hamburg 1911), 269; the 1863 Workers' Association resolution quoted ibid., 219
56. See also editorials in Reform, 26/8/65, 28/8/65. For the relationship between Lassalleans and the Association, Toni Offermann, 'Arbeiterbewegung, Bürgertum und Staat in Hamburg 1850-1862/63' in Herzig et al., op. cit., 131-2
57. Günter Trautmann, 'Das Scheitern liberaler Vereinspolitik und die Entstehung der sozialistischen Arbeiterbewegung in Hamburg zwischen 1862 und 1871', ibid., 69
58. For the Gesellschaft für Verbreitung von Volksbildung, see advertisement in Hamburger Nachrichten, 16/10/71; for the Hamburg Society, Fremdenblatt, 3/2/72, advertisement in idem, 22/10/76; Hamburger Volksblatt, 26/11/76, 9/1/76, 1/7/76, 7/9/76; Bürgerzeitung, 11/8/84; for general information, Karl Birker, 'Die badischen Arbeiterbildungsverein vor dem ersten Weltkrieg' in Internationale wissenschaftliche Korrespondenz zur Geschichte der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung, 1973, vol. 18, 12
59. See National (right-wing) Liberal electoral advertisement for Möring in Hamburgischer Correspondent, 1/1/77', quoted and discussed in Volksblatt, 3/1/77. For quotes and paraphrases, see Gesellschaft fur Verbreitung von Volksbildung advertisement, Hamburger Nachrichten, 16/10/71; Hamburger Nachrichten, 20/1/74; anon., Wieder und Für die Vereinigten Liberalen, von Dr. . . (Hamburg 1909), 12; Reform, 21/7/78, 13/12/74, 21/12/72, 5/2/98, coverage of 'Bezirkwahlkreis' speeches; idem, 30/10/81, coverage of speech by Dr Wex; Max Hirsch at Second German Workers' Congress, covered by Reform, 27/19/78; Reform, 19/8/80, for opinion of editor Julius Keller. 'Ausstreibung des sittlichen Gedankens', Reform, 12/7/78, 'Wählerversammlung', I. Wolffson on liberal strategy. 'Geistigen Mitteln', Reform, 25/4/80, covering speech by Eugen Richter. Volksblatt, 16/6/78, report on Reform editorial; Reform, 21/7/78, 17/7/78; Eugen Richter, 'Zwölf Grande gegen das Alterversorgungsgesetz' in Sonderabdruck aus der Freisinnigen Zeitung in Freisinnige Verein Waldeck (1888-1891), police report dated 14/4/89, '331-3 Politische Polizei, Versammlungsakten Verzeichnis 7:V200', Hamburger Staatsarchiv; anon., 'Das Volksheim in Hamburg' in Soziale Praxis, 1904-5, no. 20, 521; Hamburger General-Anzeiger, 7/2/04, coverage of meeting of G.A. Garrels, Goldfeld, and Petersen
60. For these points, Fremdenblatt, 29/11/83, meeting to protest against 'Zwangeskassen'; Volksblatt, 30/7/78, 1/8/78
61. Union advertisements in Bürgerzeitung, 25/11/83, 11/2/83. For the struggle of Hamburg's harbour union leaders to discipline their members, Michael Grüttner, "The Rank and File Movements and the Trade Unions in the Hamburg Docks' in Wolfgang Mommsen and Hans-Gerfard Husung (eds), The Development of Trade Unionism in Great Britain and Germany, 1880-1914 (London 1985). 'Vergnügungklubbs', 'Geistig': report in Hamburger Echo, 11/8/02
62. Quotes: Volksblatt, 21/1/77, 25/11/75, 'Sünde des Arbeitsstandes'; for other points, Volksblatt, 7/7/78, Reform, 20/7/78, Hamburger Burgerzeitung, 31/10/78, Volksblatt, 9/10/87, 3/1/77, 11/1/76
63. For quotes: Volksblatt, 15/2/76, 20/1/76, 12/2/76; Burgerzeitung, 31/10/85; Alex Hall, Scandal, Sensation and Social Democracy. The SPD Press and Wilhelmine Germany 1890-1914 (Cambridge 1977), 92, 144-9, 166
64. Brutality: 'Rohheit', ignorance: 'Unbildung'. See editorials and political speeches in Reform, 29/9/77, 6/7/78, 22/4/80, 12/7/78. Lengthy quote, Volksblatt, 23/10/77, 11/2/77
65. Quotes: Museum für Hamburger Geschichte, Sammlung: Arbeitsleben und Arbeitskampf in Hamburg, bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg (Hamburg 1979), strike leaflets nos. 25, 26, 31. For the employers' portrayal of strikers, Grüttner, op. cit., 124
66. Point and quote from Richard Evans, 'Die Cholera und die Sozialdemokratie' in Herzig et al., op. cit., 210-11
67. Magnusson, 'Arbetarnas Stockholm', op. cit., 312
68. Mason union's 1886 Yearly Report quoted in Ha®kansson, De som byggt, op. cit., 142. Knut Tengdahl's complaint at mason's meeting 27/5/88 is quoted in Ha®kansson, Bland kulturens, op. cit., 149-50. For what I call 'Crime Watch' columns, see Fremdenblatt, 1/3/83; 'Tagesbericht', 2/2/72, 1/3/72, 12/10/74; also Reform's 4/10/77 response to the protests. For other points, Volksblatt, 19/9/75, 5/10/75, 30/12/75, 4/10/77, 5/10/74. Workers were also frequently used as butts for humour; see protests in Volksblatt, 12/10/74; complaint about a Reform Sunday cartoon in Volksblatt, 20/10/77
69. For Hamburg socialists' views on education, Hamburger Echo, 9/2/98, 8/2/98, 14/2/01, 26/3/14, 8/4/14; anon., Die Hauptfragen hamburgischer Gesetzgebung und Politik 1910 bis 1912. Zur Information fiür die bevorstehenden Bürgerschaftswahlen. Herausgegeben im Auftrage der Sozialdemokratischen Partei Hamburgs (Hamburg 1912), 105; for condemnation of the 'single primary school', Verein der Oberlehrer an der höheren Staatschulen Hamburgs, Gegen die Einheitschule (Hamburg 1902), 5-16
70. Hamburgischen Schulzeitung, 31/5/13 and Hamburger Nachrichten, 25/5/13, clippings in 'Politische Polizei 331-3 (1878-1914): 5, 24240-23: Schule und politische Parteien, insbesondere Einflusse der Sozialdemokratie 1893-1914' in Hamburgs Staatsarchiv
71. For these points: Johannes Schult, Die Hamburger Arbeiterbewegung als Kulturfaktor (Hamburg 1954), 30-1, 68, 97-100, 137-41, 188, 294-5
72. Hildegard Milberg, Schulpolitik in der pluralistischen Gesellschaft. Die politischen und sozialen Aspekte der Schulreform in Hamburg 1890-1935 (Hamburg 1970), 60-1, 85-7, 435
73. J.J. Scheel, Gesellschaft der Freunde der vaterldndischen Schul - und Erziehungswesen: Jahresbericht 1908 (Hamburg 1908), 47;
74. Hermann Stoll, Geschichte der Gesellschaft der Freunde des vaterländischen Schul- und Erziehungswesens in Hamburg. Festschrift zur Hundertjahrfeier 1805-1905 (Hamburg 1905), 48-9
75. Hamburger Nachrichten, 25/9/06
76. Herman Stoll and H. Kurtzweil, Gesellschaft der Freunde des vaterländischen Schule- und Erziehungswesens in Hamburg 1905-1930 (Hamburg 1930), 48-9
77. For the Gesellschafft 's politics and political protests, quote from Christian Gripp, Gesellschaft der Freunde der vaterländischen Schule- und Erziehungswesen: Jahresbericht 1906 (Hamburg 1906), 8-9
78. see also Pädagogische Reform, 1/12/1898, Hamburger Nachrichten, 30/5/13. Clippings in 'Volkschuhllehrer, Politische Polizei 331-324240-7; 23; 41'
79. Burgerzeitung, 26/7/1913
80. For these quotes, Dagens Nyheter, 21/8/1914, 'Höstens politiska söndag i huvudstaden'; Nya Dagliga Allehanda, 23/8/1914, Karl Staaff, 'Partiernas Ansvar', election pamphlet, autumn 1914; Jonas Folcker (ed.), Riksdags-mannavalet Valtidningen, September 1911
81. See also election pamphlet 'Valaffisch för Josef Nilsson, d. St 14 dec 1910'; 1914 election pamphlet 'Till Sveriges folk', signed 'förtroenderad för Andra kammarens landtmanna och borgareparti'. Collected in Stockholms frisinnade valmansförening, 'Valtryck, stadsfullmaktige, diverse', Kungliga biblioteket
82. See also collection of right-liberal materials in 'Borgerliga partier', op. cit
83. For these quotes: Fremdenblatt, 30/12/84, 'Erste Beilage'; Hamburgischer Correspondent, 24/3/85, report on meeting of Deutsche Freisinnige Partei; Hamburger Fremdenblatt, 30/12/84; Reform, 30/1/87 report on meeting of Reichstagswahlverein von 1884, Dr Dränert speaking
84. For these quotes: Reform, 27/4/80 advertisement signed 'Vorstand, Bezirksvereinigung Neustadt'; Volksblatt, 21/10/77, speech by Dr May; Hamburger Fremdenblatt, 30/12/84; Möring circular in Hamburgischer Correspondent, 1/1/77, quoted in Volksblatt, 3/1/77
85. See also coverage of speeches in Reform, 25/6/78, 17/7/78, 21/7/78; 'Deutschfreisinn' in Reform, 30/1/87. The juxtaposition of burgher vs. worker became especially shrill, of course, during the debate on whether to restrict workers' voting rights in 1906, when it was often maintained that socialists' interests were by definition opposed to those of the Father City and the bourgeoisie. See the day-by-day coverage of the debate in 'Vereinsberichten', Hamburger Fremdenblatt, 3/12/05-25/1/06
86. Quote: Hamburger Echo, 29/11/95, coverage of Liberate Reichstagsverein speech. For Hamburg's Bürgervereine, Arthur Obst, Geschichte der Hamburgischen Bürgervereine. Festschrift zur Feier des 25jáhrigen Bestehens des ZentralausschuΒes Hamburgischer Biirgervereine am 10. Juni 1911 (Hamburg 1911); for political activities, see Georg Bendix, Geschichte des St. Pauli Bürgervereins von 1843 bis 1903. Aus den Protokoll- Auszúgen von dem Verein, zum 60jährigen Stiftungsfeste (Hamburg 1903), 52-3, 63, 69-79, 54-60. For politicians' rhetoric of family service to the Father City, see Reform, 20/4/80, 6/2/92, 19th 'Bezirk' election meeting, 10/2/92, 'Tageblatt', 8th district meeting; Fremdenblatt, 8/2/92, 10/2/92. Clippings in 'Bürgerschaftswahlen 1892, Politische Polizei 331-3. S2837-6-1 bis 7 (1892)', Hamburgs Staatsarchiv
87. For this rhetoric, letters to editor in Fremdenblatt, 24/2/87 (and for the following week), 'III Wahlkreis', 'Zur Stichwahl', etc. 'Hie kaiserliches Heer, hie Parhamentsheer' in Bürgerzeitung, 20/1/87, 'Die Reichstagswahlbewegung'
88. Paraphrase of Hermann Popert, Hamburg und der Alkohol (Hamburg 1903), 76
89. Workers' exclusion was reflected in the socialists' language: socialists defended local citizen rights, not as Bürger, but as Staatsbürger or Staatsangehörigen (cf. the Verein hamburger Staatsangehörigen). See Burgerzeitung, 4/4/85. Point about 'rules' from Henrik Stenius, 'Massorganisation och nationell sammanhallning' in Sosiologia, 1983, 20:2, 122
90. The SPD's lack of broad appeal is described in William Sheridan Allen, The Nazi Seizure of Power (New York 1965) and Richard Hamilton, Who Voted for Hitler? (Princeton 1982), 440-1, 452, among many others. Allen stressed socialist-petty-bourgeois relations; Hamilton, socialist-farmer relations. The most succinct analysis of the Swedish social democrats' comparative success is S.A. Söderpalm, 'The Crisis Agreement and the Social Democratic Road to Power' in Steven Koblik (ed.), Frdn fattigdom till överflöd (Stockholm 1973)