Fish and macroinvertebrate evaluation methods

Artificial Reef Evaluation: With Application to Natural Marine Habitats

Volumn , Issue , 2000, Pages 127-164

  Bortone, Stephen A ^a   Samoilys, Melita A ^b   Francour, Patrice ^c  

^a The Conservancy of Southwest Florida ^*  (United States)

^b DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITÉ CÔTE D'AZUR   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0002201120     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (115)

1. Alevizon, W.S., J.C. Gorham, R. Richardson, and S.A. McCarthy. 1985. Use of man-made reefs to concentrate snapper (Lutjanidae) and grunts (Haemulidae) in Bahamian waters. Bulletin of Marine Science 37:3-10.
2. Anderson, M.J. and N.A. Gribble. 1998. Partitioning the variation among spatial, temporal and environmental components in a multivariate data set. Australian Journal of Ecology 23:158-167.
3. Ardizzone, G.D., M.F. Gravina, and A. Belluscio. 1989. Temporal development of epibenthic communities on artificial reefs in the central Mediterranean Sea. Bulletin of Marine Science 44:592-608.
4. Barans, C.A. and S.A. Bortone. 1983. The visual assessment of fish populations in the southeastern United States: 1982 Workshop. Technical Report 1(SC-SG-TR-01-83), South Carolina Sea Grant Consortium, Charleston.
5. Barbour, C.D. and J.H. Brown. 1974. Fish species diversity in lakes. American Naturalist 108(962):473-489.
6. Beals, E. 1960. Forest bird communities in the Apostle Islands of Wisconsin. Wilson Bulletin 72:156-181.
7. Bell, M. and W.J. Hall. 1994. Effects of Hurricane Hugo on South Carolina’s marine artificial reefs. Bulletin of Marine Science 55:836-847.
8. Bell, J.D., G.J.S. Craik, D.A. Pollard, and B.C. Russell. 1985. Estimating length frequency distributions of large reef fish underwater. Coral Reefs 4:41-44.
9. Böhlke, J.E. and C.C.G. Chaplin. 1993. Fishes of the Bahamas and Adjacent Tropical Waters. 2nd ed. University of Texas Press, Austin.
10. Bohnsack, J.A. 1982. Effects of piscivorous predator removal on coral reef community structure. Pages 258-267. In: G.M. Cailliet and C.A. Simnestad, eds. Gutshop '81: Fish Food Habits Studies. Proceedings, Third Pacific Workshop. Washington Sea Grant Publication, University of Washington, Seattle.
11. Bohnsack, J.A. and S.P. Bannerot. 1986. A stationary visual census technique for quantitatively assessing community structure of coral reef fishes. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NOAA Technical Report NMFS 41:1-15.
12. Bohnsack, J.A., D.L. Johnson, and R.F. Ambrose. 1991. Ecology of artificial reef habitats and fishes. Pages 61-107. In: W. Seaman, Jr. and L.M. Sprague, eds. Artificial Habitats for Marine and Freshwater Fisheries. Academic Press, San Diego.
13. Bohnsack, J.A., D.E. Harper, D.B. McClellan, and M. Hulsbeck. 1994. Effects of reef size on colonization and assemblage structure of fishes at artificial reefs off southeastern Florida, U.S.A. Bulletin of Marine Science 55:796-823.
14. Bombace, G., G. Fabi, L. Fiorentini, and S. Speranza. 1994. Analysis of the efficacy of artificial reefs located in five different areas of the Adriatic Sea. Bulletin of Marine Science 55:559-580.
15. Bortone, S.A. 1976. The effects of a hurricane on the fish fauna at Destin, Florida. Florida Scientist 39(4):245-248.
16. Bortone, S.A. 1998. Resolving the attraction-production dilemma in artificial reef research: some yeas and nays. Fisheries 23:6-10.
17. Bortone, S.A. 1999. The impact of artificial reef fish assemblages on their potential forage area: lessons in artificial reef study design. Pages 82-85. In: W. Horn, ed. Florida Artificial Reef Summit '98. Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Tallahassee.
18. Bortone, S.A. and J.A. Bohnsack. 1991. Sampling and studying fish on artificial reefs. Chap. 7, pages 39-51. In: J.G. Halusky, ed. Artificial Reef Research Diver’s Handbook. Technical Paper 63, Florida Sea Grant College, University of Florida, Gainesville.
19. Bortone, S.A. and J.J. Kimmel. 1991. Environmental assessment and monitoring of artificial reefs. Pages 177-236. In: W. Seaman, Jr. and L.M. Sprague, eds. Artificial Habitats for Marine and Freshwater Fisheries. Academic Press, San Diego.
20. Bortone, S.A. and K.J. Mille. 1999. Data needs for assessing marine reserves with an emphasis on estimating fish size in situ. Naturalista Siciliana (Suppl.):13-31.
21. Bortone, S.A., R.W. Hastings, and J.L. Oglesby. 1986. Quantification of reef fish assemblages: a comparison of several in situ methods. Northeast Gulf Science 8(1):1-22.
22. Bortone, S.A., J.J. Kimmel, and C.M. Bundrick. 1989. A comparison of three methods for visually assessing reef fish communities: time and area compensated. Northeast Gulf Science 10(2):85-96.
23. Bortone, S.A., T.R. Martin, and C.M. Bundrick. 1991. Visual census of reef fish assemblages: a comparison of slate, audio, and video recording devices. Northeast Gulf Science 12(1):17-23.
24. Bortone, S.A., J. Van Tassell, A. Brito, J.M. Falcón, and C.M. Bundrick. 1992. Visual census as a means to estimate standing biomass, length, and growth in fishes. Proceedings of the American Association of Underwater Sciences, Diving for Science 12:13-21.
25. Bortone, S.A., T.R. Martin, and C.M. Bundrick. 1994a. Factors affecting fish assemblage development on a modular artificial reef in the northern Gulf of Mexico estuary. Bulletin of Marine Science 55(2-3):319-332.
26. Bortone, S.A., J. Van Tassell, A. Brito, J.M. Falcón, J. Mena, and C.M. Bundrick. 1994b. Enhancement of the nearshore fish assemblage in the Canary Islands with artificial habitats. Bulletin of Marine Science 55:602-608.
27. Bortone, S.A., R.K. Turpin, R.P. Cody, C.M. Bundrick, and R.L. Hill. 1997. Factors associated with artificialreef fish assemblages. Gulf of Mexico Science 1:17-34.
28. Bortone, S.A., R.P. Cody, R.K. Turpin, and C.M. Bundrick. 1998. The impact of artificial reef fish assemblages on their potential forage area. Italian Journal of Zoology 65 (Suppl.):265-267.
29. Bouchon-Navaro, Y., M. Louis, and C. Bouchon. 1997. Trends in fish distributions in the West Indies. Vol. 1, Pages 987-992. In: H.A. Lessios and I.G. Macintyre, eds. Proceedings, 8th International Coral Reef Symposium. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama.
30. Brock, V.E. 1954. A preliminary report on a method of estimating reef fish population. Journal of Wildlife Management 18:297-317.
31. Cappo, M. and I.W. Brown. 1996. Evaluation of sampling methods for reef fish populations of commercial and recreational interest. Technical Report No. 6, Townsville, CRC Reef Research Centre, Australia. 72 pp.
32. Cenere, F. and G. Relini. 1995. Convegno de Loano per la difesa del mare (8-9 Iuglio 1994). Biologia Marina Mediterranea Vol. II, Fasc. 1:iii.
33. Choat, J.H and D.R. Bellwood. 1991. Reef fishes: their history and evolution. Pages 117-143. In: P.F. Sale, ed. The Ecology of Fishes on Coral Reefs. Academic Press, San Diego.
34. Clarke, K.R. 1993. Non-parametric multivariate analysis of changes in community structure. Australian Journal of Ecology 18:117-143.
35. Connell, S.D., M.A. Samoilys, M.P. Lincoln-Smith, and J. Leqata 1998. Comparisons of abundance of coral reef fish: catch and effort surveys vs. visual census. Australian Journal of Ecology 23:579-586.
36. d’Cruz, T., S. Creech, and J. Fernandez. 1994. Comparison of catch rates and species composition from artificial and natural reefs in Kerala, India. Bulletin of Marine Science 55:1029-1037.
37. DeMartini, E.E., A.M. Barnett, T.D. Johnson, and R.F. Ambrose. 1994. Growth and production estimates for biomass-dominant fishes on a southern California artificial reef. Bulletin of Marine Science 55:484-500.
38. Doherty, P.J. 1991. Spatial and temporal patterns in recruitment. Pages 261-293. In: P.F. Sale, ed. The Ecology of Fishes on Coral Reefs. Academic Press, San Diego.
39. Dovel, W.L. 1971. Fish Eggs and Larvae of the Upper Chesapeake Bay. Natural Resources Institute, University of Maryland, Solomons. 71 pp.
40. Ebeling, A.W. and Hixon, M.A. 1991. Tropical and temperate reef fishes: comparison of community structures. Pages 509-563. In: P.F. Sale, ed. The Ecology of Fishes on Coral Reefs. Academic Press, San Diego.
41. Emlen, J.M. 1973. Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.
42. Falcón, J.M., S.A. Bortone, A. Brito, and C.M. Bundrick. 1996. Structure of and relationships within and between the littoral, rock-substrate fish communities off four islands in the Canarian Archipelago. Marine Biology 125:215-231.
43. Fennessy, S.T., C. Villacastin, and J.F. Field. 1994. Distribution and seasonality of ichthyofauna associated with commercial prawn trawl catches on the Tugela Bank of the Natal, South Africa. Fisheries Research 20:263-282.
44. Frazer, T.K. and W.J. Lindberg. 1994. Refuge spacing similarly affects reef-associated species from three phyla. Bulletin of Marine Science 55:387-400.
45. Francour, P., M. Harmelin-Vivien, J.G. Harmelin, and J. Duclerc. 1995. Impact of Caulerpa taxifola colonization on the littoral ichthyofauna of North-Western Mediterranean Sea: preliminary results. Hydrobiologia 300/301:345-353.
46. Friedlander, A., J. Beets, and W. Tobias. 1994. Effects of fish aggregating device design and location on fishing success in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Bulletin of Marine Science 55:592-601.
47. Galzin, R. 1985. Ecologie des poissons récifaux de Polynésie française: Variations spatio-temporelles des peuplements. Dynamique de populations de trois espèces dominantes des lagons nord de Moores. Evaluations de la production ichtyologique d’un secteur récifolagonaire. Thèsis de Doctorat ès Sciences, Université de Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc.
48. Goldman, B. and F.H. Talbot. 1976. Aspects of the ecology of coral reefs. Pages 125-154. In: O.H. Jones and R. Endean, eds. Biology and Ecology of Coral Reefs. Vol. 3. Academic Press, New York.
49. Grove, R.S. and C.J. Sonu. 1985. Fishing reef planning in Japan. Pages 187-251. In: F.M. D’Itri, ed. Artificial Reefs Marine and Freshwater Applications. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI.
50. Grove, R.S. and C.A. Wilson. 1994. Introduction. Bulletin of Marine Science 55:265-267.
51. Halford, A. 1997. Recovery of a fish community six years after a catastrophic mortality event. Vol. 1, Pages 1011-1016. In: H.A. Lessios and I.G. Macintyre, eds. Proceedings, 8th International Coral Reef Symposium. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama.
52. Harmelin-Vivien, M.L., J.G. Harmelin, C. Chauvet, C. Duval, R. Galzin, R. Lejeune, G. Barnabé, F. Blanc, R. Chevalier, J. Duclerc, and G. Lasserre. 1985. Evaluation visuelle des peuplements et populations de poissons: Méthodes et problèmes. Revue d’Ecologie (Terre Vie) 40:467-539.
53. Haroun, R.J., M. Gómez, J.J. Hernández, R. Herrera, D. Montero, T. Moreno, A. Portillo, M.E. Torres, and E. Soler. 1994. Environmental description of an artificial reef site in Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain) prior to reef placement. Bulletin of Marine Science 5:932-938.
54. Hastings, P.A. and S.A. Bortone. 1980. Life history aspects of the belted sandfish Serranus subligarius (Pisces: Serranidae). Environmental Biology of Fishes 5(4):365-373.
55. Hixon, M.A. and J.P. Beets. 1989. Shelter characteristics and Caribbean fish assemblages: experiments with artificial reefs. Bulletin of Marine Science 44:666-680.
56. Hobson, E.S. 1991. Trophic relationships of fishes specialized to feed on zooplankters above coral reefs. Pages 69-95. In: P.F. Sale, ed. The Ecology of Fishes on Coral Reefs. Academic Press, San Diego.
57. Jensen, A.C., K.J. Collins, A.P.M. Lockwood, J.J. Mallinson, and W.H. Turnpenny. 1994. Colonization and fishery potential of a coal-ash artificial reef: Poole Bay, United Kingdom. Bulletin of Marine Science 55:1263-1276.
58. Jones, R.S. and J.A. Chase. 1975. Community structure and distribution of fishes in an enclosed high island lagoon in Guam. Micronesica 11:127-148.
59. Jones, R.S. and M.J. Thompson. 1978. Comparison of Florida reef fish assemblages using a rapid visual technique. Bulletin of Marine Science 28:159-172.
60. Karr, J. 1981. Assessment of biotic integrity using fish communities. Fisheries 6:21-27.
61. Kimmel, J.J. 1985. A new species-time method for visual assessment of fishes and its comparison with established methods. Environmental Biology of Fishes 12:23-32.
62. Kingsford, M. J. and C.N. Battershill. 1998. Studying Temperate Marine Environments: A Handbook for Ecologists. Canterbury University Press, New Zealand.335 pp.
63. Kulbicki, M. 1988. Correlation between catch data from bottom longlines and fish censuses in the SW lagoon of New Caledonia. Naga 92(2-3):26-29.
64. Lincoln-Smith, M.P. 1988. Effects of observer swimming speed on sample counts of temperate rocky reef fish assemblages. Marine Ecology Progress Series 43:223-231.
65. Lincoln-Smith, M. and M.A. Samoilys, 1997. Sampling design and hypothesis testing. Pages 7-15. In: M. Samoilys, ed. Manual for Assessing Fish Stocks on Pacific Coral Reefs. Department of Primary Industries, Townsville, Australia.
66. Lindquist, D.G. and L.J. Pietrafesa. 1989. Current vortices and fish aggregations: the current field and associated fishes around a tugboat wreck in Onslow Bay, North Carolina. Bulletin of Marine Science 44:533-544.
67. Lindquist, D.G., L.B. Cahoon, I.E. Clavijo, M.H. Posey, S.K. Bolden, LA. Pike, S.W. Burk, and P.A. Cardullo. 1994. Reef fish stomach contents and prey abundance on reef and sand substrata associated with adjacent artificial and natural reefs in Onslow Bay, North Carolina. Bulletin of Marine Science 55:308-318.
68. Lowe-McConnell, R.M. 1979. Ecological aspects of seasonality in fishes of tropical waters. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London 44:219-241.
69. Luckhurst, B.E. and L. Luckhurst. 1978. Analysis of the influence of substrate variables on coral reef communities. Marine Biology 49:317-323.
70. Ludwig, J.A. and J.F. Reynolds. 1988. Statistical Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
71. Lukens, R.R., J.D. Cirino, J.A. Ballard, and G. Geddes. 1989. Two methods of monitoring and assessment of artificial reef materials. Special Report 2-WB, Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission, Ocean Springs, MS.
72. Manly, B.F.J. 1986. Multivariate Statistical Methods: A Primer. Chapman & Hall, London.
73. Martin, T.R. and S.A. Bortone. 1997. Development of an epifaunal assemblage on an estuarine artificial reef. Gulf of Mexico Science 15(2):55-70.
74. McFall, G.B. 1992. Development and application of a low-cost faired-laser measuring device. Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences, Diving for Science 12:109-113.
75. Mille, K.J. and J. Van Tassell. 1994. Diver accuracy in estimating lengths of models of the parrotfish, Sparisoma cretense, in situ. Northeast Gulf Science 13:149-155.
76. Moreno, I., K. Roca, O. Reñones, J. Coll, and M.Salamanca. 1994. Artificial reef program in Balearic waters (western Mediterranean). Bulletin of Marine Science 55:667-671.
77. Mullen, L.J., P.R. Herczfeld, and V.M. Contarino. 1996. Progress in hybrid Lidar-Radar for ocean exploration. Sea Technology, March 1996:45-52.
78. Murphy, B.R. and D.W. Willis, eds. 1996. Fisheries Techniques. 2nd ed. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, MD.
79. Nakamura, M. 1985. Evaluation of artificial reef concepts in Japan. Bulletin of Marine Science 37:271-278.
80. Nelson, J.S. 1994. Fishes of the World. 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
81. Nelson, R.D. and S.A. Bortone. 1996. Feeding guilds among artificial-reef fishes in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Gulf of Mexico Science 14(2):66-80.
82. Polovina, J.J. 1991. Fisheries applications and biological impacts of artificial reefs. Pages 153-176. In: W. Seaman, Jr. and L.M. Sprague, eds. Artificial Habitats for Marine and Freshwater Fisheries. Academic Press, San Diego.
83. Prince, E.D., O.E. Maughan, and P. Brouha. 1985. Summary and update of the Smith Mountain Lake artificial reefs project. Pages 401-430. In: F.M. D’Itri, ed. Artificial Reefs Marine and Freshwater Applications. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI.
84. Rosenblatt, R.H. 1967. The zoogeography of the marine shore fishes of tropical America. Pages 579-592. In: Studies in Tropical Oceanography, Miami.
85. Roughgarden, J. and Y. Iwasa. 1986. Dynamics of a metapopulation with space-limited subpopulations. Theoretical Population Biology 29:235-261.
86. Roughgarden, J., S.D. Gaines, and P. Possingham. 1988. Recruitment dynamics in complex life cycles. Science 241:1460-1466.
87. Ruitton, S., P. Francour, C.F. Boudouresque. In press. Relationship between algae, benthic herbivorous invertebrates and fishes in rocky sublittoral communities of a temperate sea (Mediterranean). Estuarine and Coastal Shelf Science.
88. Russ, G.R. 1984. Effects of protective management on coral reef fishes in the Philippines. ICLARM Newsletter, International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, Manila, October: 12-13.
89. Russell, B.C., F.H. Talbot, G.R.V. Anderson, and B. Goldman. 1978. Collection and sampling of reef fishes. Pages 329-345. In: D.R. Stoddard and R.E. Johannes, eds. Coral Reefs: Research Methods. Monographs in Oceanography Methods No. 5. UNESCO, Paris.
90. Sako, H. and M. Nakamura. 1995. Preface. In: Proceedings, International Conference on Ecological System Enhancement Technology of Aquatic Environments. Vol. I-III. Japan International Marine Science and Technology Federation, Tokyo.
91. Sale, P.F. 1991a. (ed.). The Ecology of Fishes on Coral Reefs. Academic Press, San Diego.754 pp.
92. Sale P.F. 1991b. Reef fish communities: open nonequilibrium systems. Pages 564-598. In: P.F. Sale, ed. The Ecology of Fishes on Coral Reefs. Academic Press, San Diego.
93. Sale, P.F. 1997. Visual census of fishes: how well do we see what is there. Vol. 2, Pages 1435-1440. In: H.A. Lessios and I.G. Macintyre, eds. Proceedings, 8th International Coral Reef Symposium. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama.
94. Sale, P.F. and W.A. Douglas. 1981. Precision and accuracy of visual census techniques for fish assemblages on coral patch reefs. Environmental Biology of Fishes 6:333-339.
95. Sale, P.F. and B.J. Sharp. 1983. Correction for bias in visual transect censuses of coral reef fishes. Coral Reefs 2:37-42.
96. Samoilys, M.A. 1997. Underwater visual census surveys. Pages 16-29. In: M.A. Samoilys, ed. Manual for Assessing Fish Stocks on Pacific Coral Reefs. Department of Primary Industries, Townsville, Australia.
97. Samoilys, M.A. and G. Carlos. 1992. Development of an underwater visual census method for assessing shallow water reef fish stocks in the south west Pacific, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research Project PN8545 Final Report, April 1992. 100 pp.
98. Samoilys, M.A. and G. Carlos. In press. Determining methods of underwater visual census for estimating the abundance of coral reef fishes. Environmental Biology of Fishes.
99. Samoilys, M.A. and N. Gribble. 1997. Introduction, pages 1-6. In: M.A. Samoilys, ed. Manual for Assessing Fish Stocks on Pacific Coral Reefs. Department of Primary Industries, Townsville, Australia.
100. Sanders, R.M., C.R. Chandler, and A.M. Landry, Jr. 1985. Hydrological, diel and lunar factors affecting fishes on artificial reefs off Panama City, Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science 37:318-328.
101. Schneider, D.C. 1994. Quantitative Ecology: Spatial and Temporal Scaling. Academic Press, San Diego.
102. Schreck, C.B. and P.B. Moyle, eds. 1990. Methods for Fish Biology. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, MD.
103. Seaman, W., Jr., G.A. Antonini, S.A. Bortone, J.G. Halusky, S.M. Holland, W.J. Lindberg, J. Loftin, J.W. Milon, K.M. Portier, Y.P. Sheng, A. Szmant, and L. Zobler. 1992. Environmental and fishery performance of Florida artificial reef habitats: guidelines for technical evaluation of sites developed with state construction assistance. Project Report to the Florida Department of Natural Resources (Contract No. C-6989), Florida Sea Grant College Program, University of Florida, Gainesville.
104. Secretaria de Pesca. 1992. I reunion internationales sobre mejoramiento de habitats acuaticos para pesquerias (arrecifes artificiales). Instituto Nacional de la Pesca, Centro Regional de Investigacion Pesquera, Manzanillo, Colima, Mexico.
105. Shipp, R.L., W.A. Tyler, Jr., and R.S. Jones. 1986. Point count censusing from a submersible to estimate fish abundance over large areas. Northeast Gulf Science 8:83-89.
106. Smith, C.L. and J.C. Tyler. 1972. Space resource sharing in a coral reef community. Pages 125-170. In: B.B. Collette and S.A. Earle, eds. Results of the Tektite Program: Ecology of Coral Reef Fishes. Science Bulletin. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles.
107. Stanley, D.R., C.A. Wilson, and C. Cain. 1994. Hydroacoustic assessment of abundance and behavior of fishes associated with an oil and gas platform off the Louisiana coast. Bulletin of Marine Science 55:1353.
108. Thompson, M.J. and T.W. Schmidt. 1977. Validation of the species/time random count technique for sampling fish assemblages. Proceedings, 3rd International Coral Reef Symposium 1:283-288.
109. Thorne, R.E. 1994. Hydroacoustic remote sensing for artificial habitats. Bulletin of Marine Science 55:897-901.
110. Thorne, R.E., J.B. Hedgepeth, and J. Campos. 1989. Hydroacoustic observations of fish abundance and behavior around an artificial reef in Costa Rica. Bulletin of Marine Science 44:1058-1064.
111. Thresher, R.E. and J.S. Gunn. 1986. Comparative analysis of visual census techniques for highly mobile, reef associated piscivores (Carangidae). Environmental Biology of Fishes 17:93-116.
112. Underwood, A.J. 1990. Experiments in ecology and management: their logics, functions, and interpretation. Australian Journal of Ecology 15:365-389.
113. Van Dolah, R.F. 1983. Remote assessment techniques for large benthic invertebrates. Pages 12-13. In: C.A. Barans and S.A. Bortone, eds. The Visual Assessment of Fish Populations in the Southeastern United States: 1982 Workshop. Technical Report 1(SC-SG-TR-01-83), South Carolina Sea Grant Consortium, Charleston.
114. Watson, R.A., G.M. Carlos, and M.A. Samoilys. 1995. Bias introduced by the non-random movement of fish in visual transect surveys. Ecological Modeling 77:205-214.
115. Williams, D. McB. 1982. Patterns in the distribution of fish communities across the central Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 1:35-43.