Redefining the Role of Crayfish in Aquatic Ecosystems

Reviews in Fisheries Science

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 1995, Pages 33-63

  Momot, Walter T ^a  

^a LAKEHEAD UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

aquatic ecosystems; crayfish; ecological impact; food webs

Indexed keywords

EID: 0002266431     PISSN: 10641262     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10641269509388566     Document Type: Article

References (132)

1. Abrahamsson, S. A. Dynamics of an isolated population of the crayfish, Astacus astacus Linne. Oikos, 17: 96-107 (1966).
2. Ackefors, H., R. Gydemo, and L. Westin. Growth and survival of juvenile crayfish, Astacus astacus, in relation to food and density. In: Aquaculture—A Biotechnology in Progress, pp. 365-373. N. DePauw, E. Jaspers, H. Ackefors, and N. Wilkins, Eds.). Belgium: European Aquaculture Society, (1989).
3. Ackefors, H., J. D. Castell, L. D. Boston, P. Raty, and M. Svensson. Standard experimental diets for crustacean nutrition research. II. Growth and survival of juvenile crayfish Astacus astacus (Linne) fed diets containing various amounts of protein, carbohydrate and lipid. Aquaculture, 104: 341-356 (1992).
4. Albaugh, D. W., Life histories of the crayfish Procambarus acutus and Procambarus binei in Texas, Ph.D. thesis, Texas A&M University (1973).
5. Avault, J. W. Jr.,R. P. Romaire, and M. R. Miltner. Red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, 15 years research at Louisiana State University. Fresh. Cray., 5: 362-369 (1983).
6. Barr, J. E., J. V. Huner, D. P. Klaxberg, and J. Witzig. The large invertebrate — small invertebrate fauna of several south Louisiana crawfish ponds with emphasis on predacious arthropods. Proc. World Mari. Soc., 9: 685-692 (1978).
7. Benke, A. C., C. A. S. Hall, C. P. Hawkins, R. H. Lowe-McConnel, J. A. Stanford, K. Suberkrop, and J. V. Ward. Bioenergetic considerations in the analysis of stream ecosystems. J. N. Am. Bentbol. Soc., 7(4): 480-502 (1988).
8. Bowen, S. H. Detrital nonprotein amino acids are the key to rapid growth of Tilapia in Lake Valencia, Venezuela. Science, 207: 1216-1218 (1980).
9. Bowen, S. H. Composition and nutritional value of detritus. In: Detritus and Microbial Ecology in Aquaculture, pp. 192-216. (D. Moriarity and Pullin, Eds.). ICLARM Conference Proceedings 14, International Centre for Living Aquatic Resources Management, Manila, Philippines (1987).
10. Brewis, J. M. and K. Bowler. A study of the dynamics of a natural population of the freshwater crayfish, Austropotamobius pallipes. Fresh. Biol., 13: 443-452 (1983).
11. Brown, D. J. A Study of the Population Biology of the British Freshwater Crayfish Astacus pallipes, Ph.D. thesis, University of Durham, England (1979).
12. Brown, D. and K. Bowler. A population study of the British freshwater crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes Lereboullet Fresh. Cray., 3: 33-50 (1977).
13. Brown, P. B., C. D. Williams, E. H. Robinson, D. M. Okiyama, and A. L. Lawrence. Evaluation of methods for determining in vivo digestion coefficients for adult red swamp, Procambarus clarkii. J. World Aquat. Soc., 17: 19-24 (1986).
14. Brown, P. B., P. Tazik, M. L. Hooe, and W. G. Blythe. Consumption and apparent dry matter digestibility of aquatic macrophytes by male and female crayfish (Orconectes virilis). Aquaculture, 89: 55-64 (1990).
15. Brown, P. B., J. E. Wetzel III, and A. Spade. Evaluation of naturally occurring organisms as food for juvenile crayfish, Procambarus clarkii. J. World Mari. Soc., 23(3): 211-216 (1992).
16. Budd, T. W., J. C. Lewis, and M. L. Tracey. The filter feeding apparatus in crayfish. Can. J. Zool, 56: 685-707 (1978).
17. Budd, T. W., J. C. Lewis, and M. L. Tracey. Filtration feeding in Orconectes propinquus and Cambarus robust us. Crustaceana (Suppl.), 5: 131-134 (1979).
18. Butler, M. J. and R. A. Stein. An analysis of the mechanisms governing spedes replacements in crayfish. Oecologia, 66: 168-177 (1985).
19. Capelli, G. M. Distribution, life history and ecology of crayfish in northern Wisconsin, with emphasis on Orconectes propinquus (Girard). Ph.D. thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison (1975).
20. Capelli, G. M. Seasonal variation in the food habits of Orconectes propinquus (Gerard) in Trout Lake, Villas County, Wisconsin, USA (Decapoda, Astacidae, Cambaridae). Crustaceana, 38(1): 82-86 (1980).
21. Capelli, G. M. Displacement of northern Wisconsin crayfish by Orconectes rusticus. Limnol. Oceanogr., 27: 741-745 (1987).
22. Capelli, G. M. and B. J. Munjal. Aggressive interactions and resource competition in relation to spedes displacement among crayfish of the genus Orconectes. J. Crust. Biol., 2: 486-492 (1982).
23. Chambers, P. A., J. M. Hanson, J. Burke, and E. E. Prepas. The impact of the crayfish Orconectes virilis on aquatic macrophytes. Fresh. Biol., 24: 81-91 (1990).
24. Charlebois, P. M. and G. A. Lamberti. The effects of an introduced crayfish, Orconectes rusticus on the benthic community of a northern Michigan stream (Abstract). Bull. N. Am. Bentbol. Soc., 9(1): 163 (1992).
25. Coffey, B. T. and J. S. Clayton. Contrasting deep-water macrophyte communities in two highly transparent New Zealand lakes and their possible association with freshwater crayfish, Paranephrops spp. N.Z. J. Mar Fresh. Res., 22: 225-230 (1988).
26. Covich, A. P. How do crayfish respond to plants and mollusca as alternate food sources? Fresh. Cray., (3): 165-179 (1977).
27. Cukerzis, J. Die zahl Stmktur und Produktivitat der Isolerten Population von Astacus astacus L Fresh. Cray., (2): 513-527 (1975).
28. D'Abramo, L. R. and E. H. Robinson. Nutrition of crayfish. Crit. Rev. Aquat. Sci., (4): 711-728 (1989).
29. Dabrowski, K. Tilapia in lakes and aquaculture-ecological and nutritional approach. Acta Hydrochem. Hydrobiol., 10(3): 265-271 (1982).
30. Dabrowski, K. Some aspects of ascorbate metabolism in developing embryo of brine shrimp (Anemia salina). Can.J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 48: 1905-1908 (1991).
31. Dabrowski, K. Ascorbate concentration in fish ontogeny.J. Fish Biol., 40(2): 273-279 (1992).
32. Dean, J. L. Biology of the crayfish, Orconectes causeyi, and its use for control of aquatic weeds in trout lakes. U.S. Bureau Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Technical Paper, 24:15p (1969).
33. Engel, S. Aquatic community interactions of submerged macrophytes. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Technical Bulletin No. 156, 79p (1985).
34. England, W. R. and J. Baldwin. Anaerobic energy metabolism in the tail musculature of the Australian yabby Cberax destructor (Crustacea, Decapoda, Parastacidae) role of phosphagens and anaerobic glycolysis during escape behaviour. Physiol. Zool., 56(4): 614-622 (1983).
35. Feminella, J. W. and V. H. Resh. Submersed macrophytes and grazing crayfish: An experimental study of herbivory in a California freshwater marsh. Holarctic Ecol., 12: 1-8 (1989).
36. France, R. L. and P. M. Welboume. Influence of lake pH and macrograzers on the distribution and abundance of nuisance metaphytic algae in Ontario, Canada. Canad. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 49(1): 185-195 (1992).
37. Flint, R. W. and C. R. Goldman. The effect of a benthic grazer on the primary productivity of the littoral zone of Lake Tahoe. Limnol. Oceanogr., 20: 935-944 (1975).
38. Gaevaskaya, N. S. The Role of Higher Aquatic Plants in the Nutrition of the Animals of Freshwater Basin. Vol. 1,45-49. Translated from Russian by D. G. Maitland-Muller. K. H. Mann, Ed., National Lending Library for Science and Technology, Yorkshire, England (1966).
39. Goddard, J. S. Food and feeding. In: Freshwater Crayfish. Biology, Management and Exploitation. (D. S. Holdich, and R. S. Lowery, Eds.). Croom Held, London and Sydney (1988).
40. Gowing, H. and W. T. Momot Population dynamics of trout, with crayfish as food. Michigan Department of Natural Resources Report No. 1811, 70p (1974).
41. Goyert, J. S. and J. W. Avault Jr. Agricultural byproducts as supplemental feed for crayfish, Procambarus clarkii. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 106: 629-633 (1977).
42. Guizani, N., M. R. Marshall, and C. I. Wei. Purification and characterization of a trypsin-like enzyme from the hepatopancrease of crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). Comp. Biochem. Phys., 103(4): 809-815 (1992).
43. Hamr, P. and M. Berril. The life histories of north temperate populations of the crayfish, Cambarus robustus and Cambarus bartoni. Can. J. Zool., 63: 2313-2322 (1985).
44. Hanson, J. M., P. A. Chambers, and E. E. Prepas. Selective foraging by the crayfish Orconectes virilis and its impact on the macroinvertebrates. Fresh. Biol., 24: 69-80 (1990).
45. Hanson, J. M. Macroinvertebrate size distribution of two contrasting freshwater macrophyte communities. Fresh. Biol., 24: 481-491 (1990).
46. Hart, D. D. Community organization in streams: The importance of species interactions, physical factors and chance. OECOLOGIA, 91: 220-228 (1992).
47. Hazlett, B. A., F. E. Anderson, L. A. Esman, C. Stafford, and E. Munro. Interspecific behavioural ecology of the crayfish, Orconectes rusticus. J. Fresh. Ecol., 7(1): 69-76 (1992).
48. Head, G. and J. Baldwin. Energy metabolism and the fate of lactate during recovery from exercise in the Australian freshwater crayfish Cberax destructor. Aust. J. Mar. Fresh. Res., 37: 641-646 (1986).
49. Hessen, D. O. and J. Skurdal. Food consumption, turnover rates and assimilation in the noble crayfish (Astacus astacus). Fresh. Cray., 7: 309-317 (1988).
50. Hird, F. J. R., S. C. Candosi, and R. M. McLean. Investigation on the origin and metabolism of the carbon skeleton of ornithine, arginine and proline in selected animals. Comp. Biochem, Physiol., 83B(1): 179-184 (1986).
51. Hobbs, H. H. III., J. P. Jass, and J. V. Huner. A review of global crayfish introductions with particular emphasis on two North American spedes (Decapoda, Cambarida). Crustaceana, 56; 299-316 (1989).
52. Hobbs, H. H. III. Trophic relationships of North American freshwater crayfish and shrimps. Milwaukee Public Museum. Contributions in Biology and Geology, No. 85, 110p (1993).
53. Hogger, J. B. Ecology population biology and behaviour. In: Freshwater Crayfish: Biology, Management and Exploitation. (D. M. Holdich, and R. S. Lowery, Eds.). Croom Helm, London and Sydney (1988).
54. Huner, J. V. Crawfish population dynamics as they affect production in several, small open crawfish ponds in Louisiana. Proc. World Aquacult. Soc., 9: 619-640 (1978).
55. Huner, J. V. Growth responses of juvenile male crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, fed artificial diets supplemented with Egera densa, a vascular aquatic plant. J. World Maricult. Soc., 15: 129-131 (1984).
56. Huner, J. V. Biology, fisheries and cultivation of freshwater crawfishes in the U.S. Reviews Aquat. Sci., 2; 229-254 (1990).
57. Huner, J. V. Summary of feed studies, November and December 1991. March and April, 1992. (mimeo 3 p.). Crawfish Research Centre, University of Southwestern Louisiana, Lafayette, Louisiana (1992).
58. Huner, J. V., S. P. Meyers, and J. W. Avault, Jr. Response and growth of freshwater crawfish to an extruded, water stable diet Fresh. Cray., 2: 149-157 (1975).
59. Huner, J. V., H. Kononen, and O. V. Lindqvist Variation in body composition and exoskeleton mineralization as functions of the molt and reproductive cycles of the noble crayfish, Astacus astacus L. (Decapoda, Astaddae), from a pond in Central Finland. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 96A(1): 235-240 (1990).
60. Huner, J. V. and S. P. Meyers. Dietary protein requirements of the red crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, grown in a closed system. Proc. World Maricult. Soc., 10: 751-760 (1978).
61. Huner, J. V. and S. Naqvi. Invertebrate faunas and crawfish food habits in Louisiana crawfish ponds. Proc of the 37th Annu. Conf. Southeast Assoc. of Fish and Wild Agenties 39 (1986).
62. Huner, J. V. and R. P. Romaire. Size at maturity as a means of comparing populations of Procambarus clarkii from different habitats. Fresh. Cray., 4: 53-65 (1978).
63. Huryn, A. D. and J. B. Wallace. Production and litter processing by crayfish in an Appalachian mountain stream. Fresh. Biol., 18: 277-286 (1987).
64. Huxley, T. H. The Crayfish an Introduction to the Study of Zoology, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts (1880).
65. Ilheu, M. and J. M. Bernardo. Experimental evaluation of food preference of red swamp crawfish, Procambarus clarkii: Vegetal versus animal. Fresh. Cray., 9: 359-364 (1993).
66. Jones, P. D. and W. T. Momot Crayfish productivity, allochthony and basin morphometry. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Set., 38(2): 175-183 (1981).
67. Jones, P. D. and W. T. Momot The bioenergetics of Orconectes virilis in two pothole lakes. Fresh. Cray., 5: 192-209 (1983).
68. King, F. H. The food of the crayfish. Am. Nat., 17: 980-981 (1883).
69. Kossakowski, J. Crayfish (translated from Polish) U.S. Department of Commerce. National Technical Information Service. Springfield, Virginia, 163p (1971).
70. Langlois, T. H. Notes on the habits of the crayfish, Cambarus rusticus Girard, in fish ponds in Ohio. Ohio Dept. Agric. Bull. No. 135: 3-6 (1936).
71. Le Cren, E. D. and R. H. Lowe-McConnell. The Functioning of Freshwater Ecosystems. Int Biol. Prog. 22. Cambridge University Press, U.K., 588p (1980).
72. Lindeman, D. H. and W. T. Momot Production of the amphipod, Hyalella azteca, in a northern Ontario lake. Can. J. Zool., 61(9): 2051-2059 (1983).
73. Lochmann, R., W. R. McLain, and D. M. Gatlin; III. Evaluation of practical feed formulations and dietary supplements for red swamp crayfish. J. World Aquat. Soc., 23(3): 217-227 (1992).
74. Lodge, D. M., T. K. Kratz, and G. M. Capelli. Long-term dynamics of three crayfish species in Trout Lake, Wisconsin. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 43: 993-998 (1986).
75. Lodge, D. M. and J. G. Lorman. Reductions in submersed macrophyte biomass and species richness by the crayfish Orconectes msticus. Can.J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 44:591-597 (1987).
76. Lorman, J. G. and J. J. Magnuson. The role of crayfish in aquatic ecosystem. Fisheries, 3(6): 8-10 (1978).
77. Luthgart, G. J. and B. J. Wallace. Effects of disturbance on benthic functional structure and production in mountain streams. J. N. Am. Ben. Soc., 11(2): 138-164 (1992).
78. Mason, J. C. Crayfish production in a small woodland stream. Department of Environment, Fisheries and Marine Service. Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, B.C., 30p (1974).
79. Matthews, M. and J. D. Reynolds. Ecological impact of crayfish plague in Ireland. Hydrobiologica, 234: 1-6 (1992).
80. McLain, W. R., W. H. Neill, and D. M. Gatlin, III. Nutrient profiles of green and decomposed rice-forages and their utilization by juvenile crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). Aquaculture, 101: 251-265 (1992a).
81. McLain, W. R., P. K. Bollich, and D. C. Huffman. Relaying: A means to increase market size of Procambarus clarkii and increase net returns from rice/crayfish production. Fresh. Cray., 9: 13-17 (1993).
82. McLain, W. R., W. H. Neill, and D. M. Gatlin, III. Partitioning the contributions of forage-based production system components to weight gain of juvenile crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). Aquaculture, 101: 267-281 (1992b).
83. Mitchell, B. D. and R. Collins. Development of field-scale-intensive culture techniques for the commercial production of the yabbie (Cberax destructor/ albidus). Project Completion Report 89-1, Rural Credits Development Fund. Centre for Aquatic Sciences, Wamembool Institute of Advanced Education, Wamembool, Victoria, Australia (1989).
84. Momot, W. T. Annual production and production/biomass of the crayfish, Orconectes virilis in two northern Ontario Lakes. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 96: 202-209 (1978).
85. Momot, W. T. Crayfish production: A reflection of community energetics. J. Crus. Biol, 4(1): 35-54 (1984).
86. Momot, W. T. Production and exploitation of the crayfish, Orconectes virilis in northern climates. Can. Spec. Pub. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 92: 154-167 (1986).
87. Momot, W. T. The role of exploitation in altering the process regulating crayfish populations. Fresh. Cray., 9: 101-117 (1993).
88. Momot, W. T. and H. Gowing. Results of an experimental fishery on the crayfish Orconectes virilis. J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 34(11): 2056-2066 (1977).
89. Momot, W. T., H. Gowing, and P. D. Jones. The dynamics of crayfish and their role in aquatic ecosystems. The Am. Mid. Nat., 99(1): 10-35 (1978).
90. Momot, W. T. and P. L. Hauta. Effects of growth and mortality phenology on the cohort P/B of the crayfish Orconectes virilis. Fresh. Cray., 8: In press.
91. Momot, W. T. and R. P. Romaire. Use of a seine to detect stunted crawfish populations in ponds, a preliminary report J. WorldMaricult. Soc., 12(2): 384-390 (1983).
92. Moriarty, C. The crayfish (Astacuspallipes) of Irish Lake. Irish Fish. Invest. A (Freshwater), 6: 12-20 (1971).
93. Moriarty, C. A study of Austropotamobius pallipes in Ireland. Fresh. Cray., 1: 57-67 (1973).
94. Morrissy, N. M. Spawning variation and its relationship to growth rate and density in the Marron, Cherax tenuimanus (Smith). West. Aust. Fish. Res. Bull., 16: 1-32 (1975).
95. Morrissy, N. M. Production of marron in Western Australian wheatbelt form dams. West. Aust. Fish. Res. Bull., No. 24: 79p (1980).
96. Morrissy, N. M. Density-dependent pond growout of single year-class cohorts of a freshwater crayfish Cberax tenuimanus (Smith) to two years of age. J. World Aquat. Soc., 23(2): 154-168 (1992).
97. Moshiri, G. A. and C. R. Goldman. Estimation of assimilation efficiency in the crayfish, Pacifasticus lenuisculus (Dana) (Crustacea Decapoda). Arcbiv. fur Hydrobiol, 66: 298-306 (1969).
98. Murphy, M. L. and W. R. Meehan. Stream ecosystems. In: Influences of Forest and Rangeland Management on Salmonid Fishes and Tbeir Habitats, 751p. (W. R. Meehan, Ed.). American Fisheries Society Special Publication, 19, Bethesda, Maryland (1991).
99. Musgrove, R. J. Digestive ability of crayfish Paranephrops zealandicus (White) (Parastiddae) and the role of microbial enzymes. Fresh. Biol., 20: 305-314 (1988).
100. Musgrove, R. J. Energy and protein use by juvenile Yabbies (Cberax destructor). Clark. Fresh. Cray., 9: 213-225 (1992).
101. Norton, E. M. The food of the crayfish of Reelfoot Lake. Report Reelfoot Lake Biological Station. Tenn. Acad. Sci., 6: 51-54 (1942).
102. Odum, W. E., P. W. Kirk, and J. C. Zieman, Non-protein nitrogen compounds associated with partides of vascular detritus. Oikos, 32: 363-367 (1979).
103. O'Keefe, C., The Ecology of Two Populations of the Freshwater Crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes (Tereboullet) in Ireland. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Dublin, Ireland, 254p (1986).
104. Opuszynski, K. Are herbivorous fish herbivorous? Aquapbyte, 12(2): 15p (1992).
105. Orzechowski, B. Productivity of the freshwater crayfish Orconectes limosus Raf. in Koronowo Basin. Acta Univesitatis Nicolai Copemici, 57(14): 3-35 (1975).
106. Prins, R. D. Comparative ecology of the crayfish, Orconectes rusticus and Cambarus tenebrosus in Doc Run, Mead County, Kentucky. Int. revue der gesamten Hydrobiol, 53: 667-714 (1968).
107. Rabeni, C. F. Trophic linkage between stream centrarchids and their crayfish prey. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 49(8): 1714-1721 (1992).
108. Rhodes, C. P. Studies on the Growth and Feeding Biology of the Crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes (Lereboulet). Ph.D. thesis, University of Nottingham, England (1980).
109. Rickett, P. J. Trophic relationships involving crayfish of the genus Orconectes in experimental ponds. Progress. Fish Cult., 36: 207-211 (1974).
110. Robinson, J. D., K. H. Mann, and J. A. Novitsky. Conversion of the particular fraction of seaweed detritus to bacterial biomass. Limnol. Oceanogr., 27: 1072-1079 (1982).
111. Roell, M. J. and D. J. Orth. Production of three crayfish populations in the New River of West Virginia, USA. Hydrobiologia, 228: 185-194 (1992).
112. Romaire, R. P. and C. G. Lutz. Population dynamics of Procambarus clarkii (Gerard) and Procambarus acutus acutus (Gerard) (Decapoda: Cambaridae) in commercial ponds. Aquaculture, 81: 253-274 (1989).
113. Saffian, K. A. and D. R. Barton. Trophic ecology of the crayfish Orconectes propinquus in Georgian Bay. Fresh. Cray., 9: 350-358 (1993).
114. Sanguanruang, M. Bioenergetics of Red Swamp Crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) and White River Crayfish (Procambarus acutus acutus) in Cultivated, Noncultivated and Wooded Ponds in South Louisiana. Ph.D. thesis, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge (1988).
115. Speck, U. and K. Urich. The metabolic fate of nutrients in the crayfish Orconectes limosus. Zeitscbrift. Vergleichbase Physiol., 68: 318-333 (1970).
116. Tack, P. I. The life history and ecology of the crayfish, Cambarus propinquus Hagen. Am. Mid. Nat., 25: 420-466 (1941).
117. Tanner, H. A. Some consequences of adding fertilizers to five Michigan trout lakes. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 89: 198-205 (1960).
118. Telford, M. Comparative carbohydrase activities of some crustacean tissue and whole animal homogenates. Comp. Biochem. Physiol, 34: 81-90 (1970).
119. Tcherkashina, N. Y. Survival, growth and feeding dynamics of juvenile crayfish Astacus leptodactylus ctibanicus in ponds and the river Don. Fresh. Cray., 3: 95-100 (1977).
120. Tessier, A. J. and R. J. Horwitz. Influence of water chemistry on size structure of zooplankton assemblages. Can.J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 47: 1937-1943 (1990).
121. Unestam, T. Significance of decreases in freshwater crayfish. Fresh. Cray., 3: 95-100 (1973).
122. Vannote, R. L. Community Productivity and Energy Flow in an Enriched Warm Water Stream. Ph. D. thesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing (1963).
123. Villareal, H. C. Feeding, Growth and Energetics of the Freshwater Crayfish, Cherax tenuinianus (Smith), with Special Emphasis on its Potential for Commercial Culture, Ph.D. thesis, University of Queensland, Australia (1987).
124. Warren, C. E. Ecological studies of an experimental stream. Progress Report U.S. Public Health Service. Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control, 103p (1963).
125. Waters, T. F. Fish production-benthos production relationships in trout streams. Polski Archiwum Hydrobiologii, 35(3-4): 545-561 (1988).
126. Webster, J. R. and B. C. Patten. Effects of watershed perturbation on stream potassium and calcium dynamics. Ecolog. Monogr., 49(1): 51-72 (1979).
127. Wetzel, R. G. Land-water interfaces: Metabolic and limnological regulators. Verb. Int. Verein Limnol., 24: 6-24 (1990).
128. Wetzel, R. G. Gradient-dominated ecosystems: Sources and regulatory functions of dissolved - organic matter in freshwater ecosystems, Hydrobiologia, 229: 181-198 (1992).
129. Wiemicki, E. Assimilation efficiency by Procambarus clarkii fed Elodea (Egera densa) and its products of decomposition. Aquaculture, 36: 203-215 (1984).
130. Witzig, J. F., J. W. Avault, Jr., and J. V. Huner. Crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, growth and dispersal in a small south Louisiana and pond planted with rice, Oryza sativa. Fresh. Cray., (5): 331-343 (1983).
131. Woodall, W. R. and J. B. Wallace. Mineral pathways in small Appalachian streams. In: Mineral cycling in Southwestern Ecosystems. 1974. (F. Howell et al., Eds.). Symposium U.S. Energy and Development Administration, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, p. 408-422 (1975).
132. Woodland, D. J. Population study of a freshwater crayfish, Cherax albidus, Clark, Ph.D. thesis, University of New England, New South Wales, Australia (1967).