Public life in authoritarian Japan

Daedalus

Volumn 127, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 133-165

  Berry, Mary Elizabeth ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0002175249     PISSN: 00115266     EISSN: 15486192     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. For example, Tadashi Fukutake, The Japanese Social Structure, trans. Ronald P. Dore (Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1982).
2. Also see Karel van Wolferen, The Enigma of Japanese Power (New York: Alfred J. Knopf, 1989).
3. For example, Edwin O. Reischauer, The Japanese Today (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977).
4. For a recent work, see Sally A. Hastings, Neighborhood and Nation in Tokyo, 1905-1937 (Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1995).
5. For example, Mikiso Hane, Peasants, Rebels, and Outcastes (New York: Pantheon, 1982)
6. and Reflections on the Way to the Gallows (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988);
7. also, Miriam Silverberg, Changing Song: The Marxist Manifestos of Nakano Shigeharu (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990).
8. See Stephen Vlastos, "Opposition Movements in Early Meiji, 1868-1885," in The Cambridge History of Japan, vol. 5, ed. Marius B. Jansen (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), esp. 426, for a thoughtful and wide-ranging analysis of state concessions to propertied interests. Vlastos breaks the bounds of any simple "materialist" analysis even while illuminating its most trenchant claims.
9. Most eminently, Andrew Barshay, State and Intellectual in Modern Japan: The Public Man in Crisis (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988).
10. See, for example, Maruyama Masao, Sengo Nihon no kakushin shisō (Tokyo: Gendai no Rironsha, 1983)
11. and Andrew Barshay's discussion in "On (No) Revolution: Modalities of Historical Change in the Thought of Maruyama Masao," unpublished paper. Also see Carol Gluck, "The Past in the Present," in Postwar Japan as History, ed. Andrew Gordon (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1993).
12. A partial but extensive translation of Yoshino's great work, "On the Meanings of Constitutional Government and the Methods by Which It Can Be Perfected," appears in vol. 2 of Sources of Japanese Tradition, ed. Ryusaku Tsunoda et al. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1968), 217-239.
13. John W. Hall, "Rule by Status in Tokugawa Japan," in Journal of Japanese Studies 1 (1) (1974);
14. Herman Ooms, Tokugawa Ideology: Early Constructs, 1570-1680 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1985);
15. Sasaki Junnosuke, "Kōgi to mibun-sei," in Taikei Nihon kokka-shi: Kinsei, ed. Sasaki et al. (Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku Shuppan-kai, 1975)
16. Irwin Scheiner, "Benevolent Lords and Honorable Peasants," in Japanese Thought in the Tokugawa Period, ed. Tetsuo Najita and Scheiner (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978).
17. Also see, in the same volume, Matsumoto Sannosuke, "The Idea of Heaven: A Tokugawa Foundation for Natural Rights Theory."
18. The only synoptic work in English on the samurai is Eiko Ikegami, The Taming of the Samurai: Honorific Individualism and the Making of Modern Japan (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995).
19. For the urban situation, see Wakita Osamu, "Kinsei toshi no kensetsu to gōshō," in Iwanami kōza Nihon no rekishi, vol. 9 (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1975);
20. Kyōto no rekishi, vol. 5, comp. Kyōto-shi (Tokyo: Gakugei Shorin, 1972), 56-82;
21. and William B. Hauser, Economic Institutional Change in Tokugawa Japan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974).
22. For the agrarian situation, see Furushima Toshi, "The Village and Agriculture During the Tokugawa Period," in The Cambridge History of Japan, vol. 4, ed. John W. Hall (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), esp. 486-492.
23. For analysis of conflict within villages see Herman Ooms, Tokugawa Village Practice: Class, Status, Power (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1996).
24. For extra-village protest, see James White, Ikki: Social Conflict and Political Protest in Early Modern Japan (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1995);
25. Anne Walthall, Social Protest and Popular Culture in Eighteenth-Century Japan (Tucson, Ariz.: University of Arizona Press, 1986);
26. and Stephen Vlastos, Peasant Protests and Uprisings in Tokugawa Japan (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1986).
27. For petitions, see Luke Roberts, "The Petition Box in Eighteenth-Century Tosa," Journal of Japanese Studies 20 (2) (1994).
28. Thomas C. Smith, "The Land Tax in the Tokugawa Period," in Studies in the Institutional History of Early Modern Japan, ed. John W. Hall and Marius B. Jansen (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1968). Ogyū Sorai was one of the earlier and most vociferous advocates of returning samurai to the land.
29. See J. R. McEwan, The Political Writings of Ogyū Sorai (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962).
30. The most elaborate treatment of the samurai "tradition" came from Yamaga Sokō, who compiled a systematic encyclopedia of martial society in 58 volumes. See the Buke jiki, ed. Yamaga Sokō Sensei Zenshū Kankō-kai, 3 vols. (Tokyo: Nisshin Insatsu Kabushiki Gaisha, 1915).
31. Quoted in Tsunoda, Sources of Japanese Tradition, vol. 1, 347.
32. Ronald P. Dore, Education in Tokugawa Japan (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1965);
33. and Richard Rubinger, Private Academies of Tokugawa Japan (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982).
34. Extracts from the work of these thinkers appear in Tsunoda, Sources of Japanese Tradition, vol. 1. See 379 for the Banzan quotation, 491 for the Seiryō quotation.
35. Thomas C. Smith, "'Merit' as Ideology in the Tokugawa Period," in Native Sources of Japanese Industrialization, 1750-1920 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988), 169.
36. Chikuzan's work is discussed at length by Tetsuo Najita in Visions of Virtue in Tokugawa Japan: The Kaitokudō Merchant Academy of Osaka (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 151-186. The quotations, which are Najita's paraphrases of Chikuzan, are on 168.
37. Barshay, in discussions of imperial Japan in the prewar period, defines public men inside and outside of government and then explores their histories through exemplary biographies. See Barshay, State and Intellectual in Modern Japan.
38. Najita, Visions of Virtue, 222-284.
39. For a splendid overview, see E. Sydney Crawcour, "Economic Change in the Nineteenth Century," in The Cambridge History of Japan, vol. 5.
40. Mitsui Takahira, "Kanai shikihō chō" (1695/2) in Mitsui-ke jigyō shiryō.
41. The classic study in English of merchant thought, and its resonance with a "Protestant ethic," is Robert N. Bellah, Tokugawa Religion: The Values of Pre-Industrial Japan, 2d ed. (New York: The Free Press, 1985).
42. For censorship, see Munemasa Isoo, Kinsei Kyōto shuppan bunka no kenkyū (Tokyo: Dōmei-sha, 1982), 54-56.
43. For Tokugawa-period publishers' catalogues, where titles can be searched, see the following note. Also see Edo Printed Books at Berkeley, comp. Oka Masahiko et al. (Tokyo: Yumani Shobō, 1990) for a convenient and substantial (though partial) list of the material that reached the public.
44. For a splendid treatment of Tokugawa-period printing, see Henry D. Smith II, "The History of the Book in Edo and Paris," in Edo and Paris: Urban Life and the State in the Early Modern Era, ed. James L. McClain et al. (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1994).
45. Also see Donald H. Shively, "Popular Culture,"in The Cambridge History of Japan, vol. 4.
46. The book catalogues are reproduced in (Edo jidai) Shorin shuppan shoseki mokuroku shūsei, ed. Shidō Bunko, 4 vols. (Tokyo: Inoue Shobō, 1962-1964).
47. Among the most remarkable city directories are the Edo sōkanoko meisho taizen in Edo sōsho, ed. Edo Sōsho Kankō-kai (Tokyo: Edo Sōsho Kankōkai, 1916), vols. 3-4,
48. and the Kyō habutae in (Shinshū) Kyōto sōsho (Kyoto: Rinsen Shoten, 1976).
49. Fujimoto Kazan, Shikidō ōkagami, in Kinsei shikidō-ron (vol. 60 of Nihon shisō taikei), ed. Noma Kōshin (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1976).
50. The prolific literature of primers and texts is surveyed in Ishikawa Matsutarō, Ōraimono no seiritsu to tenkai (Tokyo: Yūshōdō Shuppan, 1988).
51. Thomas C. Smith, "Okura Nagatsune and the Technologists," in Native Sources, 173-198;
52. and Smith, The Agrarian Origins of Modern Japan (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1959).
53. The most influential of the manuals was Miyazaki Antei's Nōgyo zensho; see Kinsei kagaku shisō, vol. 1,
54. comp. Furushima Toshio (vol. 62 of Nihon shisō taikei) (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1972).
55. Matsumoto Sannosuke, "The Roots of Political Disillusionment: 'Public' and 'Private' in Japan," in Authority and the Individual in Japan, ed. Victor Koschmann (Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1974);
56. and H. D. Harootunian, "Late Tokugawa Culture and Thought," The Cambridge History of Japan, vol. 5, 178-179.
57. The fiction of Ihara Saikaku provides an encyclopedic view of these subjects. See, for example, The Japanese Family Storehouse, trans. G. W. Sargent (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1959);
58. and The Life of an Amorous Woman, trans. Ivan Morris (New York: New Directions, 1963).
59. See Maruyama Masao's discussion of Motoori Norinaga in Studies in the Intellectual History of Tokugawa Japan, trans. Mikiso Hane (Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1974), 135-176, 264-273.
60. Also see J. Victor Koschmann, "The Debate on Subjectivity in Postwar Japan," in Pacific Affairs 54 (4) (1982).
61. Vlastos, "Opposition Movements in Early Meiji,"
62. and Andrew Gordon, Labor and Imperial Democracy in Prewar Japan (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1991).
63. See F. G. Notehelfer's review of James C. Baxter, The Meiji Unification through the Lens of Ishikawa Prefecture, in Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 57 (1) (1997): 270-289.
64. A small peerage, which did not become a major source of national leadership, was retained in the Meiji Constitution. The upper house of the Diet was to be "composed of members of the Imperial Family, of Nobles, and of Deputies who have been appointed by the Emperor."
65. See Irokawa Daikichi, The Culture of the Meiji Period, trans. Marius B. Jansen (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1985), 76-122 for discussion of the constitutions drafted even in remote villages.
66. For an English translation of the constitution, see the Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan, vol. 2 (Tokyo and New York: Kodansha, 1983), 7-9.
67. For discussion by the oligarchs, see Fifty Years of New Japan, ed. Okuma Shigenobu (New York: Dutton, 1909).
68. For an excellent summary of constitutional constraints, see Taichirō Mitani, "The Establishment of Party Cabinets, 1898-1932," in The Cambridge History of Japan, vol. 6, ed. Peter Duus (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
69. Robert M. Spalding, Imperial Japan's Higher Civil Service Examinations (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1967);
70. Ronald Dore, The Diploma Disease (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1976);
71. Earl Kinmonth, The Self-Made Man in Japanese Thought (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1981);
72. Maruyama Masao, "Kindai Nihon no chishikijin," in Kōei no ichi kara (Tokyo: Miraisha, 1982).
73. Michael Lewis, Rioters and Citizens: Mass Protest in Imperial Japan (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1990);
74. Gregory J. Kasza, The State and the Mass Media in Japan, 1918-1945 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988).
75. The fullest study of Minobe in English is Frank O. Miller, Minobe Tatsukichi, Interpreter of Constitutionalism in Japan (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1965).
76. Also see Byron K. Marshall, "Professors and Politics: The Meiji Academic Elite," Journal of Japanese Studies 3 (1) (1977).