메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 4, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 99-120

Race bias, social class bias, and gender bias in clinical judgment

Author keywords

Cognitive biases; Judgment; Personality assessment; Prediction; Psychodiagnosis

Indexed keywords


EID: 0002203027     PISSN: 09695893     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2850.1997.tb00104.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (182)

References (156)
  • 1
    • 84981583903 scopus 로고
    • Blaming the mother: An experimental investigation of sex-role bias in countertransference
    • Abramowitz, C. V. (1977). Blaming the mother: An experimental investigation of sex-role bias in countertransference. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 2, 24-34.
    • (1977) Psychology of Women Quarterly , vol.2 , pp. 24-34
    • Abramowitz, C.V.1
  • 2
    • 0000526709 scopus 로고
    • The politics of clinical judgment: Early empirical returns
    • Abramowitz, C. V., & Dokecki, P. R. (1977). The politics of clinical judgment: Early empirical returns. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 460-476.
    • (1977) Psychological Bulletin , vol.84 , pp. 460-476
    • Abramowitz, C.V.1    Dokecki, P.R.2
  • 3
    • 0015751573 scopus 로고
    • The politics of clinical judgment: What nonliberal examiners infer about women who do not stifle themselves
    • Abramowitz, S. I., Abramowitz, C. V., Jackson, C., & Gomes, B. (1973). The politics of clinical judgment: What nonliberal examiners infer about women who do not stifle themselves. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 41, 385-391.
    • (1973) Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , vol.41 , pp. 385-391
    • Abramowitz, S.I.1    Abramowitz, C.V.2    Jackson, C.3    Gomes, B.4
  • 4
    • 0019728898 scopus 로고
    • On controlling for patient psychopathology in naturalistic studies of sex bias: A methodological demonstration
    • Abramowitz, S. I., & Herrera, H. R. (1981). On controlling for patient psychopathology in naturalistic studies of sex bias: A methodological demonstration. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49, 597-603.
    • (1981) Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , vol.49 , pp. 597-603
    • Abramowitz, S.I.1    Herrera, H.R.2
  • 5
    • 0040534137 scopus 로고
    • Gender differences in counselors' attitudes toward and attributions about incest
    • Adams, E. M., & Betz, N. E. (1993). Gender differences in counselors' attitudes toward and attributions about incest. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 40, 210-216.
    • (1993) Journal of Counseling Psychology , vol.40 , pp. 210-216
    • Adams, E.M.1    Betz, N.E.2
  • 6
    • 0019541853 scopus 로고
    • Overview: White norms and psychiatric diagnosis of Black patients
    • Adebimpe, V. R. (1981). Overview: White norms and psychiatric diagnosis of Black patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 279-285.
    • (1981) American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.138 , pp. 279-285
    • Adebimpe, V.R.1
  • 7
    • 0025266884 scopus 로고
    • Clinicians' practices in personality assessment: Does gender influence the use of DSM-III Axis II?
    • Adler, D. A., Drake, R. E., & Teague, G. B. (1990). Clinicians' practices in personality assessment: Does gender influence the use of DSM-III Axis II? Comprehensive Psychiatry, 31, 125-133.
    • (1990) Comprehensive Psychiatry , vol.31 , pp. 125-133
    • Adler, D.A.1    Drake, R.E.2    Teague, G.B.3
  • 8
    • 0001301388 scopus 로고
    • Effects of clients' obesity and gender on the therapy judgments of psychologists
    • Agell, G., & Rothblum, E. D. (1991). Effects of clients' obesity and gender on the therapy judgments of psychologists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 22, 223-229.
    • (1991) Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , vol.22 , pp. 223-229
    • Agell, G.1    Rothblum, E.D.2
  • 9
    • 11944264057 scopus 로고
    • Thin slices of expressive behavior as predictors of interpersonal consequences: A meta-analysis
    • Ambady, N., & Rosenthal, R. (1992). Thin slices of expressive behavior as predictors of interpersonal consequences: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 256-274.
    • (1992) Psychological Bulletin , vol.111 , pp. 256-274
    • Ambady, N.1    Rosenthal, R.2
  • 10
    • 84965760588 scopus 로고
    • Socially-charged pupil and psychologist effects on psycho-educational decisions
    • Amira, S., Abramowitz, S. I., & Gomes-Schwartz, B. (1977). Socially-charged pupil and psychologist effects on psycho-educational decisions. Journal of Special Education, 11, 433-440.
    • (1977) Journal of Special Education , vol.11 , pp. 433-440
    • Amira, S.1    Abramowitz, S.I.2    Gomes-Schwartz, B.3
  • 11
    • 0025832885 scopus 로고
    • Psychotropic-drug prescribing for women
    • Ashton, H. (1991). Psychotropic-drug prescribing for women. British Journal of Psychiatry, 158(Suppl. 10), 30-35.
    • (1991) British Journal of Psychiatry , vol.158 , Issue.10 SUPPL. , pp. 30-35
    • Ashton, H.1
  • 12
    • 0342312360 scopus 로고
    • The salience of sex role instructions to mental health professionals
    • Austad, C. S., & Aronson, H. (1987). The salience of sex role instructions to mental health professionals. Sex Roles, 16, 323-333.
    • (1987) Sex Roles , vol.16 , pp. 323-333
    • Austad, C.S.1    Aronson, H.2
  • 14
  • 15
    • 21344489135 scopus 로고
    • Sex bias in the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Becker, D., & Lamb, S. (1994). Sex bias in the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 25, 55-61.
    • (1994) Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , vol.25 , pp. 55-61
    • Becker, D.1    Lamb, S.2
  • 17
    • 84987047526 scopus 로고
    • Socioeconomic bias in special education placement decisions
    • Bernard, R., & Clarizio, H. (1981). Socioeconomic bias in special education placement decisions. Psychology in the Schools, 18, 178-183.
    • (1981) Psychology in the Schools , vol.18 , pp. 178-183
    • Bernard, R.1    Clarizio, H.2
  • 18
    • 0020431330 scopus 로고
    • Therapist expectancies: Client gender and therapist gender, profession, and level of training
    • Bernstein, B. L., & LeComte, C. (1982). Therapist expectancies: Client gender and therapist gender, profession, and level of training. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, 744-754.
    • (1982) Journal of Clinical Psychology , vol.38 , pp. 744-754
    • Bernstein, B.L.1    LeComte, C.2
  • 19
    • 0017339137 scopus 로고
    • Sex bias in psychotherapy: An examination of the effects of client sex, client pathology, and therapist sex on treatment planning
    • Billingsley, D. (1977). Sex bias in psychotherapy: An examination of the effects of client sex, client pathology, and therapist sex on treatment planning. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 45, 250-256.
    • (1977) Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , vol.45 , pp. 250-256
    • Billingsley, D.1
  • 21
    • 0019046417 scopus 로고
    • Racial attribution effects on clinical judgment: A failure to replicate among White clinicians
    • Bloch, P. M., Weitz, L. J., & Abramowitz, S. I. (1980). Racial attribution effects on clinical judgment: A failure to replicate among White clinicians. American Journal of Community Psychology, 8, 485-493.
    • (1980) American Journal of Community Psychology , vol.8 , pp. 485-493
    • Bloch, P.M.1    Weitz, L.J.2    Abramowitz, S.I.3
  • 22
    • 0020410053 scopus 로고
    • An analog study with beginning therapists suggesting bias against "activity" in women
    • Bowman, P. R. (1982). An analog study with beginning therapists suggesting bias against "activity" in women. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice, 19, 318-324.
    • (1982) Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice , vol.19 , pp. 318-324
    • Bowman, P.R.1
  • 23
    • 3042958870 scopus 로고
    • Use of theory in studying effects of client social class on students' judgments
    • Briar, S. (1961). Use of theory in studying effects of client social class on students' judgments. Social Work, 6, 91-97.
    • (1961) Social Work , vol.6 , pp. 91-97
    • Briar, S.1
  • 25
    • 1542495154 scopus 로고
    • Sex biases in counseling: Counselor retention of the concerns of a female and male client
    • Buczek, T. A. (1981). Sex biases in counseling: Counselor retention of the concerns of a female and male client. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28, 13-21.
    • (1981) Journal of Counseling Psychology , vol.28 , pp. 13-21
    • Buczek, T.A.1
  • 26
    • 0010212836 scopus 로고
    • Sex bias in the diagnosis of learning disabled students
    • Clarizio, H. F., & Phillips, S. E. (1986). Sex bias in the diagnosis of learning disabled students. Psychology in the Schools, 23, 44-52.
    • (1986) Psychology in the Schools , vol.23 , pp. 44-52
    • Clarizio, H.F.1    Phillips, S.E.2
  • 27
    • 3042911178 scopus 로고
    • Misdiagnosis of schizophrenia in older, black veterans
    • Coleman, D., & Baker, F. M. (1994). Misdiagnosis of schizophrenia in older, black veterans. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 45, 527-528.
    • (1994) Hospital and Community Psychiatry , vol.45 , pp. 527-528
    • Coleman, D.1    Baker, F.M.2
  • 28
    • 84973743348 scopus 로고
    • Predicting violence in newly admitted inmates: A lens model analysis of staff decision making
    • Cooper, R. P., & Werner, P. D. (1990). Predicting violence in newly admitted inmates: A lens model analysis of staff decision making. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 17, 431-447.
    • (1990) Criminal Justice and Behavior , vol.17 , pp. 431-447
    • Cooper, R.P.1    Werner, P.D.2
  • 29
    • 84989487877 scopus 로고
    • Sex differences among the personality disorders: An exploration of the data
    • Corbitt, E. M., & Widiger, T. A. (1995). Sex differences among the personality disorders: An exploration of the data. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 2, 225-238.
    • (1995) Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice , vol.2 , pp. 225-238
    • Corbitt, E.M.1    Widiger, T.A.2
  • 30
    • 3042876949 scopus 로고
    • Are social workers sexist? A replication
    • Dailey, D. M. (1980). Are social workers sexist? A replication. Social Work, 25, 46-50.
    • (1980) Social Work , vol.25 , pp. 46-50
    • Dailey, D.M.1
  • 31
    • 84965484700 scopus 로고
    • Sex bias in clinical judgment: Later empirical returns
    • Davidson, C. V., & Abramowitz, S. I. (1980). Sex bias in clinical judgment: Later empirical returns. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 4, 377-395.
    • (1980) Psychology of Women Quarterly , vol.4 , pp. 377-395
    • Davidson, C.V.1    Abramowitz, S.I.2
  • 32
    • 0024981793 scopus 로고
    • Clinical versus actuarial judgment
    • Dawes, R. M., Faust, D., & Meehl, P. E. (1989). Clinical versus actuarial judgment. Science, 243, 1668-1674.
    • (1989) Science , vol.243 , pp. 1668-1674
    • Dawes, R.M.1    Faust, D.2    Meehl, P.E.3
  • 34
    • 0016710975 scopus 로고
    • Social class and diagnostic suggestion as variables in clinical judgment
    • DiNardo, P. A. (1975). Social class and diagnostic suggestion as variables in clinical judgment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43, 363-368.
    • (1975) Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , vol.43 , pp. 363-368
    • DiNardo, P.A.1
  • 35
  • 36
    • 0022483047 scopus 로고
    • Depression in schizophrenia: A study of prevalence and treatment
    • Elk, R., Dickman, B. J., & Teggin, A. F. (1986). Depression in schizophrenia: A study of prevalence and treatment. British Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 228-229.
    • (1986) British Journal of Psychiatry , vol.149 , pp. 228-229
    • Elk, R.1    Dickman, B.J.2    Teggin, A.F.3
  • 37
    • 0026723066 scopus 로고
    • Labelling and illness in primary care: Comparing factors influencing general practitioners' and psychiatrists' decisions regarding patient referral to mental illness services
    • Farmer, A. E., & Griffiths, H. (1992). Labelling and illness in primary care: Comparing factors influencing general practitioners' and psychiatrists' decisions regarding patient referral to mental illness services. Psychological Medicine, 22, 717-723.
    • (1992) Psychological Medicine , vol.22 , pp. 717-723
    • Farmer, A.E.1    Griffiths, H.2
  • 38
    • 0017105888 scopus 로고
    • Sex roles and the psychiatric referral process
    • Feinblatt, J. A., & Gold, A. R. (1976). Sex roles and the psychiatric referral process. Sex Roles, 2, 109-122.
    • (1976) Sex Roles , vol.2 , pp. 109-122
    • Feinblatt, J.A.1    Gold, A.R.2
  • 39
    • 0008557470 scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in diagnosis and treatment recommendations for antisocial personality and somatization disorders
    • Fernbach, B. E., Winstead, B. A., & Derlega, V. J. (1989). Sex differences in diagnosis and treatment recommendations for antisocial personality and somatization disorders. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 8, 238-255.
    • (1989) Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , vol.8 , pp. 238-255
    • Fernbach, B.E.1    Winstead, B.A.2    Derlega, V.J.3
  • 41
    • 0024659019 scopus 로고
    • Mediators of clinical judgment: An exploration of the effect of therapists' locus of control on clinical expectations
    • Foon, A. E. (1989). Mediators of clinical judgment: An exploration of the effect of therapists' locus of control on clinical expectations. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 115, 245-266.
    • (1989) Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs , vol.115 , pp. 245-266
    • Foon, A.E.1
  • 42
    • 0024810639 scopus 로고
    • Sex bias in the diagnosis of histrionic and antisocial personality disorders
    • Ford, M. R., & Widiger, T. A. (1989). Sex bias in the diagnosis of histrionic and antisocial personality disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 301-305.
    • (1989) Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , vol.57 , pp. 301-305
    • Ford, M.R.1    Widiger, T.A.2
  • 43
    • 84987047963 scopus 로고
    • Interclinician agreement and bias in school psychologists' diagnostic and treatment recommendations, for a learning disabled child
    • Frame, R. E., Clarizio, H. F., Porter, A., & Vinsonhaler, J. R. (1982). Interclinician agreement and bias in school psychologists' diagnostic and treatment recommendations, for a learning disabled child. Psychology in the Schools, 19, 319-327.
    • (1982) Psychology in the Schools , vol.19 , pp. 319-327
    • Frame, R.E.1    Clarizio, H.F.2    Porter, A.3    Vinsonhaler, J.R.4
  • 44
    • 84928220411 scopus 로고
    • Differential clinical assessments: The influence of class and race
    • Franklin, D. L. (1985). Differential clinical assessments: The influence of class and race. Social Service Review, 59, 44-61.
    • (1985) Social Service Review , vol.59 , pp. 44-61
    • Franklin, D.L.1
  • 45
    • 0024553051 scopus 로고
    • Masochistic personality disorder: A prototype analysis of diagnosis and sex bias
    • Fuller, A. K., & Blashfield, R. K. (1989). Masochistic personality disorder: A prototype analysis of diagnosis and sex bias. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 177, 168-172.
    • (1989) Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , vol.177 , pp. 168-172
    • Fuller, A.K.1    Blashfield, R.K.2
  • 47
    • 0000406828 scopus 로고
    • The incremental validity of information used in personality assessment
    • Garb, H. N. (1984). The incremental validity of information used in personality assessment. Clinical Psychology Review, 4, 641-655.
    • (1984) Clinical Psychology Review , vol.4 , pp. 641-655
    • Garb, H.N.1
  • 48
    • 0024672553 scopus 로고
    • Clinical judgment, clinical training, and professional experience
    • Garb, H. N. (1989). Clinical judgment, clinical training, and professional experience. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 387-396.
    • (1989) Psychological Bulletin , vol.105 , pp. 387-396
    • Garb, H.N.1
  • 49
    • 0028501202 scopus 로고
    • Toward a second generation of statistical prediction rules in psychodiagnosis and personality assessment
    • Garb, H. N. (1994). Toward a second generation of statistical prediction rules in psychodiagnosis and personality assessment. Computers in Human Behavior, 10, 377-394.
    • (1994) Computers in Human Behavior , vol.10 , pp. 377-394
    • Garb, H.N.1
  • 50
    • 21844490001 scopus 로고
    • Sex bias and the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder
    • Garb, H. N. (1995). Sex bias and the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 26, 526.
    • (1995) Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , vol.26 , pp. 526
    • Garb, H.N.1
  • 51
    • 0030531158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The representativeness and past-behavior heuristics in clinical judgment
    • Garb, H. N. (1996). The representativeness and past-behavior heuristics in clinical judgment. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 27, 272-277.
    • (1996) Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , vol.27 , pp. 272-277
    • Garb, H.N.1
  • 52
    • 0030306986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Judgment research and neuropsychological assessment: A narrative review and meta-analyses
    • Garb, H. N., & Schramke, C. J. (1996). Judgment research and neuropsychological assessment: A narrative review and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 120, 140-153.
    • (1996) Psychological Bulletin , vol.120 , pp. 140-153
    • Garb, H.N.1    Schramke, C.J.2
  • 53
    • 0030065236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of actuarial methods for identifying repetitively violent patients with mental illnesses
    • Gardner, W., Lidz, C. W., Mulvey, E. P., & Shaw, E. C. (1996). A comparison of actuarial methods for identifying repetitively violent patients with mental illnesses. Law and Human Behavior, 20, 35-48.
    • (1996) Law and Human Behavior , vol.20 , pp. 35-48
    • Gardner, W.1    Lidz, C.W.2    Mulvey, E.P.3    Shaw, E.C.4
  • 54
    • 84993866609 scopus 로고
    • Psychologists' attitudes toward homosexual psychotherapy clients
    • Garfinkle, E. M., & Morin, S. F. (1978). Psychologists' attitudes toward homosexual psychotherapy clients. Journal of Social Issues, 34, 101-112.
    • (1978) Journal of Social Issues , vol.34 , pp. 101-112
    • Garfinkle, E.M.1    Morin, S.F.2
  • 55
    • 0002949459 scopus 로고
    • Racial bias in the evaluation of patients for psychotherapy
    • L. Comas-Diaz & E. E. H. Griffith (Eds.), New York: Wiley
    • Geller, J. D. (1988). Racial bias in the evaluation of patients for psychotherapy. In L. Comas-Diaz & E. E. H. Griffith (Eds.), Clinical guidelines in cross-cultural mental health (pp. 112-134). New York: Wiley.
    • (1988) Clinical Guidelines in Cross-cultural Mental Health , pp. 112-134
    • Geller, J.D.1
  • 56
    • 3042995996 scopus 로고
    • The role of socioeconomic class in examiner bias
    • F. Riessman, J. Cohen, & A. Pearl (Eds.), New York: Free Press
    • Haase, W. (1964). The role of socioeconomic class in examiner bias. In F. Riessman, J. Cohen, & A. Pearl (Eds.), Mental health of the poor (pp. 241-247). New York: Free Press.
    • (1964) Mental Health of the Poor , pp. 241-247
    • Haase, W.1
  • 57
    • 0000228792 scopus 로고
    • Sex bias, diagnosis, and DSM-III
    • Hamilton, S., Rothbart, M., & Dawes, R. M. (1986). Sex bias, diagnosis, and DSM-III. Sex Roles, 15, 269-274.
    • (1986) Sex Roles , vol.15 , pp. 269-274
    • Hamilton, S.1    Rothbart, M.2    Dawes, R.M.3
  • 58
    • 0021972847 scopus 로고
    • Child abuse incidence and reporting by hospitals: Significance of severity, class, and race
    • Hampton, R. L., & Newberger, E. H. (1985). Child abuse incidence and reporting by hospitals: Significance of severity, class, and race. American Journal of Public Health, 75, 56-60.
    • (1985) American Journal of Public Health , vol.75 , pp. 56-60
    • Hampton, R.L.1    Newberger, E.H.2
  • 59
    • 0008551232 scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in clinical judgments of male and female therapists
    • Hansen, F. J., & Reekie, L. (1990). Sex differences in clinical judgments of male and female therapists. Sex Roles, 23, 51-64.
    • (1990) Sex Roles , vol.23 , pp. 51-64
    • Hansen, F.J.1    Reekie, L.2
  • 60
    • 0345782753 scopus 로고
    • Influence of therapist gender and client gender, socioeconomic status and alcoholic status on clinical judgments
    • Hardy, D. M., & Johnson, M. E. (1992). Influence of therapist gender and client gender, socioeconomic status and alcoholic status on clinical judgments. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 37, 94-102.
    • (1992) Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education , vol.37 , pp. 94-102
    • Hardy, D.M.1    Johnson, M.E.2
  • 61
    • 0000734054 scopus 로고
    • Confirmatory bias in hypothesis testing for client-identified and counselor self-generated hypotheses
    • Haverkamp, B. E. (1993). Confirmatory bias in hypothesis testing for client-identified and counselor self-generated hypotheses. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 40, 303-315.
    • (1993) Journal of Counseling Psychology , vol.40 , pp. 303-315
    • Haverkamp, B.E.1
  • 62
    • 3042871659 scopus 로고
    • Effects of sex in judgments of a simulated counseling interview
    • Hayes, K. E., & Wolleat, P. L. (1978). Effects of sex in judgments of a simulated counseling interview. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 25, 164-168.
    • (1978) Journal of Counseling Psychology , vol.25 , pp. 164-168
    • Hayes, K.E.1    Wolleat, P.L.2
  • 63
    • 0000016358 scopus 로고
    • The influence of therapist values, religiosity and gender in the initial assessment of sexual addiction by family therapists
    • Hecker, L. L., Trepper, T. S., Wetchler, J. L., & Fontaine, K. L. (1995). The influence of therapist values, religiosity and gender in the initial assessment of sexual addiction by family therapists. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 23, 261-272.
    • (1995) The American Journal of Family Therapy , vol.23 , pp. 261-272
    • Hecker, L.L.1    Trepper, T.S.2    Wetchler, J.L.3    Fontaine, K.L.4
  • 64
    • 0020507070 scopus 로고
    • The role of labeling processes in diagnosing borderline personality disorder
    • Henry, K. A., & Cohen, C. I. (1983). The role of labeling processes in diagnosing borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 1527-1529.
    • (1983) American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.140 , pp. 1527-1529
    • Henry, K.A.1    Cohen, C.I.2
  • 66
    • 0000343921 scopus 로고
    • The influence of personal history of abuse and gender on clinicians' judgments of child abuse
    • Howe, A. C., Herzberger, S., & Tennen, H. (1988). The influence of personal history of abuse and gender on clinicians' judgments of child abuse. Journal of Family Violence, 3, 105-119.
    • (1988) Journal of Family Violence , vol.3 , pp. 105-119
    • Howe, A.C.1    Herzberger, S.2    Tennen, H.3
  • 67
    • 3042871652 scopus 로고
    • Influence of race and test data ambiguity upon school psychologists' decisions
    • Huebner, E. S., & Cummings, J. A. (1986). Influence of race and test data ambiguity upon school psychologists' decisions. School Psychology Review, 15, 410-417.
    • (1986) School Psychology Review , vol.15 , pp. 410-417
    • Huebner, E.S.1    Cummings, J.A.2
  • 68
    • 0002702631 scopus 로고
    • Effect of client race and depression on evaluations by white therapists
    • Jenkins-Hall, K., & Sacco, W. P. (1991). Effect of client race and depression on evaluations by white therapists. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 10, 322-333.
    • (1991) Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , vol.10 , pp. 322-333
    • Jenkins-Hall, K.1    Sacco, W.P.2
  • 69
    • 0022638694 scopus 로고
    • Problems in diagnosing schizophrenia and affective disorders among blacks
    • Jones, B. E., & Gray, B. A. (1986). Problems in diagnosing schizophrenia and affective disorders among blacks. Hospital & Community Psychiatry, 37, 61-65.
    • (1986) Hospital & Community Psychiatry , vol.37 , pp. 61-65
    • Jones, B.E.1    Gray, B.A.2
  • 70
    • 0039467345 scopus 로고
    • Factors influencing the reporting of father-child sexual abuse: Study of licensed practicing psychologists
    • Kalichman, S. C., Craig, M. E., & Follingstad, D. R. (1989). Factors influencing the reporting of father-child sexual abuse: Study of licensed practicing psychologists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 20, 84-89.
    • (1989) Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , vol.20 , pp. 84-89
    • Kalichman, S.C.1    Craig, M.E.2    Follingstad, D.R.3
  • 71
    • 21844502119 scopus 로고
    • Effects of gender and age on psychologists' reporting of child sexual abuse
    • Kennel, R. G., & Agresti, A. A. (1995). Effects of gender and age on psychologists' reporting of child sexual abuse. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 26, 612-615.
    • (1995) Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , vol.26 , pp. 612-615
    • Kennel, R.G.1    Agresti, A.A.2
  • 72
  • 73
    • 0025422983 scopus 로고
    • Why we still use our heads instead of the formulas: Toward an integrative approach
    • Kleinmuntz, B. (1990). Why we still use our heads instead of the formulas: Toward an integrative approach. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 296-310.
    • (1990) Psychological Bulletin , vol.107 , pp. 296-310
    • Kleinmuntz, B.1
  • 74
    • 0015457698 scopus 로고
    • Noblesse oblige effect: The interpretation of Rorschach responses as a function of ascribed social class
    • Koscherak, S., & Masling, J. (1972). Noblesse oblige effect: The interpretation of Rorschach responses as a function of ascribed social class. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 39, 415-419.
    • (1972) Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , vol.39 , pp. 415-419
    • Koscherak, S.1    Masling, J.2
  • 75
    • 0014905989 scopus 로고
    • Attitudes toward the lower- and middle-class psychiatric patient as a function of authoritarianism among mental health students
    • Kurtz, N., Kurtz, R., & Hoffnung, R. (1970). Attitudes toward the lower- and middle-class psychiatric patient as a function of authoritarianism among mental health students. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 35, 338-341.
    • (1970) Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , vol.35 , pp. 338-341
    • Kurtz, N.1    Kurtz, R.2    Hoffnung, R.3
  • 78
    • 0014764051 scopus 로고
    • Interpreter bias on the Rorschach test as a function of patients' socioeconomic status
    • Levy, M., & Kahn, M. (1970). Interpreter bias on the Rorschach test as a function of patients' socioeconomic status. Journal of Projective Techniques and Personality Assessment, 34, 106-112.
    • (1970) Journal of Projective Techniques and Personality Assessment , vol.34 , pp. 106-112
    • Levy, M.1    Kahn, M.2
  • 82
    • 84963462937 scopus 로고
    • Sex and gender bias in self-report personality disorder inventories: Item analyses of the MCMI-II, MMPI, and PDQ-R
    • Lindsay, K. A., & Widiger, T. A. (1995). Sex and gender bias in self-report personality disorder inventories: Item analyses of the MCMI-II, MMPI, and PDQ-R. Journal of Personality Assessment, 65, 1-20.
    • (1995) Journal of Personality Assessment , vol.65 , pp. 1-20
    • Lindsay, K.A.1    Widiger, T.A.2
  • 83
    • 0024724241 scopus 로고
    • Involuntary commitments to public mental institutions: Issues involving the overrepresentation of blacks and assessment of relevant functioning
    • Lindsey, K. P., & Paul, G. L. (1989). Involuntary commitments to public mental institutions: Issues involving the overrepresentation of blacks and assessment of relevant functioning. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 171-183.
    • (1989) Psychological Bulletin , vol.106 , pp. 171-183
    • Lindsey, K.P.1    Paul, G.L.2
  • 84
    • 0024580206 scopus 로고
    • Urban psychiatric commitments: Disability and dangerous behavior of black and white recent admissions
    • Lindsey, K. P., Paul, G. L., & Mariotto, M. J. (1989). Urban psychiatric commitments: Disability and dangerous behavior of black and white recent admissions. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 40, 286-294.
    • (1989) Hospital and Community Psychiatry , vol.40 , pp. 286-294
    • Lindsey, K.P.1    Paul, G.L.2    Mariotto, M.J.3
  • 85
    • 84965629698 scopus 로고
    • Cultural influences on clinical perception: A comparison between Caucasian and Chinese-American therapists
    • Li-Repac, D. (1980). Cultural influences on clinical perception: A comparison between Caucasian and Chinese-American therapists. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 11, 327-342.
    • (1980) Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , vol.11 , pp. 327-342
    • Li-Repac, D.1
  • 86
    • 0026558961 scopus 로고
    • Psychiatric diagnosis and racial bias: Empirical and interpretive approaches
    • Littlewood, R. (1992). Psychiatric diagnosis and racial bias: Empirical and interpretive approaches. Social Science and Medicine, 34, 141-149.
    • (1992) Social Science and Medicine , vol.34 , pp. 141-149
    • Littlewood, R.1
  • 87
    • 0024722576 scopus 로고
    • Patient variable biases in clinical judgment: Conceptual overview and methodological considerations
    • López, S. R. (1989). Patient variable biases in clinical judgment: Conceptual overview and methodological considerations. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 184-203.
    • (1989) Psychological Bulletin , vol.106 , pp. 184-203
    • López, S.R.1
  • 88
    • 21144481531 scopus 로고
    • Gender bias in clinical judgment: An assessment of the analogue method's transparency and social desirability
    • López, S. R., Smith, A., Wolkenstein, B. H., & Charlin, V. (1993). Gender bias in clinical judgment: An assessment of the analogue method's transparency and social desirability. Sex Roles, 28, 35-45.
    • (1993) Sex Roles , vol.28 , pp. 35-45
    • López, S.R.1    Smith, A.2    Wolkenstein, B.H.3    Charlin, V.4
  • 89
    • 0023910672 scopus 로고
    • Gender, race, and DSM-III: A study of the objectivity of psychiatric diagnostic behavior
    • Loring, M., & Powell, B. (1988). Gender, race, and DSM-III: A study of the objectivity of psychiatric diagnostic behavior. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 29, 1-22.
    • (1988) Journal of Health and Social Behavior , vol.29 , pp. 1-22
    • Loring, M.1    Powell, B.2
  • 90
    • 0018294616 scopus 로고
    • Analogue investigation of the relationship between clients' sex and treatment recommendations
    • Lowery, C. R., & Higgins, R. L. (1979). Analogue investigation of the relationship between clients' sex and treatment recommendations. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 792-794.
    • (1979) Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , vol.47 , pp. 792-794
    • Lowery, C.R.1    Higgins, R.L.2
  • 91
    • 0019947729 scopus 로고
    • Race and socioeconomic status as confounding variables in the accurate diagnosis of alcoholism
    • Luepnitz, R. R., Randolph, D. L., & Gutsch, K. U. (1982). Race and socioeconomic status as confounding variables in the accurate diagnosis of alcoholism. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, 665-669.
    • (1982) Journal of Clinical Psychology , vol.38 , pp. 665-669
    • Luepnitz, R.R.1    Randolph, D.L.2    Gutsch, K.U.3
  • 92
    • 0000357683 scopus 로고
    • Factors influencing teachers' and psychologists' recommendations regarding special class placement
    • Matuszek, P., & Oakland, T. (1979). Factors influencing teachers' and psychologists' recommendations regarding special class placement. Journal of School Psychology, 17, 116-125.
    • (1979) Journal of School Psychology , vol.17 , pp. 116-125
    • Matuszek, P.1    Oakland, T.2
  • 94
    • 0011671540 scopus 로고
    • Effects of client-therapist ethnic homophily on therapists' judgments
    • McLaughlin, M., & Balch, P. (1980). Effects of client-therapist ethnic homophily on therapists' judgments. American Journal of Community Psychology, 8, 243-252.
    • (1980) American Journal of Community Psychology , vol.8 , pp. 243-252
    • McLaughlin, M.1    Balch, P.2
  • 95
    • 0029011744 scopus 로고
    • Correlates of accuracy in the assessment of psychiatric inpatients' risk of violence
    • McNiel, D. E., & Binder, R. L. (1995). Correlates of accuracy in the assessment of psychiatric inpatients' risk of violence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 901-906.
    • (1995) American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.152 , pp. 901-906
    • McNiel, D.E.1    Binder, R.L.2
  • 97
    • 85047685957 scopus 로고
    • Influence of client race on counselors' assessment of case materials
    • Merluzzi, B. H., & Merluzzi, T. V. (1978), Influence of client race on counselors' assessment of case materials. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 25, 399-404.
    • (1978) Journal of Counseling Psychology , vol.25 , pp. 399-404
    • Merluzzi, B.H.1    Merluzzi, T.V.2
  • 98
    • 84925885070 scopus 로고
    • The influence of the patient's sex on clinical judgment
    • Miller, D. (1974). The influence of the patient's sex on clinical judgment. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 44, 89-100.
    • (1974) Smith College Studies in Social Work , vol.44 , pp. 89-100
    • Miller, D.1
  • 101
    • 0008558185 scopus 로고
    • An investigation of the effects of client gender and attractiveness on psychotherapists' judgments
    • J. Murray & P. R. Abramson (Eds.), Los Angeles: University of California Press
    • Murray, J., & Abramson, P. R. (1983). An investigation of the effects of client gender and attractiveness on psychotherapists' judgments. In J. Murray & P. R. Abramson (Eds.), Bias in psychotherapy (pp. 129-167). Los Angeles: University of California Press.
    • (1983) Bias in Psychotherapy , pp. 129-167
    • Murray, J.1    Abramson, P.R.2
  • 102
    • 0014542016 scopus 로고
    • The effects of subjects' age, sex, race, and socioeconomic status on psychologists' estimates of "true IQ" from WISC scores
    • Naiven, F. B., Hofman, L. J., & Bierbryer, B. (1969). The effects of subjects' age, sex, race, and socioeconomic status on psychologists' estimates of "true IQ" from WISC scores. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 25, 271-274.
    • (1969) Journal of Clinical Psychology , vol.25 , pp. 271-274
    • Naiven, F.B.1    Hofman, L.J.2    Bierbryer, B.3
  • 105
    • 0025696713 scopus 로고
    • The effect of diagnosis and educational level on therapists' treatment decisions in a regional psychiatric outpatient clinic
    • Neumann, M., Salganik, L, Rabinowitz, S., Bauer, A., & Kastner, M. (1990). The effect of diagnosis and educational level on therapists' treatment decisions in a regional psychiatric outpatient clinic. Israeli Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 27, 199-204.
    • (1990) Israeli Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences , vol.27 , pp. 199-204
    • Neumann, M.1    Salganik, L.2    Rabinowitz, S.3    Bauer, A.4    Kastner, M.5
  • 108
    • 21344487612 scopus 로고
    • Discrepant team decisions: The effects of race, gender, achievement, and IQ on LD eligibility
    • Payette, K. A., & Clarizio, H. F. (1994). Discrepant team decisions: The effects of race, gender, achievement, and IQ on LD eligibility. Psychology in the Schools, 31, 40-48.
    • (1994) Psychology in the Schools , vol.31 , pp. 40-48
    • Payette, K.A.1    Clarizio, H.F.2
  • 109
    • 0000136568 scopus 로고
    • Gender differences in depression detection: A comparison of clinician diagnosis and standardized assessment
    • Potts, M. K., Burnam, M. A., & Wells, K. B. (1991). Gender differences in depression detection: A comparison of clinician diagnosis and standardized assessment. Psychological Assessment, 3, 609-615.
    • (1991) Psychological Assessment , vol.3 , pp. 609-615
    • Potts, M.K.1    Burnam, M.A.2    Wells, K.B.3
  • 110
    • 0347375204 scopus 로고
    • Sex bias in clinical judgment among school psychologists
    • Prout, H. T., & Frederickson, A. K. (1991). Sex bias in clinical judgment among school psychologists. Psychology in the Schools, 28, 226-229.
    • (1991) Psychology in the Schools , vol.28 , pp. 226-229
    • Prout, H.T.1    Frederickson, A.K.2
  • 111
    • 85033169432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1974-June, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association [Producer]. Available from: Ovid Technologies
    • PsycLIT [Database]. (1974-June, 1996). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association [Producer]. Available from: Ovid Technologies.
    • (1996) PsycLIT [Database]
  • 112
    • 84937288220 scopus 로고
    • Clinical decision making of shortversus long-term treatment
    • Rabinowitz, J., & Lukoff, I. (1995). Clinical decision making of shortversus long-term treatment. Research on Social Work Practice, 5, 62-79.
    • (1995) Research on Social Work Practice , vol.5 , pp. 62-79
    • Rabinowitz, J.1    Lukoff, I.2
  • 113
    • 0029010126 scopus 로고
    • Factors influencing disposition decisions for patients seen in a psychiatric emergency service
    • Rabinowitz, J., Massad, A., & Fennig, S. (1995). Factors influencing disposition decisions for patients seen in a psychiatric emergency service. Psychiatric Services, 46, 712-718.
    • (1995) Psychiatric Services , vol.46 , pp. 712-718
    • Rabinowitz, J.1    Massad, A.2    Fennig, S.3
  • 114
    • 84970296918 scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis as a function of race-pairing and client self-disclosure
    • Ridley, C. R. (1986). Diagnosis as a function of race-pairing and client self-disclosure. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 17, 337-351.
    • (1986) Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , vol.17 , pp. 337-351
    • Ridley, C.R.1
  • 115
    • 0001328950 scopus 로고
    • The mistreatment of men: Effects of client gender role and life-style on diagnosis and attribution of pathology
    • Robertson, J., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (1990). The (mistreatment of men: Effects of client gender role and life-style on diagnosis and attribution of pathology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 37, 3-9.
    • (1990) Journal of Counseling Psychology , vol.37 , pp. 3-9
    • Robertson, J.1    Fitzgerald, L.F.2
  • 116
    • 0020030513 scopus 로고
    • Sex roles and societal reactions to mental illness: The labeling of "deviant" deviance
    • Rosenfield, S. (1982). Sex roles and societal reactions to mental illness: The labeling of "deviant" deviance. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 23, 18-24.
    • (1982) Journal of Health and Social Behavior , vol.23 , pp. 18-24
    • Rosenfield, S.1
  • 118
    • 0014757850 scopus 로고
    • Judgments about candidates for psychotherapy: The influence of social class and insight-verbal ability
    • Rowden, D. W, Michel, J. B., Dillehay, R. C., & Martin, H. W. (1970). Judgments about candidates for psychotherapy: The influence of social class and insight-verbal ability. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 11, 51-58.
    • (1970) Journal of Health and Social Behavior , vol.11 , pp. 51-58
    • Rowden, D.W.1    Michel, J.B.2    Dillehay, R.C.3    Martin, H.W.4
  • 119
    • 0017153731 scopus 로고
    • Ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and pattern of WISC scores as variables that affect psychologists' estimates of "effective intelligence."
    • Sattler, J. M., & Kuncik, T. M. (1976). Ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and pattern of WISC scores as variables that affect psychologists' estimates of "effective intelligence." Journal of Clinical Psychology, 32, 362-366.
    • (1976) Journal of Clinical Psychology , vol.32 , pp. 362-366
    • Sattler, J.M.1    Kuncik, T.M.2
  • 120
    • 0019843024 scopus 로고
    • Male and female therapists' responses to male and female client sexual material: An analogue study
    • Schover, L. R. (1981). Male and female therapists' responses to male and female client sexual material: An analogue study. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 10, 477-492.
    • (1981) Archives of Sexual Behavior , vol.10 , pp. 477-492
    • Schover, L.R.1
  • 122
    • 0029864174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race, quality of care, and antipsychotic prescribing practices in psychiatric emergency services
    • Segal, S. P., Bola, J. R., & Watson, M. A. (1996). Race, quality of care, and antipsychotic prescribing practices in psychiatric emergency services. Psychiatric Services, 47, 282-286.
    • (1996) Psychiatric Services , vol.47 , pp. 282-286
    • Segal, S.P.1    Bola, J.R.2    Watson, M.A.3
  • 124
    • 0023886773 scopus 로고
    • Sex bias and sex-role stereotyping in psychotherapy with women: Survey results
    • Sesan, R. (1988). Sex bias and sex-role stereotyping in psychotherapy with women: Survey results. Psychotherapy, 25, 107-116.
    • (1988) Psychotherapy , vol.25 , pp. 107-116
    • Sesan, R.1
  • 126
    • 0019454166 scopus 로고
    • Interaction of client class and gender in biasing clinical judgment
    • Settin, J. M., & Bramel, D. (1981). Interaction of client class and gender in biasing clinical judgment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 51, 510-520.
    • (1981) American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , vol.51 , pp. 510-520
    • Settin, J.M.1    Bramel, D.2
  • 127
    • 85047685183 scopus 로고
    • An investigation of the effects of client sex and presenting problem in referral from intake
    • Shullman, S. L., & Betz, N. E. (1979). An investigation of the effects of client sex and presenting problem in referral from intake. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 26, 140-145.
    • (1979) Journal of Counseling Psychology , vol.26 , pp. 140-145
    • Shullman, S.L.1    Betz, N.E.2
  • 129
    • 0037719461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ensuring accuracy in clinical decisions
    • April
    • Sleek, S. (1996, April). Ensuring accuracy in clinical decisions. The APA Monitor, 26, 30.
    • (1996) The APA Monitor , vol.26 , pp. 30
    • Sleek, S.1
  • 130
    • 0016311408 scopus 로고
    • Influence of client sex and ethnic group on counselor judgments
    • Smith, M. L. (1974). Influence of client sex and ethnic group on counselor judgments. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 21, 516-521.
    • (1974) Journal of Counseling Psychology , vol.21 , pp. 516-521
    • Smith, M.L.1
  • 131
    • 0018987282 scopus 로고
    • Sex bias in counseling and psychotherapy
    • Smith, M. L. (1980). Sex bias in counseling and psychotherapy. Psychological Bulletin, 87, 392-407.
    • (1980) Psychological Bulletin , vol.87 , pp. 392-407
    • Smith, M.L.1
  • 136
    • 84985219288 scopus 로고
    • Bias in the attribution of hyperkinetic behavior as a function of ethnic identification and socioeconomic status
    • Stevens, G. (1981). Bias in the attribution of hyperkinetic behavior as a function of ethnic identification and socioeconomic status. Psychology in the Schools, 18, 99-106.
    • (1981) Psychology in the Schools , vol.18 , pp. 99-106
    • Stevens, G.1
  • 137
    • 0017429736 scopus 로고
    • Implications of research for psychotherapeutic treatment of women
    • Stricker, G. (1977). Implications of research for psychotherapeutic treatment of women. American Psychologist, 32, 14-22.
    • (1977) American Psychologist , vol.32 , pp. 14-22
    • Stricker, G.1
  • 139
    • 0022706217 scopus 로고
    • National study of the effects of clients' socioeconomic status on clinical psychologists' professional judgments
    • Sutton, R. G., & Kessler, M. (1986). National study of the effects of clients' socioeconomic status on clinical psychologists' professional judgments. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 275-276.
    • (1986) Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , vol.54 , pp. 275-276
    • Sutton, R.G.1    Kessler, M.2
  • 140
    • 0001639932 scopus 로고
    • Effects of sex and sex-role style on clinical judgment
    • Teri, L. (1982). Effects of sex and sex-role style on clinical judgment. Sex Roles, 8, 639-649.
    • (1982) Sex Roles , vol.8 , pp. 639-649
    • Teri, L.1
  • 142
    • 0015073544 scopus 로고
    • Socio-economic class bias in Rorschach diagnosis: Contributing psychological attributes of the clinician
    • Trachtman, J. P. (1971). Socio-economic class bias in Rorschach diagnosis: Contributing psychological attributes of the clinician. Journal of Projective Techniques and Personality Assessment, 35, 229-240.
    • (1971) Journal of Projective Techniques and Personality Assessment , vol.35 , pp. 229-240
    • Trachtman, J.P.1
  • 144
    • 0018256710 scopus 로고
    • Patient race and social class: Attitudes and decisions among three groups of mental health professionals
    • Umbenhauer, S. L., & DeWitte, L. L. (1978). Patient race and social class: Attitudes and decisions among three groups of mental health professionals. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 19, 509-515.
    • (1978) Comprehensive Psychiatry , vol.19 , pp. 509-515
    • Umbenhauer, S.L.1    Dewitte, L.L.2
  • 145
    • 3042874197 scopus 로고
    • The effects of socioeconomic class, race, and level of experience on social workers' judgments of clients
    • Vail, S. (1970). The effects of socioeconomic class, race, and level of experience on social workers' judgments of clients. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 40, 236-246.
    • (1970) Smith College Studies in Social Work , vol.40 , pp. 236-246
    • Vail, S.1
  • 146
    • 0018174489 scopus 로고
    • The diagnosis of antisocial and hysterical personality disorders: An example of sex bias
    • Warner, R. (1978). The diagnosis of antisocial and hysterical personality disorders: An example of sex bias. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 166, 839-845.
    • (1978) Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , vol.166 , pp. 839-845
    • Warner, R.1
  • 147
    • 0018365867 scopus 로고
    • Racial and sexual bias in psychiatric diagnosis
    • Warner, R. (1979). Racial and sexual bias in psychiatric diagnosis. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 167, 303-310.
    • (1979) Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , vol.167 , pp. 303-310
    • Warner, R.1
  • 149
    • 0025897032 scopus 로고
    • Sex bias in the diagnosis of personality disorders: Conceptual and methodological issues
    • Widiger, T. A., & Spitzer, R. L. (1991). Sex bias in the diagnosis of personality disorders: Conceptual and methodological issues. Clinical Psychology Review, 11, 1-22.
    • (1991) Clinical Psychology Review , vol.11 , pp. 1-22
    • Widiger, T.A.1    Spitzer, R.L.2
  • 152
    • 85047686069 scopus 로고
    • Influence of client socioeconomic status on selected behaviors, attitudes, and decisions of counselors
    • Wright, J. A., & Hutton, B. O. (1977). Influence of client socioeconomic status on selected behaviors, attitudes, and decisions of counselors. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 24, 527-530.
    • (1977) Journal of Counseling Psychology , vol.24 , pp. 527-530
    • Wright, J.A.1    Hutton, B.O.2
  • 153
  • 154
    • 0007966263 scopus 로고
    • The survey of Afro-American behavior: Its development and use in research
    • B. A. Bass, G. E. Wyatt, & G. J. Powell (Eds.), New York: Grune & Stratton
    • Wyatt, G. E., Powell, G. J., & Bass, B. A. (1982). The survey of Afro-American behavior: Its development and use in research. In B. A. Bass, G. E. Wyatt, & G. J. Powell (Eds.), The Afro-American family: Assessment, treatment, and research issues (pp. 13-33). New York: Grune & Stratton.
    • (1982) The Afro-American Family: Assessment, Treatment, and Research Issues , pp. 13-33
    • Wyatt, G.E.1    Powell, G.J.2    Bass, B.A.3
  • 155
    • 0026741963 scopus 로고
    • The impact of case characteristics on child abuse reporting decisions
    • Zellman, G. L. (1992). The impact of case characteristics on child abuse reporting decisions. Child Abuse and Neglect, 16, 57-74.
    • (1992) Child Abuse and Neglect , vol.16 , pp. 57-74
    • Zellman, G.L.1
  • 156
    • 0001356586 scopus 로고
    • Gender bias in marital therapy: A multidimensional scaling analysis
    • Zygmond, M. J., & Denton, W. (1988). Gender bias in marital therapy: A multidimensional scaling analysis. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 16, 262-272.
    • (1988) The American Journal of Family Therapy , vol.16 , pp. 262-272
    • Zygmond, M.J.1    Denton, W.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.