The internet and political control in Singapore

Political Science Quarterly

Volumn 113, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 63-89

  Rodan, Garry ^a  

^a MURDOCH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0002210919     PISSN: 00323195     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2657651     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. Sam Pitroda, "Development, Democracy, and the Village Telephone," Harvard Business Review 71 (November/December 1993): 66. For general discussions of the democratic potential of IT, see Iain McLean, Democracy and New Technology (Oxford, UK: Polity, 1989); and Christopher F. Arterton, Teledemocracy: Can Technology Protect Democracy? (Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1987).
2. Sam Pitroda, "Development, Democracy, and the Village Telephone," Harvard Business Review 71 (November/December 1993): 66. For general discussions of the democratic potential of IT, see Iain McLean, Democracy and New Technology (Oxford, UK: Polity, 1989); and Christopher F. Arterton, Teledemocracy: Can Technology Protect Democracy? (Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1987).
3. Sam Pitroda, "Development, Democracy, and the Village Telephone," Harvard Business Review 71 (November/December 1993): 66. For general discussions of the democratic potential of IT, see Iain McLean, Democracy and New Technology (Oxford, UK: Polity, 1989); and Christopher F. Arterton, Teledemocracy: Can Technology Protect Democracy? (Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1987).
4. See, for example, Lucian W. Pye, "Political Science and the Crisis of Authoritarianism," American Political Science Review 84 (March 1990): 9; Baruch Knei-Paz, "Was George Orwell Wrong? Technology and the Prospects for Democracy," Dissent 42 (Spring 1995): 267.
5. See, for example, Lucian W. Pye, "Political Science and the Crisis of Authoritarianism," American Political Science Review 84 (March 1990): 9; Baruch Knei-Paz, "Was George Orwell Wrong? Technology and the Prospects for Democracy," Dissent 42 (Spring 1995): 267.
6. See Nan Lin, The Struggle for Tiananmen: Anatomy of the 1989 Mass Movement (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1992), 147-9.
7. Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991), 102-3.
8. Quoted in Jonathan Karp, "Prime Time Police: China Tries to Pull the Plug on Satellite TV," Far Eastern Economic Review, 21 October 1993, 72. As it transpired, Murdoch was to revise this view and work cooperatively with authoritarian regimes in Asia to secure a share of the market for satellite television. See Louise do Rosario, "Self-Control: For Some in the Media, Beijing's Wish Is their Command," Far Eastern Economic Review, 3 March 1994, 28.
9. Quoted in Jonathan Karp, "Prime Time Police: China Tries to Pull the Plug on Satellite TV," Far Eastern Economic Review, 21 October 1993, 72. As it transpired, Murdoch was to revise this view and work cooperatively with authoritarian regimes in Asia to secure a share of the market for satellite television. See Louise do Rosario, "Self-Control: For Some in the Media, Beijing's Wish Is their Command," Far Eastern Economic Review, 3 March 1994, 28.
10. "Internet part of progress," South China Morning Post, 2 April 1996, 20.
11. See Pamela Varley, "Electronic Democracy," Technology Review 94 (November/December 1991): 43-51; Asiaweek, 2 February 1996, 15.
12. See Pamela Varley, "Electronic Democracy," Technology Review 94 (November/December 1991): 43-51; Asiaweek, 2 February 1996, 15.
13. See James H. Snider, "Democracy on Line," The Futurist 28 (September 1994): 15. A similar case is made for some of the technological forerunners to the Internet in Bruce H. Kirschner, "Electronic Democracy in the 21st Century," National Civic Review 80 (Fall 1991): 406-12.
14. See James H. Snider, "Democracy on Line," The Futurist 28 (September 1994): 15. A similar case is made for some of the technological forerunners to the Internet in Bruce H. Kirschner, "Electronic Democracy in the 21st Century," National Civic Review 80 (Fall 1991): 406-12.
15. Steve Westley and Dave Zinman, "The Internet Is Changing Politics," The New Democrat (May/ June 1996). Both authors are executives of Internet service or advertising companies in the United States.
16. Frederic C. Deyo, Dependent Development and Industrial Order: An Asian Case Study (New York: Praeger, 1981); Garry Rodan, The Political Economy of Singapore's Industrialization (London: Macmillan, 1989); Londa Rosa, "The Singapore State and Trade Union Incorporation," Journal of Contemporary Asia 20 (1990): 487-508.
17. Frederic C. Deyo, Dependent Development and Industrial Order: An Asian Case Study (New York: Praeger, 1981); Garry Rodan, The Political Economy of Singapore's Industrialization (London: Macmillan, 1989); Londa Rosa, "The Singapore State and Trade Union Incorporation," Journal of Contemporary Asia 20 (1990): 487-508.
18. Frederic C. Deyo, Dependent Development and Industrial Order: An Asian Case Study (New York: Praeger, 1981); Garry Rodan, The Political Economy of Singapore's Industrialization (London: Macmillan, 1989); Londa Rosa, "The Singapore State and Trade Union Incorporation," Journal of Contemporary Asia 20 (1990): 487-508.
19. Seah Chee Meow, Community Centres in Singapore (Singapore: Singapore University Press 1973).
20. "Role of state owned enterprises," The Straits Times Weekly Overseas Edition, 29 August 1992, 20; Soon Teck Wong and Tan C. Suan, The Lessons of East Asia: Singapore Public Policy and Economic Development (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1993), 23; Werner Vennewald, Technocrats in the State Enterprise System in Singapore (Working Paper Number 32, Asia Research Centre, Murdoch University, 1994), 27-8.
21. "Role of state owned enterprises," The Straits Times Weekly Overseas Edition, 29 August 1992, 20; Soon Teck Wong and Tan C. Suan, The Lessons of East Asia: Singapore Public Policy and Economic Development (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1993), 23; Werner Vennewald, Technocrats in the State Enterprise System in Singapore (Working Paper Number 32, Asia Research Centre, Murdoch University, 1994), 27-8.
22. "Role of state owned enterprises," The Straits Times Weekly Overseas Edition, 29 August 1992, 20; Soon Teck Wong and Tan C. Suan, The Lessons of East Asia: Singapore Public Policy and Economic Development (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1993), 23; Werner Vennewald, Technocrats in the State Enterprise System in Singapore (Working Paper Number 32, Asia Research Centre, Murdoch University, 1994), 27-8.
23. Vennewald, Technocrats in the State Enterprise System; Soon and Tan, The Lessons of East Asia, 28; Chia Siow Yue, The Role of Institutions in Singapore's Economic Success, Paper for the World Bank Project on the High Performing Asian Economies, November 1992, 11, 19.
24. Vennewald, Technocrats in the State Enterprise System; Soon and Tan, The Lessons of East Asia, 28; Chia Siow Yue, The Role of Institutions in Singapore's Economic Success, Paper for the World Bank Project on the High Performing Asian Economies, November 1992, 11, 19.
25. Vennewald, Technocrats in the State Enterprise System; Soon and Tan, The Lessons of East Asia, 28; Chia Siow Yue, The Role of Institutions in Singapore's Economic Success, Paper for the World Bank Project on the High Performing Asian Economies, November 1992, 11, 19.
26. Chau Mui Hoong, "PM: Precincts with Greater Support Get Upgraded First," The Straits Times, 1 January 1997, 1.
27. Carry Rodan, "State-Society Relations and Political Opposition in Singapore" in Garry Rodan, ed., Political Oppositions in Industrialising Asia (London: Routledge, 1996), 95-127.
28. Mark Baker, "Lee Poised for Legal Knockout," Sydney Morning Hearld, 10 May 1997. Before the 1997 actions, Lee had already successfully contested eight major defamation cases and been awarded more than US$1.56 million in damages by the Singapore courts. As many as eleven separate civil actions had been taken out by Lee against known opposition figures, some of which were settled out of court.
29. Ahmad Osman, "PAP Leaders Awarded $8.075m in Damages," The Straits Times, 30 May 1997. In handing down his statement on damages, Justice Chao Hick Tin also raised the possibility of further charges against Tang for "scandalizing the courts." A court injuction by PAP leaders had earlier frozen assets of an estimated US$7.83 million belonging to Tang and his wife in Singapore and abroad.
30. The articles involved were Philip Bowring, "The Claims about Asian Values Don't Usually Bear Scrutiny," International Herald Tribune, 2 August 1994; and Christopher Lingle, "The Smoke over Parts of Asia Obscures Some Profound Concerns," ibid., 7 October 1994. In the Bowring case, the High Court ordered the International Herald Tribune to pay US$638,000 in damages to Lee Kuan Yew, his son and Deputy Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, and Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong. In the Lingle case, the various parties were first charged by Singapore's High Court and ordered to pay damages and legal costs totalling US$72,212 after being found guilty of "contempt of court by way of scan" dalizing the Singapore judiciary." Then Lee Kuan Yew filed a civil suit for libel against the Tribune which resulted in a damages payment of US$213,000. In a separate libel action by Lee Kuan Yew against Lingle, a further US$70,972 damages was awarded to the senior minister.
31. The articles involved were Philip Bowring, "The Claims about Asian Values Don't Usually Bear Scrutiny," International Herald Tribune, 2 August 1994; and Christopher Lingle, "The Smoke over Parts of Asia Obscures Some Profound Concerns," ibid., 7 October 1994. In the Bowring case, the High Court ordered the International Herald Tribune to pay US$638,000 in damages to Lee Kuan Yew, his son and Deputy Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, and Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong. In the Lingle case, the various parties were first charged by Singapore's High Court and ordered to pay damages and legal costs totalling US$72,212 after being found guilty of "contempt of court by way of scan" dalizing the Singapore judiciary." Then Lee Kuan Yew filed a civil suit for libel against the Tribune which resulted in a damages payment of US$213,000. In a separate libel action by Lee Kuan Yew against Lingle, a further US$70,972 damages was awarded to the senior minister.
32. Kanishka Jayasuriya, "The Rule of Law and Capitalism in East Asia," The Pacific Review 9 (1996): 367.
33. Christopher Tremewan, The Political Economy of Social Control in Singapore (London: Macmillan, 1994), 194.
34. Jayasuriya, "The Rule of Law and Capitalism in East Asia," 369.
35. Tremewan, The Political Economy of Social Control in Singapore, 193.
36. Jayasuriya, "The Rule of Law and Capitalism in East Asia," 379.
37. Wong Seng Hon, "Exploiting Information Technology: A Case Study of Singapore," World Development 20 (December 1992): 1817-1828.
38. Ravi Veloo, "Do We Really Need on All-seeing Camera?" The Straits Times, 13 July 1995.
39. Michael Bociurkiw, "Motorola to Network Singapore," Asia Times, 6 June 1996.
40. George Yeo, "Information Technology - Positioning Singapore in Asia" (speech at launch of Singapore Technologies (ST) Teleport, 23 April 1995 (http:///www.gov.sg/government/speeches/ new/i.htm).
41. Richard Rapaport, "Singapore: Still Onward and Upward," Forbes ASAP, 29 March 1993, 78.
42. George Yeo, Launch of Infomap, 8 March 1995 (http://www.gov.sg/government/speeches/new/ j.htm)
43. Ng Wei Joo, "Time Now for Teleview?" The Straits Times, 23 June 1992.
44. "Singapore Sees Internet Business Doubling in '96'," Teuter Asia-Pacific Business Report, 22 March 1996.
45. Bociurkiw, "Motorola to Network Singapore," 1.
46. Cherian George, "Satellite TV Should Foster Understanding: BG Yeo," The Straits Times Weekly Edition, 1 May 1994, 4.
47. Will Atkins, "Friendly and Useful: Rupert Murdoch and the Politics of Television in Southeast Asia, 1993-95," Media International Australia 77 (August 1995): 54-64.
48. Alta Vista, "About AltaVista" (http://www.altavista.digital.com/cgi-bin/query?pg=about), 28 June 1996.
49. Robin Whittle "'Refused Access Lists?' Why Internet Communications Cannot be Reliably Blocked," from Web site of Robin Whittle - First Principles Consulting, 29 May 1996 (http://www. ozemail.com. au/~firstpr/contreg/refused.htm).
50. Bob Rankin, Accessing the Internet by E-Mail: Doctor Bob's Guide to Offline Internet Access (ftp: //rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet-by-hierarchy/news/answers/internet-services/access- via-email), 28 June 1996.
51. Whittle, "'Refused Access Lists?'"; Kees Brants, "Policing Democracy: Communication Freedom in the Age of Internet," Javnost - the Public 3 (1996): 57.
52. Whittle, "'Refused Access Lists?'"; Kees Brants, "Policing Democracy: Communication Freedom in the Age of Internet," Javnost - the Public 3 (1996): 57.
53. Whittle "'Refused Access Lists?'"; Rankin, "Accessing the Internet by E-Mail."
54. Whittle "'Refused Access Lists?'"; Rankin, "Accessing the Internet by E-Mail."
55. Brants, "Policy Democracy," 57-58; Peng Hwa Ang and Berlinda Nadarajan, "Censorship on the Internet: A Singapore Perspective," Communications of the ACM 39 (1996) 76; "Internet Censorship, The Top Shelf," Economist, 18 May 1996, 84.
56. Brants, "Policy Democracy," 57-58; Peng Hwa Ang and Berlinda Nadarajan, "Censorship on the Internet: A Singapore Perspective," Communications of the ACM 39 (1996) 76; "Internet Censorship, The Top Shelf," Economist, 18 May 1996, 84.
57. Brants, "Policy Democracy," 57-58; Peng Hwa Ang and Berlinda Nadarajan, "Censorship on the Internet: A Singapore Perspective," Communications of the ACM 39 (1996) 76; "Internet Censorship, The Top Shelf," Economist, 18 May 1996, 84.
58. See "Hidden Eyes on the Internet," South China Morning Post, 6 October 1996.
59. "No privacy on the Net," Australian PC World, July 1996, 179.
60. Kirstin Ridley "Get Connected, Get Encrypted," The Reuter European Business Report, 8 May 1997 The U.S. government push for the idea of key escrow has attracted significant support within the OECD. See "Will Spies Hold Your Keys? International encryption policy debate heats up as weak security becomes risky," Network Computing, CMP Publications Inc., 15 March 1996.
61. Kirstin Ridley "Get Connected, Get Encrypted," The Reuter European Business Report, 8 May 1997 The U.S. government push for the idea of key escrow has attracted significant support within the OECD. See "Will Spies Hold Your Keys? International encryption policy debate heats up as weak security becomes risky," Network Computing, CMP Publications Inc., 15 March 1996.
62. Testimony of Philip R. Zimmermann to the Subcommittee on Science, Technology, and Space of the U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, 26 June 1996. Posted to Fight Censorship email discussion group, 26 June (URL: http://nght-censorship.dementia.org/top/).
63. A survey by Survey Research Singapore concluded that in addition to the 100,000 subscribers, about 191,000 people use the Internet in Singapore. See Ng Wei Joo, "300,000 could subscribe to Internet next year," The Straits Times, 8 April 1996, 2. These figures have been questioned, but the Television Corporation of Singapore still suggested around 200,000 users (including subscribers) is possible. See The Sunday Times (Singapore), 14 April 1996.
64. A survey by Survey Research Singapore concluded that in addition to the 100,000 subscribers, about 191,000 people use the Internet in Singapore. See Ng Wei Joo, "300,000 could subscribe to Internet next year," The Straits Times, 8 April 1996, 2. These figures have been questioned, but the Television Corporation of Singapore still suggested around 200,000 users (including subscribers) is possible. See The Sunday Times (Singapore), 14 April 1996.
65. Singapore Telecom expects this figure to rise to 300,000 or 10 percent of the population by 1997. See John Stackhouse, "Singapore Wired about its Future," Toronto Globe and Mail, 7 July 1996.
66. Helen Chang, "Singapore Wakes Up and Smells the Internet: In Cybercafes All over Town, Strong Computer Mania Is Brewing," Business Week, 25 March 1996, 30.
67. "Singapore in Big Net Plan," The West Australian, 5 June 1996, 22.
68. Sandhya Rao and N. Chinna Natesan, "Internet: Threat or Opportunity for India?" Media Asia 23(1996): 96.
69. As quoted in Nathan Gardels, "City of the Future: What America Can Learn from Post-Liberal Singapore," Washington Post, 11 February 1996.
70. Philip Shenon, "Two-Edged Sword: Asian Regimes on the Internet," New York Times, 29 May 1995; Ian Stewart, "Internet File Hunt Prompts Outrage," The Weekend Australian, 7-8 January 1995, 10; Jürgen Rudolph, "Cyberspace and its Influence in Southeast and East Asia - A Preliminary Appraisal" (unpublished paper, 1996), 12.
71. Philip Shenon, "Two-Edged Sword: Asian Regimes on the Internet," New York Times, 29 May 1995; Ian Stewart, "Internet File Hunt Prompts Outrage," The Weekend Australian, 7-8 January 1995, 10; Jürgen Rudolph, "Cyberspace and its Influence in Southeast and East Asia - A Preliminary Appraisal" (unpublished paper, 1996), 12.
72. Philip Shenon, "Two-Edged Sword: Asian Regimes on the Internet," New York Times, 29 May 1995; Ian Stewart, "Internet File Hunt Prompts Outrage," The Weekend Australian, 7-8 January 1995, 10; Jürgen Rudolph, "Cyberspace and its Influence in Southeast and East Asia - A Preliminary Appraisal" (unpublished paper, 1996), 12.
73. Christopher Lingle, Singapore's Authoritarian Capitalism: Asian Values, Free Market Illusions, and Political Dependency (Barcelona: Edicions Sirocco, S.L. & Fairfax, VA: The Locke Institute, 1996), 27.
74. Rodan, The Political Economy of Singapore's Industrialization; Chua Beng Huat, Communitarian Ideology and Democracy in Singapore (London: Routledge, 1995).
75. Rodan, The Political Economy of Singapore's Industrialization; Chua Beng Huat, Communitarian Ideology and Democracy in Singapore (London: Routledge, 1995).
76. Philip Lim, "Singapore ISPs Sign MOU to Promote Faster Local Internet Access," Press release issued by Singapore Telecom, Cyberway and Pacific Internet, posted to SEASIA-L 〈SEASIA-L@ msu.edu〉, 13 May 1996.
77. Kevin Hamlin, "Singapore Sweeps Internet Clean," Asia Times, 6 March 1996, 1.
78. Anonymous posting to soc.culture.singapore, 29 October 1995.
79. Hwa Ang Peng and Berlinda Nadarajan, "Censorship on the Internet: A Singapore Perspective," 76. This published article was previously circulated on the Internet in May 1995 at http://inet.nt tam.com.
80. Kunda Dixit, "Clash of Cultures in Cyberspace," Jakarta Post, 17 July 1995, 4.
81. Tan Chong Kee, ed., Soc.Culture.Singapore: The Unauthorised Version, The Singapore Internet Community at its Best (Singapore: Singapore Electronic Forum, 1996).
82. Chung Tsung Mien, "S'pore Bulletin Board on the Internet Soon," The Straits Times, 20 February 1995, 1.
83. "Why We Need to Go into Cyberspace," Petir, May/June 1995, 55.
84. "Ibid., 57.
85. Harold Fock is head of YP Internet Committee. Nicholas Philip Lazarus (NUS Law Faculty) is another Young PAP member who regularly debates on soc.culture.singapore.
86. George Yeo, Launch of Infomap, 8 March 1995 (http://www.gov.sg/government/speeches/new/ j.htm).
87. Web Server Statistics, "HTTP Server General Statistics," May 1996 (http://www.sg/infomap/stats/ May/may.html).
88. A user from the National Computer Board, whose Internet identity is "Teddy Bear Hugger," appears to have a specific role as facilitator of official web sites, often directing or answering enquiries about Singapore on soc.culture.Singapore.
89. Quoted in "Singapore to censor part of Internet," United Press International, 7 July 1995.
90. Quoted in Bociurkiw, "Motorola to network Singapore," 1.
91. Singapore Broadcasting Authority, "Singapore Broadcasting Authority Statement on the Internet," The Straits Times Interactive, 5 May 1996.
92. Yeo quoted in Geoffrey Periera, "New Moves to Regulate the Internet Here," The Straits Times Weekly Edition, 9 March 1996, 24.
93. The new regulations have been condemned by Human Rights Watch, which argues that the Internet is significantly different from other broadcast media in the level of choice and control afforded to the individual. Imposing the same restrictions is seen as a response to the "Internet's potential for increasing the political participation of the disenfranchised." Quoted from letter by Sidney Jones, executive director. Human Rights Watch/Asia, to George Yeo, minister for Information and the Arts, faxed on 13 August 1996.
94. Quoted in "Singapore Laws Apply in Cyberspace," The Straits Times, 24 February 1996, 23.
95. Stewart Baker, "The Net Escapes Censorship? Ha!" Wired 3(9) (http://www.hotwired.com/wired/ 3.09/departments/baker.if.html), 6 May 1995.
96. Lim Li Hsien and Jimmy Yap," Libellous Message Posted on Net through Cybercafe," The Straits Times, 23 February 1996, 1. This posting has since been removed at the instruction of the SBA following a complaint by a law firm. See "Singapore Regulator Takes Internet Action," Asian Wall Street Journal, AP Dow-Jones News Service, 22 July 1996, 4.
97. Lim Li Hsien and Jimmy Yap," Libellous Message Posted on Net through Cybercafe," The Straits Times, 23 February 1996, 1. This posting has since been removed at the instruction of the SBA following a complaint by a law firm. See "Singapore Regulator Takes Internet Action," Asian Wall Street Journal, AP Dow-Jones News Service, 22 July 1996, 4.
98. Cybertime, "Libellous Message Thru Local Cybercafe" (http://cybertime.com.sg/Features/ event.htm), 23 February 1996.
99. Quoted in Koh Buck Song, "Internet OB Markers Should Protect Nation," The Straits Times, 5 August, 1996, Life, 4. (Empahsis in original.)
100. Chang, "Singapore wakes up and smells the Internet," 30.
101. "Petition on the Proposed SBA Internet Regulations" (http.//cybertime.com.sg/Features/pet. htm), 3 July 1996.
102. Quoted in Cherian George, "Cyberspace: Issues are Here on Earth," The Straits Times, 21 July 1996, 7.
103. Quoted in Chung Tsung Lien, "How Political Groups See the Move," The Straits Times, 6 March 1996, 23.
104. Ibid.
105. Quoted in "New Rules Easy to Follow Say Some Internet Providers," The Straits Times, 13 July, 1996, 29.
106. Quoted in "How Political Parties See the Move," 23.
107. Quoted in Matthew Lewis, "Singapore's Internet Curbs Worry Some Analysts," The Reuter Asia-Pacific Business Report, 6 March 1996. Students overseas commenting through the Singapore Internet Community on Singapore Electronic Forum and Speaker's corner, for example, would be outside the jurisdiction of the Singapore authorities.
108. Quoted in Catherine Ong and Toh Han Shih, "SBA Promises Light-handed Approach to Regulating Internet," Business Times (Singapore), 12 July, 1996, 1.
109. This committee also includes Harold Fock, who in addition to being an investment officer with the Monetary Authority of Singapore, is head of the Young PAP Internet Committee. The National Internet Advisory Committee will not just advise on bulletin board content, but foreign news wire services, and a range of other electronic information services. See "Panel Appointed to Help SBA Regulate the Internet," The Straits Times, 20 August 1996, 25.
110. As quoted in Han Fook Kwang, "Why Policing the Internet is Everybody's Business," The Straits Times, 5 October 1996, 35.
111. "2nd Call for Votes: soc.culture.singapore.moderated," 27 September 1996, (http://www.sintercom. org/cfv).
112. Thomas Lee, "Surfers to Vote for Moderated Version of Singapore Forum," The Straits Times Interactive, 15 August 1996.
113. "Home Page Containing Racist Joke Closed," The Straits Times, 20 October 1996, 31.
114. Ray Heath, "Net Surfers Experience Wave of Fear," South China Morning Post, 29 September 1996, 8.
115. Yeong Ah Seng, "You Are Never Alone Out There on the Net," The Straits Times, 6 November 1996, 38. See also letter by Ng Chern Ann, "Net Paedophilia an Issue to Be Addressed," The Straits Times, 28 September 1996, 36.
116. Yeong Ah Seng, "You Are Never Alone Out There on the Net," The Straits Times, 6 November 1996, 38. See also letter by Ng Chern Ann, "Net Paedophilia an Issue to Be Addressed," The Straits Times, 28 September 1996, 36.
117. Adeline Goh, "Police Looking into Hacking of Govt Web Site," The Straits Times, 10 December 1996, 2.
118. "No Biodata on the Web. Parties Told," The Straits Times, 29 December 1996, 21.
119. George Yeo quoted in Leong Ching Ching, "Using Videotapes Will Debase Politics: BG Yeo," The Sunday Times (Singapore), 28 July 1996, 3.
120. Peter Meares, Radio Australia, 24 March 1996; Steven Schwanken, "The Giant Infant: China and the Internet," (http://www.iw.com/current/china.schmtl); Shela Teft, "China Attempts to Have its Net and Censor It Too," The Christian Science Monitor, 5 August 1996, 1.
121. Peter Meares, Radio Australia, 24 March 1996; Steven Schwanken, "The Giant Infant: China and the Internet," (http://www.iw.com/current/china.schmtl); Shela Teft, "China Attempts to Have its Net and Censor It Too," The Christian Science Monitor, 5 August 1996, 1.
122. Peter Meares, Radio Australia, 24 March 1996; Steven Schwanken, "The Giant Infant: China and the Internet," (http://www.iw.com/current/china.schmtl); Shela Teft, "China Attempts to Have its Net and Censor It Too," The Christian Science Monitor, 5 August 1996, 1.
123. See "Vietnam Issues Internet Rules," San Jose Mercury News, 28 May 1997, posted on Southeast Asia Discussion List (SEASIA-L@msu.edu); Teft, "China Attempts to Have Its Net and Censor It Too," 1.
124. See "Vietnam Issues Internet Rules," San Jose Mercury News, 28 May 1997, posted on Southeast Asia Discussion List (SEASIA-L@msu.edu); Teft, "China Attempts to Have Its Net and Censor It Too," 1.
125. Matthew Fletcher and David Hsieh, "Easing the Net Curbs: Beijing Gives in to Profit - and Reality," Asiaweek, 31 January 1997, 25.
126. See Declan McCullah, "Trouble in Paradise," Hotwired, The Netizen, 19 August 1996.
127. Michael Bociurkiw, "Malaysia in a Tangle over Net Rules," Asia Times, 5 June 1997, 16.