Prenatal Infection and Adult Schizophrenia: A Review and Synthesis

International Journal of Mental Health

Volumn 29, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 22-37

  Brown, Alan S ^a  

^a Unit 2 ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0002258996     PISSN: 00207411     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00207411.2000.11449501     Document Type: Review

References (53)

1. Whitley, R.J., & Stagno, S. (1991) Perinatal viral infections. In W.M. Scheld, R.J. Whitley, & D.T. Durack (Eds.), Infections of the central nervous system, New York: Raven Press.
2. Bradbury, T.N., & Miller, G.A. (1985) Season of birth in schizophrenia: A review of evidence, methodology, and etiology. Psychological Bulletin, 3, 569.
3. Brown, A.S. (1999) New perspectives on the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia. Psychiatric Annals, 29(3), 128.
4. Susser, E.S. (1999) Life course cohort studies of schizophrenia. Psychiatric Annals, 29(3), 161.
5. Jones, P., Rodgers, B., Murray, R., & Marmon, M. (1994) Child developmental risk factors for adult schizophrenia in the British 1946 birth cohort. Lancet, 344, 1398.
6. David, A.S., Malmberg, A., Brandt, L., Allebeck, P., & Lewis, G. (1998) I.Q. and risk for schizophrenia: A population-based cohort study. Psychological Medicine, 27, 1311.
7. Done, D.J., Crow, T.J., Johnston, E.C., & Sacker, A. (1994) Childhood antecedents of schizophrenia and affective illness: Social adjustment at ages 7 and 11. British Medical Journal, 309, 699.
8. Walker, E.F., Savoie, T., & Davis, D. (1994) Neuromotor precursor of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 20, 441.
9. Green, M.F., Satz, P., Gaier, D.J., Gancell, S., & Kharabi, F. (1989) Minor physical anomalies in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 15, 91.
10. Waddington, J.L. (1993) Neurodynamics of abnormalities in cerebral metabolism and structure in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 19, 55.
11. Bogerts, B., Ashtari, M., DeGreef, G., Alvir, J.M.J., Bilder, R.M., & Lieberman, J.A. (1990) Reduced temporal limbic structure volumes on magnetic resonance images in first episode schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research Neuroimage, 35, 1.
12. DeGreef, G.M., Ashtari, B., & Bogerts, B. (1992) Volumes of ventricular system subdivisions measured from magnetic resonance images in first-episode schizophrenic patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 531.
13. Nopoulos, P.I., Tores, M., Flaum, M., Andreasen, N.C., Ehrhardt, J.C., & Yuh, W.T. (1995) Brain morphology in first-episode schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1721.
14. Nopoulos, P., Swayze, V., Flaum, M., Ehrhardt, J.C., Yuh, W.T.C., & Andreasen, N.C. (1997) Cavum septi pellucidi in normals and patients with schizophrenia as detected by magnetic resonance imaging. Biological Psychiatry, 41, 1102.
15. Akbarian, S., Bunney, W.E., Jr., Potkin, S.G., Wigal, S.B., Hagman, J.O., Sandman, C.A., & Jones, E.G. (1993) Altered distribution of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase cells in frontal lobe of schizophrenics implies disturbances of cortical development. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 167.
16. Arnold, S.E., Granz, B.R., Gur, R.C., Shapiro, R.M., Mobert, P.J., & Trojanowski, J.Q. (1995) Smaller neuron size in schizophrenia in hippocampal subfields that mediate cortical-hippocampal interactions. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 738.
17. McGuffin, P., Owens, M. J., & Farmer, A.E. (1995) Genetic basis of schizophrenia. Lancet, 346, 678.
18. Suddath, R.L., Christianson, G.W., Torrey, E.F., Casanova, M.F., & Weinberger, D.R. (1990) Anatomical abnormalities in the brains of monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia. New England Journal of Medicine, 322, 789.
19. Brown, A.S., & Susser E.S. (1999) Plausibility of prenatal rubella, influenza and other viral infections as risk factors for schizophrenia. In E.S., Susser, A.S. Brown, & J.M. Gorman (Eds.), Prenatal exposures in schizophrenia. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
20. South, M., & Sever, J. (1985) Teratogen update: The congenital rubella syndrome. Teratology, 31, 297
21. Jones, P.B., & Tarrant, C.J. (1999) Specificity of developmental precursors to schizophrenia and affective disorders. Schizophrenia Research, 39, 121.
22. Jones, P., Rodgers, B., Murray, R., & Marmon, M. (1994) Child developmental risk factors for adult schizophrenia in the British 1946 birth cohort. Lancet, 344, 1398.
23. Lim, K., Beal, M., Harvey, R., Myers, T., Lane, B., Sullivan, E.V., Faustman, W.O., & Pfefferbaum, A. (1995) Brain dysmorphology in adults with congenital rubella plus schizophrenialike symptoms. Biological Psychiatry, 37, 764.
24. Shenton, M.E., Wible, C.G., & McCarley, R.W. (1996) A review of magnetic resonance imaging studies of brain abnormalities in schizophrenia. In K.R.R Krishnan & P.M. Doraiswamy (Eds.), Brain imaging in clinical psychiatry. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
25. Achs, R., Harper, R.G., & Siegel, M. (1966) Unusual dermatoglyphic findings associated with rubella embryopathy. New England Journal of Medicine, 274, 148.
26. Purvis-Smith, S.G., & Menser, M.A. (1973) Genetic and environmental influences on digital dermatoglyphics in congenital rubella. Pediatric Research, 7, 215.
27. Purvis-Smith, S.G., Hayes, K., & Menser, M.A. (1972) Dermatoglyphics in children with prenatal cytomegalovirus infection. Lancet, 2, 976.
28. Green, M.F., Satz, P., Gruen, D.J., Gancell, S., & Kharabi, F. (1989) Minor physical anomalies in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 15, 91.
29. O'Callaghan, E., Buckley, P., Madigan, C., Redmon, O., Stack, J.P., Kinsella, A., Larkin, C., Ennis, J.T., & Waddington, J.L. (1995) The relationship of minor physical anomalies and other putative indices of developmental disturbances in schizophrenia to abnormalities of cerebral structure on magnetic resonance imaging. Biological Psychiatry, 38, 516.
30. Waddington, J.L. (1993) Schizophrenia: Developmental neuroscience and pathobiology. Lancet, 341, 531.
31. Mednick, S.A., Machón, R.A., Huttunen, M.O., & Bonnett, D. (1988) Adult schizophrenia following prenatal exposure to an influenza epidemic. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 189.
32. Watson, C.G., Kucala, T., Tilleskjor, C., & Jacobs, L. (1984) Schizophrenic birth seasonality in relation to the incidence of infectious diseases and temperature extremes. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 85.
33. Torrey, E.F., Rawlings, R., & Waldman, I.N. (1988) Schizophrenic births and viral diseases in two states. Schizophrenia Research, 1, 73.
34. O'Callaghan, E., Sham, P.C., Takei, N., Murray, G., Glover, E., Hare, H., & Murray, R.M. (1994) The relationship of schizophrenic births to 16 infectious diseases. British Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 353.
35. Suvisaari, J., Haukka, J., Tanskanen, A., Hovi, T., & Lönnqvist, J. (1999) Association between prenatal exposure to poliovirus infection and adult schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1100.
36. Brown, A.S., Cohen, P., Greenwald, S., & Susser, E.S. (2000) Nonaffective psychosis after prenatal exposure to rubella. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 438.
37. Cooper, L.Z., Ziring, P.R., Ockerse, A.B., Fedun, B., Kelly, B., & Krugman, S. (1969) Rubella: Clinical manifestations and management. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 118, 18.
38. Chess, S., Korn, S., & Fernandez, P. (1971) Psychiatric disorders of children with congenital rubella. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
39. Brown, A.S., Schaefer, C.A., Wyatt, R.J., Goetz, R., Begg, M.D., Gorman, J.M., & Susser, E.S. (2000) Maternal exposure to respiratory infections and adult schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A prospective birth cohort study. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 26, 287.
40. Susser, E.S., Brown, A.S., & Matte, T.D. (1999) Prenatal factors and adult mental and physical health. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 44, 326.
41. Susser, E., Schaefer, C., Brown, A., Begg, M., & Wyatt, R.J. (2000) The design of the Prenatal Determinants of Schizophrenia study (PDS). Schizophrenia Bulletin, 26, 257.
42. Nurnberger, J.I., Jr., Blehar, M.C., Kaufmann, C.A., York-Cooler, C., Simpson, S.G., Harkavy-Friedman, J., Severe, J.B., Malaspina, D., & Reich, T. (1994) Diagnostic interview for genetic studies. Rationale, unique features, and training. NIMH Genetics Initiative. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 849.
43. Moore, H., Ghajarnia, M., & Grace, A.A. (1998) Anatomy and function of prefrontal and limbic corticostriatal circuits in a rodent model of schizophrenia. Abstracts of the 37th Annual Meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. Las Croabas, Puerto Rico, 14-18 December.
44. South, M., & Sever, J. (1985) Teratogen update: The congenital rubella syndrome. Teratology, 31, 311.
45. Eagles, J.M. (1992) Are polioviruses a cause of schizophrenia? British Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 598.
46. Der, G., Gupta, S., & Murray, R.M. (1990) Is schizophrenia disappearing? Lancet, 335, 513.
47. Suvisaari, J.M., Hakka, J.K., Tanskanen, A.J., & Lönnqvist, J.K. (1999) Decline in the incidence of schizophrenia in Finnish cohorts born from 1954 to 1965. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 733.
48. Edwards, M.J. (1986) Hyperthermia as a teratogen: A review of experimental studies and their clinical significance. Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis, 6, 563.
49. Jones, P.B., Rantakallio, P., Hartikainen, A.L., Isohanni, M., & Sipila, P. (1998) Schizophrenia as a long-term outcome of pregnancy, delivery, and perinatal complications: A 28-year follow-up of the 1966 North Finland general population birth cohort. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 355.
50. Lynberg, M.C., Khoury, M.J., Lu, X., & Cocian, T. (1994) Maternal flu, fever, and the risk of neural tube defects: A population-based case-control study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 140, 244.
51. Nelson, K.B., Dambrosia, J.M., Grether, J.K, & Philips, T.M. (1998) Neonatal cytokines and coagulation factors in children with cerebral palsy. Annals of Neurology, 44, 665.
52. Nowakowski, R.S (1999) Prenatal development of the brain. In E. Susser, A. Brown & J. Gorman (Eds.), Prenatal exposure in schizophrenia. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
53. Sever, J.L., Nelson, K.B., & Gilkeson, M.D. (1965) Rubella epidemic, 1964: Effect on 6,000 pregnancies. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 110, 395.