The Russia You Never Met

Demokratizatsiya

Volumn 6, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 613-647

  Bivens, Matt ^a   Bernstein, Jonas ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0002195547     PISSN: 10746846     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (220)

1. Aleksei Serditov, "Vlast Trebuetsya Upotrebit'," Smena, 26 October 1996.
2. See, for example, Geoff Winestock and Sergey Lukianov, "The ABCs of the IMF's Tax Fixation," Moscow Times, 15 November 1996.
3. Anders Åslund, "Russia's Sleaze Factor," New York Times, 11 July 1995.
4. Sergey Lukianov, "The Berezovsky 7: Russia Inc.," St. Petersburg Times, 19 November 1996. See also Poul Funder Larsen and Pyotr Yudin, "Public Servant, Private Empire," Moscow Times, 27 August 1996.
5. Sergey Lukianov, "The Berezovsky 7: Russia Inc.," St. Petersburg Times, 19 November 1996. See also Poul Funder Larsen and Pyotr Yudin, "Public Servant, Private Empire," Moscow Times, 27 August 1996.
6. Charles Digges and Brian Whitmore, "Chubais Says Power To Be Consolidated," St. Petersburg Times, 29 October 1996.
7. Ibid.
8. Marshall Ingwerson, "For Yeltsin's Top Aide, Can-Do Skills May Be Ticket to Power in Kremlin," Christian Science Monitor, 1 November 1996.
9. David Hoffman, "Yeltsin's 'Ruthless' Bureaucrat: Durable But Unpopular. Chubais Seeks to Clamp an Iron Grip on Russia," Washington Post, 22 November 1996.
10. Michael R. Gordon, "Rising Star in the Kremlin: An Ardent Pro-Capitalist," New York Times, 17 October 1996.
11. Andrei Konstanlinov et al., Korrumpirovany Peterburg, (St. Petersburg: Folio- Press), 1997, 8-31.
12. For discussion of this see, for example, "Bold Reform or Forgone Opportunities?" Property to the People: The Struggle for Radical Economic Reform in Russia. Lynn D. Dukes and Irina Y. Kuzes (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, Inc. 1994), 30-33; or "A New Political Setting Takes Form," How Russia Became a Market Economy, Anders Åslund (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1995), 57-63.
13. For discussion of this see, for example, "Bold Reform or Forgone Opportunities?" Property to the People: The Struggle for Radical Economic Reform in Russia. Lynn D. Dukes and Irina Y. Kuzes (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, Inc. 1994), 30-33; or "A New Political Setting Takes Form," How Russia Became a Market Economy, Anders Åslund (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1995), 57-63.
14. Yeltsin's speech before the Congress of People's Deputies on 28 October 1991, as cited by Dukes and Kuzes in Property to the People, 35.
15. Ibid., 35.
16. As quoted by Boris Yeltsin in The Struggle for Russia (New York: Times Books, 1994). Yeltsin was citing "an article" written by Gaidar, although he does not say where or when it was published. More of the Gaidar quote Yeltsin cites follows: We began the reforms in a very interesting situation when you could have listed many absent preconditions, making reform impossible to implement at the time. I myself could have given a perfect explanation of why in 1992 the reforms should not have been launched. There was no stable support in the parliament; there were no normal functioning institutions of governance (the army, customs, the police) - they were still staggering from the crisis of power that had begun in the 1990s.
17. There were sixteen [sic] central banks instead of one . . . There wasn't a kopeck to be had of hard currency or gold reserves . . . But aside from all that, we couldn't wait any longer. We couldn't just keep doing nothing, or keep explaining why it was impossible to do anything.
18. Dukes and Kuzes, Property to the People, 78.
19. Ibid.
20. Åslund, How Russia Became a Market Economy, 106.
21. See, for example, the comments of Georgetown University Professor Murray Feshbach as reported by Saul Friedman in "Was Reform too Fast?" Newsday, 5 October 1993.
22. Åslund, How Russia Became a Market Economy, 42.
23. Aleksander Bekker, "Tender po-sovietsky: ugovor dorozhe deneg," Segodnya, 26 December 1995.
24. Leonid Krutakov, "Zachem Potanin khodil vo vlast'," Litsa (May 1997).
25. Emil Pain and Arkady Popov, "Kriminalny Rezhim," Izvestia, 8 February 1995.
26. Larisa Pyasheva, "Zagadki 'Yevraziiskovo Mentalileta' ili Kto v Rossii Sozrel Dlya Kapitalizma," Kontinent 2 (1995). See also Jeffrey Sachs, "Why Corruption Rules Russia," New York Times, 29 November 1995.
27. Larisa Pyasheva, "Zagadki 'Yevraziiskovo Mentalileta' ili Kto v Rossii Sozrel Dlya Kapitalizma," Kontinent 2 (1995). See also Jeffrey Sachs, "Why Corruption Rules Russia," New York Times, 29 November 1995.
28. Alexander Gordeyev, "The Export-Import Church of Russia," Moscow Times, 5 November 1996.
29. "Exemptions at Heart of Gang Wars," Moscow Times, 12 November 1996. See also Jonas Bernstein, "A Fistful of Rubles," The American Spectator (January 1996).
30. "Exemptions at Heart of Gang Wars," Moscow Times, 12 November 1996. See also Jonas Bernstein, "A Fistful of Rubles," The American Spectator (January 1996).
31. Olga Kryshtanovskaya, "Mafiosnyi peizazh Rossii: vzglyad sotsiologa," Sotsiologicheskiye Issledovaniye 8 (1995).
32. Mikhail Berger, "Is This the End for Duty-Free Vodka Imports?" Moscow Times, 27 June 1995.
33. "The Abuses of 'Authorized Banking,'" from "Russia's Financial Empires," Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, January 1998.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid.
36. Jonas Bernstein, "Uneximbank: Winner with the Inside Track," Moscow Times, 30 January 1996. See also Larsen and Yudin, "Public Servant, Private Empire."
37. Jonas Bernstein, "Uneximbank: Winner with the Inside Track," Moscow Times, 30 January 1996. See also Larsen and Yudin, "Public Servant, Private Empire."
38. Nikolai Troitsky and Vakhtang Yakobidze, "Tretii Srok Yeltsin Poluchit Za Luzhkova," Lvudi (October 1997). See also "Uneximbank" from "Russia's Financial Empires," Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, January 1998.
39. Nikolai Troitsky and Vakhtang Yakobidze, "Tretii Srok Yeltsin Poluchit Za Luzhkova," Lvudi (October 1997). See also "Uneximbank" from "Russia's Financial Empires," Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, January 1998.
40. Leonid Krutakov, "Tvoyi Dolgi - Moyo Bogatsvo: Eshcho raz o roli Andreya Vavilova v noveishei istorii Rossii," Moskovsky Komsomolets, 29 December 1997.
41. For a discussion of regional authorized banks, including Most-Bank and Astrobank, see Brian Whitmore, "Unexim, Promstroi Jostle at State Trough," St. Petersburg Times, 28 February 1997; "Budget Caught in Middle of Battle for City's Funds," St. Petersburg Times, 1 March 1997.
42. For a discussion of regional authorized banks, including Most-Bank and Astrobank, see Brian Whitmore, "Unexim, Promstroi Jostle at State Trough," St. Petersburg Times, 28 February 1997; "Budget Caught in Middle of Battle for City's Funds," St. Petersburg Times, 1 March 1997.
43. As cited by Matt Bivens in "Temple of the Russian Soul," St. Petersburg Times, 25 July 1997.
44. Igor Baranovsky, "Terror is a Fact of Russian Competition," Moscow News, 22-28 July 1994.
45. Tatyana Koshikaryova and Rustam Narzikulov, "Mikhail Khodorkovsky: 'Samoye Pribylnoye Delo - Eto Politika," Nezvisimiya Gazeta, 8 April 1997.
46. Ivan Kadulin and Leonid Krutakov, "Blesk i nishcheta 'Menatepa,'" Izvestia, 2 July 1997.
47. Bernstein, "Uneximbank: Winner with the Inside Track."
48. "Rossiiskaya Mafia Sobirayet Dosye Na Krupnykh Chinovnikov i Politikov," Izvestia, 26 January 1994.
49. Pyasheva, "Zagadki 'Yevraziiskovo Mentaliteta' ili Kto v Rossii Sozrel Dlya Kapitalizma."
50. As cited in Åslund, How Russia Became a Market Economy, 235.
51. "Komu Prinadlezhit Vlast v Rossii? Ministerstvo v Zakone," Izvestia, 20 July 1994.
52. Joseph R. Blasi et al., Kremlin Capitalism: Privatizing the Russian Economy (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997), 78.
53. For an authoritative discussion of restructuring at Russian industries, see ibid., 126-37.
54. See Janine Wedel "Clique-Run Organizations and U.S. Economic Aid," Demokratizatsiya 4 (Fall 1996): 571-602.
55. Peter Reddaway, "Beware the Russian Reformer," Washington Post, 24 August 1997.
56. Anne Barnard, "Official Defends Privatization Chief," Moscow Times, 18 November 1994.
57. Anders Åslund, "The Russian Economy: Where Is it Headed?" paper presented 7 November 1996 as the Ernst Sturc Memorial Lecture, 10.
58. Cited in many places, including Reddaway, "Beware the Russian Reformer."
59. Iosif Diskin, "Tsena Doveriya," Moskovskiye Novosti 43, 26 October-2 November 1997.
60. Lynnley Browning, "Gazprom's Vast Riches Make Investors' Mouths Water," Moscow Times, 12 August 1995. Former finance minister Boris Fyodorov puts the value of Gazprom at $700 billion, "or 14 Russian federal budgets." Fyodorov, "Krupneisheye 'Delo' Stoletiya," Izvestia, 21 March 1995.
61. Fyodorov makes much the same point in "Krupneisheye 'Delo' Stoleliya." Izvestia. His math has every Russian receiving from $ 1,000 to $ 5,000.
62. Gazprom does not allow a liquid trade in its stocks; to buy or sell shares requires special permission from the company. If management's grasp were loosened, trade in the stock would surely increase and its value would soar. But even given the current artificially low stock market capitalization of $22 billion, dividing this evenly would represent $445 for a family of three - several months' average wage in today's Russia.
63. Erin Arvedlund, "Gazprom Investors Fight Pivotal Fight," Moscow Times, 30 June 1997.
64. Fyodorov, "Krupneisheye 'Delo' Stoletiya," Izvestia.
65. See, for example, Yelena Dikun, "Skokov Preodolevayel Kompleksi," Obshchaya Gazeta, 29 June-5 July 1995;
66. or Vladimir Polevanov's interview in May 1995 with ORT Russian Public Television, and Fyodorov's speech in May 1995, both as cited by Peter Reddaway in "Better Than Whitewater: Scandal Dogs Russia's Rising Star," Washington Post, 20 August 1995.
67. Steven Erlanger, "A Corrupt Tide in Russia From State-Business Ties," New York Times, 2 July 1995.
68. Aleksander Gamov, "Sorok Minut Naedine s Chernomyrdinom," Komsomolskaya Pravda, 5 July 1995.
69. Åslund, "Russia's Sleaze Factor."
70. Reddaway, "Better Than Whitewater: Scandal Dogs Russia's Rising Star."
71. J. Michael Waller, "To Russia, with Cash," Reader's Digest (June 1996).
72. Aleksander Korzhakov, Boris Yeltsin: Ot Rassveta Do Zakata (Moscow: Izdatelstvo Interbook), 135-50.
73. Ibid., 142.
74. Ibid., 143.
75. Ibid., 146.
76. Ibid., 146.
77. "Korzhakov sounded like a blast from a distant past. . . . The drunken autocrat veering from buffoonery to dictatorial rage whom Korzhakov portrays was the creature of another set of handlers - Korzhakov among them. Today's kinder, gentler president has surrounded himself with a new group of aides with a subtler approach," wrote Peter Kord in "Exposé of 'Old' Yeltsin Shows How Much Has Changed," Christian Science Monitor, 13 August 1997. See also John Thornhill, "Yeltsin: KGB General Reveals Life under a Hard-Drinking and Erratic President," Financial Times, 11 August 1997.
78. "Korzhakov sounded like a blast from a distant past. . . . The drunken autocrat veering from buffoonery to dictatorial rage whom Korzhakov portrays was the creature of another set of handlers - Korzhakov among them. Today's kinder, gentler president has surrounded himself with a new group of aides with a subtler approach," wrote Peter Kord in "Exposé of 'Old' Yeltsin Shows How Much Has Changed," Christian Science Monitor, 13 August 1997. See also John Thornhill, "Yeltsin: KGB General Reveals Life under a Hard-Drinking and Erratic President," Financial Times, 11 August 1997.
79. Dmitry Kholodov, a journalist who was investigating corruption in the Western Forces Group for the newspaper Moskovsky Komsomolets, was killed by a suitcase bomb in 1994.
80. "Yury Boldyrev: Vazhno Ne To, Kto i Skolko Ukral, a Pochemy Eto Stalo Vozmozhno," interview in Izvestia, 4 November 1994. See also Leonid Levitsky, "Rossiiskiye bliznetsy: pritvornaya ekonomika i pritvornaya politika," Rossiiskaya Federatsiya 15 (1997).
81. "Yury Boldyrev: Vazhno Ne To, Kto i Skolko Ukral, a Pochemy Eto Stalo Vozmozhno," interview in Izvestia, 4 November 1994. See also Leonid Levitsky, "Rossiiskiye bliznetsy: pritvornaya ekonomika i pritvornaya politika," Rossiiskaya Federatsiya 15 (1997).
82. See Jonathan Steele, "Chronicle of Frustration: One Year in the Life of an Anti- Corruption Crusader in Russia," The Guardian, 2 July 1993.
83. Adam Tanner, "Yeltsin Says Allegations 'Decisive,'" Moscow Times, 20 August 1993.
84. Vladlen Maksimov, "Dacha Igot v osobo krupnykh razmerakh," Novaya Gazeta, 1-7 September 1997.
85. "National Sports Fund to enjoy preferential import duties until year's end," Interfax news agency report, Segodnya, 4 November 1995.
86. Bernstein, "A Fistful of Rubles."
87. David E. Kaplan and Andrew Marshall, The Cult at the End of the World: The Terrifying Story of the Aum Doomsday Cult, from the Subways of Tokyo to the Nuclear Arsenals of Russia (New York: Crown Publishers Inc., 1996).
88. Ibid., 69-72.
89. Ibid., 108.
90. Ibid., 261-63.
91. Ibid., 110-11.
92. "Cult Probe Reopened," Moscow Times, 22 April 1998. The case was reopened in April, two months after it had been closed and Aum Shinri Kyo members allowed to leave Russia two days after President Yeltsin had paid a brief visit to Japan. For a good discussion of the Russian government's investigations of Aum, see Kaplan and Marshall, The Cult at the End of the World, 268-70.
93. "Cult Probe Reopened," Moscow Times, 22 April 1998. The case was reopened in April, two months after it had been closed and Aum Shinri Kyo members allowed to leave Russia two days after President Yeltsin had paid a brief visit to Japan. For a good discussion of the Russian government's investigations of Aum, see Kaplan and Marshall, The Cult at the End of the World, 268-70.
94. Kaplan and Marshall, The Cult at the End of the World, 268-70.
95. Ibid., 108.
96. Ibid., 112.
97. Arkady Vaksberg, "A Corruption Epidemic," Moscow Times, 17 August 1993.
98. Andrei Malgin, "No Lack of Mudslingers," Moscow Times, 21 September 1993.
99. See Yelena Nikolayeva, "OSTANKINO: Tikho Sami s Soboyu, Besheniye Dengi, Gryazniye Makhinatsiya, Genialniye Zhuliki," Moskovsky Komsomolels, 21 September 1995.
100. Leonid Bershidsky, "Ostankino Closed, Handed to ORT," Moscow Times, 7 October 1995.
101. "Ostankino Deal Should Be Remade," editorial, Moscow Times, 1 October 1995.
102. "Solzhenitsyn Says Clique Runs Russia," Reuters, 15 June 1994.
103. A Russian translation of Solzhenitsyn's article in Le Monde was published in Obshchaya Gazeta, 28 November-4 December 1996. under the headline, "K nyneshnemu sostoyaniyu Rossii."
104. Jean MacKenzie, "Solzhenitsyn Show Axed, Wife Cites Censorship," Moscow Times, 26 September 1995; "Amid Outcry, ORT Goes on the Defensive," Moscow Times, 28 September 1995.
105. Jean MacKenzie, "Solzhenitsyn Show Axed, Wife Cites Censorship," Moscow Times, 26 September 1995; "Amid Outcry, ORT Goes on the Defensive," Moscow Times, 28 September 1995.
106. YadvigaYufcrova, "Odin vecher Aleksandra Isayevicha," Izvestia, 23 April 1998.
107. Elif Kaban, "Top Securities Official Blasts Consortium," Moscow Times 22 April 1995.
108. "Who Will Buy Russia?" Economist, 9 September 1995.
109. Anton Zhigulsky, "Strategic Sell-Offs to Exclude Foreigners," Moscow Times, 28 October 1995. For Chubais justifying the banning of foreingers from one "strategic" auction - that of Norilsk Nickel - see "Duma Wants Halt to Auctions," Moscow Times, 25 November 1995; also Stephanie Simon, "Russia's Lofty Plan to Privatize State Companies is Near Collapse," Los Angeles Times, 8 December 1995.
110. Anton Zhigulsky, "Strategic Sell-Offs to Exclude Foreigners," Moscow Times, 28 October 1995. For Chubais justifying the banning of foreingers from one "strategic" auction - that of Norilsk Nickel - see "Duma Wants Halt to Auctions," Moscow Times, 25 November 1995; also Stephanie Simon, "Russia's Lofty Plan to Privatize State Companies is Near Collapse," Los Angeles Times, 8 December 1995.
111. Anton Zhigulsky, "Strategic Sell-Offs to Exclude Foreigners," Moscow Times, 28 October 1995. For Chubais justifying the banning of foreingers from one "strategic" auction - that of Norilsk Nickel - see "Duma Wants Halt to Auctions," Moscow Times, 25 November 1995; also Stephanie Simon, "Russia's Lofty Plan to Privatize State Companies is Near Collapse," Los Angeles Times, 8 December 1995.
112. "The Oil Giant of Surgut, Asleep in Siberia," Moscow Times, 31 October 1995.
113. Michael Comerford, "Oil Giants' Stock Offering 'Close to Free,'" Moscow Times, 19 October 1995.
114. "An Inside Job: Russian Oil," Economist, 18 November 1995.
115. Jonas Bernstein, "Loans for the Sharks?" Moscow Times, 19 December 1995.
116. Ibid.
117. Michael Comerford, "Oil Share Price Tags 'Ludicrous,'" Moscow Times, 8 December 1995.
118. Bernstein, "Loans for the Sharks?" See also "Lukoil Prevents Intrusion of Unwanted Investors," Petroleum Economist (January 1996).
119. Simon Baker, "Banks Buy Control of 2 Leading Oil Firms," Moscow Times, 9 December 1995; Julie Tolkacheva, "Yukos Winner Backed by Menatep," Moscow Times, 9 December 1995.
120. Simon Baker, "Banks Buy Control of 2 Leading Oil Firms," Moscow Times, 9 December 1995; Julie Tolkacheva, "Yukos Winner Backed by Menatep," Moscow Times, 9 December 1995.
121. Jonas Bernstein and Anton Zhigulsky, "Auctions End on Contentious Note," Moscow Times, 29 December 1995.
122. "President Briefed by Chubais," Moscow Times, 18 November 1995.
123. "Yukos Auction to Go Ahead," Reuters, 3 December 1995; John Thornhill, "Russian Bank Body Joins in Sell-Offs Dispute," Financial Times, 5 December 1995.
124. "Yukos Auction to Go Ahead," Reuters, 3 December 1995; John Thornhill, "Russian Bank Body Joins in Sell-Offs Dispute," Financial Times, 5 December 1995.
125. Sergey Lukianov, "Chubais Says Banks' Role Will Be Limited," Moscow Times, 16 December 1995.
126. "Russia's Chubais Sees Rising Privatization Revenue," Reuters, 10 January 1996.
127. Nikolai Alexeyev, "Spetzinkubator. Yury Boldyrev: V stranye sozdany idealniye usloviya dlya korruptsii," Novaya Gazeta, 28 October 1996. See also Tatyana Korotkova, "Zalogoviye auktsiony - bomba pod demokratiyu?" Novaya Gazeta, 23-29 September 1996.
128. Nikolai Alexeyev, "Spetzinkubator. Yury Boldyrev: V stranye sozdany idealniye usloviya dlya korruptsii," Novaya Gazeta, 28 October 1996. See also Tatyana Korotkova, "Zalogoviye auktsiony - bomba pod demokratiyu?" Novaya Gazeta, 23-29 September 1996.
129. Jeffrey Sachs, "Plans to Revive Reforms," Moscow Times, 6 April 1996. Boris Fydorov was already calling foras much with regard to Gazprom in his March 1995 Izvestia article, "Krupneisheye 'Delo' Stoletiya."
130. "Russian Oil: An Inside Job," Economist, 18 November 1995; "Do Not Disturb - Russia's Stockmarket," Economist, 23 December 1995.
131. "Russian Oil: An Inside Job," Economist, 18 November 1995; "Do Not Disturb - Russia's Stockmarket," Economist, 23 December 1995.
132. See, for example, Sergey Lukianov, "Managed Yukos Sale Fetches $160M," Moscow Times, 24 December 1996; Erin Arvedlund, "Sibneft Deal Signals Business as Usual," Moscow Times, 14 May 1997; and Levitsky, "Rossiiskiye bliznetsy: pritvornaya ekonomika i pritvornaya politika." On the August 1997 auction that finalized Uneximbank's ownership of Norilsk Nickel, see Natalya Timakova, "Pervaya vlast ne gneyotsa, a srazu lomayetsya," Moskovsky Komsomolets, 12 August 1997; and "Choosing Legal Path in Sell-Offs," Moscow Times, 6 August 1997.
133. See, for example, Sergey Lukianov, "Managed Yukos Sale Fetches $160M," Moscow Times, 24 December 1996; Erin Arvedlund, "Sibneft Deal Signals Business as Usual," Moscow Times, 14 May 1997; and Levitsky, "Rossiiskiye bliznetsy: pritvornaya ekonomika i pritvornaya politika." On the August 1997 auction that finalized Uneximbank's ownership of Norilsk Nickel, see Natalya Timakova, "Pervaya vlast ne gneyotsa, a srazu lomayetsya," Moskovsky Komsomolets, 12 August 1997; and "Choosing Legal Path in Sell-Offs," Moscow Times, 6 August 1997.
134. See, for example, Sergey Lukianov, "Managed Yukos Sale Fetches $160M," Moscow Times, 24 December 1996; Erin Arvedlund, "Sibneft Deal Signals Business as Usual," Moscow Times, 14 May 1997; and Levitsky, "Rossiiskiye bliznetsy: pritvornaya ekonomika i pritvornaya politika." On the August 1997 auction that finalized Uneximbank's ownership of Norilsk Nickel, see Natalya Timakova, "Pervaya vlast ne gneyotsa, a srazu lomayetsya," Moskovsky Komsomolets, 12 August 1997; and "Choosing Legal Path in Sell-Offs," Moscow Times, 6 August 1997.
135. See, for example, Sergey Lukianov, "Managed Yukos Sale Fetches $160M," Moscow Times, 24 December 1996; Erin Arvedlund, "Sibneft Deal Signals Business as Usual," Moscow Times, 14 May 1997; and Levitsky, "Rossiiskiye bliznetsy: pritvornaya ekonomika i pritvornaya politika." On the August 1997 auction that finalized Uneximbank's ownership of Norilsk Nickel, see Natalya Timakova, "Pervaya vlast ne gneyotsa, a srazu lomayetsya," Moskovsky Komsomolets, 12 August 1997; and "Choosing Legal Path in Sell-Offs," Moscow Times, 6 August 1997.
136. See, for example, Sergey Lukianov, "Managed Yukos Sale Fetches $160M," Moscow Times, 24 December 1996; Erin Arvedlund, "Sibneft Deal Signals Business as Usual," Moscow Times, 14 May 1997; and Levitsky, "Rossiiskiye bliznetsy: pritvornaya ekonomika i pritvornaya politika." On the August 1997 auction that finalized Uneximbank's ownership of Norilsk Nickel, see Natalya Timakova, "Pervaya vlast ne gneyotsa, a srazu lomayetsya," Moskovsky Komsomolets, 12 August 1997; and "Choosing Legal Path in Sell-Offs," Moscow Times, 6 August 1997.
137. Jean MacKenzie, "Communists to Have 158 Seats," Moscow Times, 28 December 1995.
138. Jonas Bernstein, "Yeltsin Lashes Out at Chubais Record," Moscow Times, 20 January 1996.
139. "Chubais's 'Mistakes,'" Wall Street Journal Europe, 18 January 1996.
140. John Thornhill, "Chubais Forces Yeltsin's Hand," Financial Times, 18 January 1996.
141. Chrystia Freeland, John Thornhill and Andrew Cowers, "Moscow's Group of Seven," Financial Times, 1 November 1996.
142. Ibid.
143. Jonas Bernstein and Matt Bivens, "Zyuganov Aide Backs Council of Unity," Moscow Times, 21 May 1996.
144. Alessandra Stanley, "Yeltsin Declares Election in Russia Won't Be Put Off," New York Times, 7 May 1996.
145. Korzhakov, Boris Yeltsin: Ot Rassveta Do Zakata, 368-69.
146. Interview by Matt Bivens with Yavlinsky at the Business Week Russia Summit in St. Petersburg, 11 September 1997.
147. Stanley, "Yeltsin Declares Election in Russia Won't Be Put Off."
148. George Melloan, "Lebed vs. Chubais With Russia's Future at Stake." Wall Street Journal Europe, 26 November 1996.
149. John Thornhill, "Unbuttoned Capitalist. Man in the News - Vladimir Potanin," Financial Times, 18 August 1996.
150. "Russian Finance. O Lucky Man," Economist, 31 August 1996.
151. Poul Funder Larsen, "State to Select Banks for Budget Funds," Moscow Times, 21 January 1997; Mark Whitehouse, "Yeltsin Speech to Rap Banks," St. Petersburg Times, 28 February 1997.
152. Poul Funder Larsen, "State to Select Banks for Budget Funds," Moscow Times, 21 January 1997; Mark Whitehouse, "Yeltsin Speech to Rap Banks," St. Petersburg Times, 28 February 1997.
153. Larsen and Yudin, "Public Servant, Private Empire," Moscow Times.
154. Lukianov, "The Berezovsky 7: Russia Inc."
155. "Dawn Traders Turn into Gentlemen," interview with Potanin in Euromoney (November 1997).
156. Pyotr Yudin, "Executive Survives Bombing," Moscow Times, 9 June 1994.
157. "Godfather of the Kremlin? Boris Berezovsky, not Boris Yeltsin, may be the most powerful man in Russia," Forbes, 30 December 1996.
158. Dmitry Zaks, "Berezovsky Libel Suit Turned Down," Moscow Times, 24 October 1997.
159. See RFE/RL's interview with First Deputy Prime Minister Boris Nemtsov on 15 August 1997.
160. "Prodavets Vozdukha: Dengi byvayut ne tolko 'derevyannymi', no i 'berezovymi'," Etienne Jebali (translated from French), followed by commentary of KGB ex-colonel Malkov, in Moskovsky Komsomolets, 31 July 1997.
161. Korzhakov, Boris Yeltsin: Ot Rassveta Do Zakata, 136-37.
162. Yevgenia Albats, "Kto upravlayet Rossiei?" Izvestia, 18 September 1996.
163. Veronika Kutsyllo, "Poesdka Anatoliya Chubaisa - Bronevik v Tumane," Kommersant Daily, 29 October 1996; cited also in Hoffman, "Yeltsin's 'Ruthless' Bureaucrat."
164. Gordon, "Rising Star in the Kremlin: An Ardent Pro-Capitalist."
165. Jonas Bernstein, "Requiem for a Reformer," Moscow Times, 21 November 1997.
166. Yeltsin's speech to the Federal Assembly, 6 March 1997.
167. Sergei Rybak, "Boris Nemtsov: Oruzhiye protiv korruptsii - chestnye konkursky," Kapital, 19 March 1997.
168. Anatoly Chubais, "Chto N ado Delat v Rossii?" Otkrytaya Politika (September 1997).
169. "Polozheniye ob organizatsii zakupki tovarov, rabot i uslug dlya gosudarstvennykh nuzhd," as approved by an 8 April 1997, presidential decree, Rossiiskaya Gazeta, 15 April 1997. See also Vladimir Todres, "Komkovatyi blin: Ukaz o predotvrashchenii korruptsii polon blagikh namerenii i ziyayushchikh dyr," Itogi, 15 April 1997.
170. "Polozheniye ob organizatsii zakupki tovarov, rabot i uslug dlya gosudarstvennykh nuzhd," as approved by an 8 April 1997, presidential decree, Rossiiskaya Gazeta, 15 April 1997. See also Vladimir Todres, "Komkovatyi blin: Ukaz o predotvrashchenii korruptsii polon blagikh namerenii i ziyayushchikh dyr," Itogi, 15 April 1997.
171. "Car Auction Won't End Real Graft," Moscow Times, 24 June 1997.
172. See, for example, David Fillipov, "Kremlin Appears Resistant to Yeltsin's Brand of Cleaning," Boston Globe, 22 July 1997; "Another Yeltsin 'Heir' Falls on Hard Times," Boston Globe, 5 August 1997.
173. See, for example, David Fillipov, "Kremlin Appears Resistant to Yeltsin's Brand of Cleaning," Boston Globe, 22 July 1997; "Another Yeltsin 'Heir' Falls on Hard Times," Boston Globe, 5 August 1997.
174. Fillipov, "Kremlin Appears Resistant to Yeltsin's Brand of Cleaning." For Lisovsky's reported links to organized crime, see Alessandra Stanley, "Russian State TV Channel Says Let's Make a Deal," New York Times, 26 July 1995.
175. Aleksander Novikov, "Sluzhebnoye Polozheniye: Zachem chinovniku zarplata," Kommersant, 27 May 1997.
176. Nick Allen, "7 Ousted in Izvestia Shake-Up," Moscow Times, 30 July 1997.
177. "Russian prosecutor general opens criminal cases against banks," Interfax-FIA, 11 July 1997; "Head of major Russian bank denies accusations," Interfax-FIA, 15 July 1997; "Bank of Russia Says IFC Bank President Not Corrupt," Interfax-FIA, 15 July 1997; "Russian government not to make hasty moves over bank scandal," Interfax, 15 July 1997. See also, "Bankovskiye Voiny: Peremiriye bez anneksii i kontributsii," Kommersant Weekly, 22 July 1997.
178. "Russian prosecutor general opens criminal cases against banks," Interfax-FIA, 11 July 1997; "Head of major Russian bank denies accusations," Interfax-FIA, 15 July 1997; "Bank of Russia Says IFC Bank President Not Corrupt," Interfax-FIA, 15 July 1997; "Russian government not to make hasty moves over bank scandal," Interfax, 15 July 1997. See also, "Bankovskiye Voiny: Peremiriye bez anneksii i kontributsii," Kommersant Weekly, 22 July 1997.
179. "Russian prosecutor general opens criminal cases against banks," Interfax-FIA, 11 July 1997; "Head of major Russian bank denies accusations," Interfax-FIA, 15 July 1997; "Bank of Russia Says IFC Bank President Not Corrupt," Interfax-FIA, 15 July 1997; "Russian government not to make hasty moves over bank scandal," Interfax, 15 July 1997. See also, "Bankovskiye Voiny: Peremiriye bez anneksii i kontributsii," Kommersant Weekly, 22 July 1997.
180. "Russian prosecutor general opens criminal cases against banks," Interfax-FIA, 11 July 1997; "Head of major Russian bank denies accusations," Interfax-FIA, 15 July 1997; "Bank of Russia Says IFC Bank President Not Corrupt," Interfax-FIA, 15 July 1997; "Russian government not to make hasty moves over bank scandal," Interfax, 15 July 1997. See also, "Bankovskiye Voiny: Peremiriye bez anneksii i kontributsii," Kommersant Weekly, 22 July 1997.
181. "Russian prosecutor general opens criminal cases against banks," Interfax-FIA, 11 July 1997; "Head of major Russian bank denies accusations," Interfax-FIA, 15 July 1997; "Bank of Russia Says IFC Bank President Not Corrupt," Interfax-FIA, 15 July 1997; "Russian government not to make hasty moves over bank scandal," Interfax, 15 July 1997. See also, "Bankovskiye Voiny: Peremiriye bez anneksii i kontributsii," Kommersant Weekly, 22 July 1997.
182. Leonid Krutakov, "Skoro Novy God. Podnimyem Tost Za Tekh, Kto v Ukhodyashchem Godu Ukral Bolshe Vsyevo!" Lyudi (December 1997).
183. Yelena Kiselyova, "Duma Pokusilas Na Zoloto Pravitelstva," Kommersant Daily, 20 September 1997.
184. Yulia Pelekhova, "MENATEP Upolnomochen Zayavit," Kommersant Daily, 9 September 1997.
185. Alexander Minkin, "Kokh Pokinul Kreslo, Chtoby Ne Okazatsya Narukh," Novaya Gazeta, 18 August 1997; Dmitry Zaks, "Ex-Property Chief Targeted in Probe," Moscow Times, 1 October 1997.
186. Alexander Minkin, "Kokh Pokinul Kreslo, Chtoby Ne Okazatsya Narukh," Novaya Gazeta, 18 August 1997; Dmitry Zaks, "Ex-Property Chief Targeted in Probe," Moscow Times, 1 October 1997.
187. Matt Bivens, "Svyazinvest: Everyone's Screwed, But It's OK," St. Petersburg Times, 7 October 1997.
188. "Svyazinvest's Open Deal Benefits All," Moscow Times, 29 July 1997.
189. David Hoffman, "Kremlin Reformers Take On Money Magnates," Washington Post, 9 September 1997. The article cites "some analysts" as calling Svyazinvest "a relatively fair sale."
190. Astrid Wendlandt, "Soros: Privatization Stained Chubais," Moscow Times, 13 January 1998.
191. Patricia Kranz, "Russia's Most Powerful Man," Business Week (International Edition), 24 November 1997.
192. "Between Oligarchy and Dictatorship: What Sort of Country Could We Wind Up in Tomorrow?" Obshchaya Gazeta, 21-27 August 1997. English-language translation from Johnson's Russia List, an e-mail press clipping service.
193. Leonid Krutakov and Ivan Kadulin, "Kredituii ili proigrayesh!" Izvestia, 1 July 1997.
194. Kirill Viktorov, "Tenevaya Imperiya: V Strane Uspeshno Deistvuyet IChP 'Anatoly Chubais i Ko.'" Moskovsky Komsomolets, 10 December 1997.
195. Izvestia, 5 July.
196. "Ethical Blindness in the Kremlin," New York Times, 19 November 1997.
197. Carol J. Williams, "Yeltsin Firing Shaping Up as a Boost to Reform," Los Angeles Times, 25 March 1998.
198. David Hoffman, "Russia's Top Bear Returns with a Roar," Washington Post, 23 March 1998.
199. David Hoffman, "A New Breed of Russian: Premier Nominee Typifies Young Go-Getters," Washington Post, 31 March 1998.
200. Ibid.
201. Igor Semenenko, "Dangers of Debt Defaults Gather on Russian Horizon," Moscow Times, 18 November 1997; Steven H. Hanke, "Is the Ruble Next?" Forbes, 9 March 1998.
202. Igor Semenenko, "Dangers of Debt Defaults Gather on Russian Horizon," Moscow Times, 18 November 1997; Steven H. Hanke, "Is the Ruble Next?" Forbes, 9 March 1998.
203. As cited by Bivens in "Temple of the Russian Soul."
204. Kranz, "Russia's Most Powerful Man."
205. Kathy Lally, "Poll: Killer Beats Cosmonaut as Career Goal Among Teens," Baltimore Sun, 21 October 1997.
206. See, for example, Aleksander Yevtushenko, "Konstantin Borovoi: Mnye nadoyeli voryugi s mandatami Gosdumy," Komsomolskaya Pravda, 14 October 1997.
207. Quoted by Konstantin Katanyan, "Femida ne zhaleyut pravozashchitnikov," Russkaya Mysl, 15-21 January 1998.
208. "Soros: Privatization Stained Chubais," Moscow Times, 13 January 1998.
209. Viktor Bondareyev, "Nashe 'Demokraticheskoye Tsarstvo,"" Kuranty, 3-9 September 1997.
210. Minkin's allegations, as far as we know, have gone uninvestigated by America's Moscow correspondents.
211. Matt Bivens, "Chechen Rebels Ambivalent toward U.S.," Los Angeles Times, March 1995.
212. Lee Hockstader, "IMF Deal Should Keep Russia on Strict Reform Track," Washington Post, 24 February 1996, A22.
213. Carol Matlack, "What Happened to the Russian Coal Miners' Dollars?" Business Week, 8 September 1997. Sec also "Chornaya dyra dlya $500,000,000: Potanin dolzhen znat, gde 'shakhtyorskiye' dengy," (unsigned), Novaya Gazeta, 9-15 June 1997.
214. Carol Matlack, "What Happened to the Russian Coal Miners' Dollars?" Business Week, 8 September 1997. Sec also "Chornaya dyra dlya $500,000,000: Potanin dolzhen znat, gde 'shakhtyorskiye' dengy," (unsigned), Novaya Gazeta, 9-15 June 1997.
215. Boris Fyodorov, "Moscow Without Mirrors," New York Times, 1 April 1994.
216. Ben Hirschler, "Counting the Cost of Corruption," Reuters, 22 October 1997.
217. Christian Lowe, "Russia Tops List of Most Corrupt," Moscow Times, 4 November 1997; "Rossiya - pervaya po masshtabam korruptsii," Noviye Izvestia, 6 November 1997.
218. Christian Lowe, "Russia Tops List of Most Corrupt," Moscow Times, 4 November 1997; "Rossiya - pervaya po masshtabam korruptsii," Noviye Izvestia, 6 November 1997.
219. Hirschler, "Counting the Cost of Corruption."
220. Grigory Yavlinsky, "Shortsighted," New York Times Sunday Magazine, 8 June 1997.