Deep crustal shear zones, high-grade tectonites, and associated metasomatic alteration in the Limpopo Belt, South Africa: implications for deep crustal processes

Journal of Geology

Volumn 105, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 37-57

  Smit, C A ^a   Van Reenen, D D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0002136468     PISSN: 00221376     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/606146     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Ailing, H. L., 1938, Plutonic perthites: Jour. Geology, v. 46, p. 142-146.
2. 2 regime in regional metamorphism: Int. Geol. Rev., v. 29, p. 1379-1401.
3. Aydin, A., and Nur, A., 1982, Evolution of pull-apart basins and their scale independence: Tectonics, v. 1, p. 91-105.
4. Baker, J.; Van Reenen, D. D.; Van Schalkwyk, J. F.; and Newton, R. C., 1992, Constraints on the composition of fluids involved in retrograde anthophyllite formation in the Limpopo Belt, South Africa: Precamb. Res., v. 55, p. 327-336.
5. Barton, J. M., Jr., and Van Reenen, D. D., 1992, The significance of Rb-Sr ages of biotite and phlogopite for the thermal history of the Central and Southern Marginal Zones of the Limpopo Belt of southern Africa and the adjacent portions of the Kaapvaal Craton: Precamb. Res., v. 55, p. 17-31.
6. Bell, T. H., and Etheridge, M. A., 1973. Microstructure of mylonites and their descriptive terminology: Lithos, v. 6, p. 337-348.
7. Bell, T. H., and Etheridge, M. A., 1976, The deformation and recrystallization of quartz in a mylonite zone, Central Australia: Tectonophysics, v. 32, p. 235-267.
8. _, and Hammond, R. L., 1984, On the internal geometry of mylonite zones: Jour. Geology, v. 92, p. 667-686.
9. Bohlender, F.; Van Reenen, D. D.; and Barton, J. M., Jr., 1992, Evidence for the presence of igneous and metamorphic charnockites in the Southern Marginal Zone of the Limpopo Belt: Precamb. Res., v. 55, p. 429-449.
10. Bohlender, F., 1993, Igneous and metamorphic charnockitic rocks in the Southern Marginal Zone of the Limpopo Belt with special emphasis on the Matok enderbitic-granite suite: Unpub. Ph.D. thesis, Rand Afrikaans University, Johannesburg, 156 p.
11. Boundy, T. M.; Fountain, D. M.; and Austrheim, H., 1992, Structural development and petrofabrics of eclogite facies shear zones, Bergen Arcs, western Norway: Implications for deep-crustal deformational processes: Jour. Metamor. Geol., v. 10, p. 127-146.
12. 2-NaCl fluids at high pressures and temperatures: Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, v. 47, p. 1247-1275.
13. Brandl, G., 1990, The Palala Shear belt, in Van Reenen, D. D., and Roering, C., eds., The Limpopo Belt: A Field Workshop on Granulites and Deep-Crustal Tectonics: Johannesburg, Rand Afrikaans University, and Pretoria, Found. Res. Development, p. 150-163.
14. Brodie, K. H., 1995. The development of orientated symplectites during deformation: Jour. Metamor. Geol., v. 13, p. 499-508.
15. _, and Rutter, E. H., 1985. On the relationship between deformation and metamorphism with special reference to the behavior of basic rocks, in Thompson, A. B., and Rubie, D., eds., Kinetics, Textures, and Deformation. (Adv. Phys. Geochem. Vol. 4): Berlin, Springer, p. 138-179.
16. Coward, M. P., and Butler, R. W. H., 1985, Thrust tectonics and the deep structure of the Pakistan Himalaya: Geology, v. 13, p. 417-420.
17. Coward, M. P., and Park, R. G., 1987, The role of midcrustal shear zones in the Early Proterozoic evolution: Geol. Soc. London Spec. Pub. 27, p. 127-138.
18. Davidson, A., 1984, Identification of ductile shear zones in the southwestern Grenville Province of the Canadian Shield, in Kröner, A., and Greiling, eds., Precambrian Tectonics Illustrated: Stuttgart, E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung (Nägele und Obermiller), p. 263-279.
19. _; Culshaw, N. G.; and Nadeau, L., 1982, A tectono-metamorphic framework for part of the Grenville Province, Parry Sound region, Ontario, in Current research, part A: Geol. Survey Canada Paper 82-1A, p. 175-190.
20. Davidson, C.; Hollister, L. S.; and Schmid, S. M., 1992, Role of melt in the formation of a deep-crustal compressive shear zone: The Maclaren Glacier Metamorphic Belt, South Central Alaska: Tectonics, v. 11, p. 348-359.
21. De Beer, J. H., and Stettler, E. H., 1992, The deep struc-ture of the Limpopo Belt: Precamb. Res., v. 55, p. 173-186.
22. De Wit, M. J.; Roering, C.; Hart, R. J.; Armstrong, R. A.; De Ronde, C. E. J.; Green, R. W. E.; Tredoux, M.; Pederdy, E.; and Hart, R. A., 1991a, Formation of an Archean continent: Nature, v. 357, p. 553-562.
23. _; Van Reenen, D. D.; and Roering, C., 1992b, Geologic observations across a tectonometamorphic boundary in the Babangu area, Giyani (Sutherland) Greenstone Belt, South Africa: Precamb. Res., v. 55, p. 111-122.
24. Droop, G. T. R., 1989, Reaction history of garnet-sapphirine granulites and conditions of Archean high-pressure metamorphism in the central Limpopo mobile belt Zimbabwe: Jour. Metamör. Geol., v. 7, p. 383-403.
25. 2 system: Prediction of phase equilibra and volumetric properties: Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, v. 59, p. 2869-2882.
26. Du Toit, R., 1994, High-temperature metasomatic alteration associated with deep-crustal shear zones in the Limpopo Belt, South Africa: Unpub. M.Sc. thesis, Rand Afrikaans University, Auckland Park 304 p.
27. 2O-metasomatic alteration associated with granulite facies shear zones in the Limpopo Belt, South Africa: Ext. Abs. Centennial Geocong. 1995, South Africa, v. II, p. 594-595.
28. England, P., and Molnar, P., 1990, Right-lateral shear and rotation as the explanation for strike-slip faulting in eastern Tibet: Nature (London), v. 344, p. 140-142.
29. Etheridge, M. A., and Wilkie, J. C., 1979, Grain-size reduction, grain boundary sliding, and flow strength of mylonites: Tectonophysics, v. 58, p. 159-178.
30. Griffen, W. L., 1969, Replacement antiperthite in gneisses of the Babbit-Embarrass area, Minnesota, USA: Lithos, v. 2, p. 171-186.
31. Hanmer, S., 1987, Textural map-units in quartzofeldspathic mylonitic rocks: Can. Jour. Earth Sci., v. 24, p. 2065-2073.
32. _, 1988a, Great Slave Lake Shear Zone, Canadian Shield: Reconstructed vertical profile of a crustalscale fault zone: Tectonophysics, v. 149, p. 245-264.
33. _, 1988b, Ductile thrusting at mid-crustal level, southwestern Grenville Province: Can. Jour. Earth Sci., v. 25, p. 1049-1059.
34. _, and McEachern, S., 1992, Kinematical and rheological evolution of a crustal-scale ductile thrust zone, Central Metasedimentary Belt, Grenville orogen, Ontario: Can. Jour. Earth Sci., v. 29, p. 1779-1790.
35. _; Williams, M.; and Kopf, C., 1995, Modest movements, spectacular fabrics in an intracontinental deep-crustal strike-slip fault: Striding-Athabasca mylonite zone, NW Canadian Shield: Jour. Struct. Geol., v. 17, p. 493-507.
36. Hansen, E. C.; Newton, R. C.; and Janardhan, A. S., 1984, Fluid inclusions in rocks from the amphibolite-facies gneiss to charnockite progression in southern Karnataka, India: Direct evidence concerning the fluids of granulite metamorphism: Jour. Metamor. Geol., v. 2, p. 249-264.
37. _; _; _; and Lindeberg, S., 1995, Differentiation of late Archean crust in the eastern Dharwar Craton, south India: Jour. Geology, v. 103, p. 629-651.
38. Hirth, G., and Tullis, J., 1992, Dislocation creep regimes in quartz aggregates: Jour. Struct. Geol., v. 14, p. 145-159.
39. Hoernes, S.; Lichtenstein, U.; Van Reenen, D. D.; and Mokgatlha, K. 1995, Whole-rock/mineral O-isotope fractionations as a tool to model fluid-rock interaction in deep-seated shear zones of the Southern Marginal Zone of the Limpopo Belt, South Africa: So. Air. Jour. Geol., v. 98/4, p. 488-497.
40. James, P. R.; MacDonald, P.; and Parker, M., 1989, Strain and displacement in the Harts Range Detachment Zone: A structural study of the Bruna Gneiss from the western margin of the Entia Dome, central Australia: Tectonophysics, v. 158, p. 23-48.
41. Johnson, S. E., and Vernon, R. H., 1995, Stepping stones and pitfalls in the determination of an anticlockwise P-T-t deformation path: The low-P, high-T Cooma Complex, Australia: Jour. Metamor. Geol., v. 13, p. 165-183.
42. Kamber, B. S.; Kramers, J. D.; Napier, R.; Cliff, R. A.; and Rollinson, H. R., 1995, The Triangle Shear Zone, Zimbabwe, revised: New data documented an important event at 2.0 Ga in the Limpopo Belt: Precamb. Res., v. 70, p. 191-213.
43. Lacassin, R., 1987, Kinematics of ductile shearing from outcrop to crustal scale in the Monte Rosa nappe, Western Alps: Tectonics, v. 6, p. 67-88.
44. Le Fort, R., 1981, Manaslu leucogranite: A collision signature of the Himalaya - a model for its genesis and emplacement: Jour. Geophys. Res., v. 86, p. 10, 545-10,568.
45. Lister, G. S., and Snoke, A. W., 1984, S-C Mylonites: Jour. Struct. Geol., v. 6, p. 617-638.
46. Lucas, S. B., 1990, Relations between thrust belt evolution, grain-scale deformation, and metamorphic processes: Cape Smith Belt, northern Canada: Tectonophysics, v. 178, p. 151-182.
47. Mason, R., 1973, The Limpopo Mobile Belt, Southern Africa: Royal Soc. (London) Philos. Trans., v. A273, p. 463-485.
48. McCourt, S., 1983, Archean lithologies of the Koedoesrand area, northwest Transvaal, South Africa, in Van Biljon, W. J., and Legg, J. H., eds., The Limpopo Belt: Geol. Soc. So. Afr. Spec. Pub. 8, p. 113-120.
49. _, and Vearncombe, J. R., 1992, Shear zones of the Limpopo Belt and adjacent granitoid-greenstone terranes: Implications for late Archean collision tectonics in southern Africa: Precamb. Res., v. 55, p. 553-570.
50. Mogk, D. W., 1992, Ductile shearing and migmatization at mid-crustal levels in an Archean high-grade gneiss belt, northern Gallatin Range, Montana, USA: Jour. Metamor. Geol., v. 10, p. 427-438.
51. Mokgatlha, K. P. B., 1995, The transformation of tonalitic gneiss into potassic garnet-sillimanite gneiss in a deep crustal shear zone in the Limpopo Belt: Unpub. M.Sc. thesis, Rand Afrikaans University, Auckland Park, 151 p.
52. Molli, G., 1994, Microstructural features of hightemperature shear zones in gabbros of the Northern Apennine Ophiolites: Jour. Struct. Geol., v. 16, p. 1535-1541.
53. Miyano, T.; Ogata, H.; Van Reenen, D. D.; Van Schalkwyk, J. F.; and Arakawa, Y., 1992, Peak metamorphic conditions of sapphirine-bearing rocks in the Rhenosterkoppies Greenstone Belt, northern Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa, in Glover, J. C., and Ho, S. E., eds., The Archean: Terranes, Processes, and Metallogeny, Univ. West. Australia Pub., 22, p. 73-87.
54. Myers, J. S., 1978, Formation of banded gneisses by deformation of igneous rocks: Precamb. Res., v. 6, p. 43-64.
55. _, 1987, The East Greenland Nagssugtoquidian mobile belt compared with the Lewisian complex: Geol. Soc. London Spec. Pub. v. 27, p. 235-246.
56. Nadeau, L., and Hanmer, S., 1992, Deep-crustal back-break stacking and slow exhumation of the continental footwall beneath a thrusted marginal basin, Grenville orogen, Canada: Tectonophysics, v. 210, p. 215-233.
57. Newton, R. C., 1990, Fluids and shear zones in the deep crust: Tectonophysics, v. 182, p. 21-37.
58. Nicolas, A., and Poirier, J. P., 1976, Crystalline Plasticity and Solid State Flow in Metamorphic Rocks: New York, Wiley, 444 p.
59. O'Brien, P. J., and Carswell, D. A., 1993, Tectonometamorphic evolution of the Bohemian Massif: Evidence from high-pressure metamorphic rocks: Geol. Rundschau, v. 82, p. 531-555.
60. Passchier, C. W., 1986, Mylonites in the continental crust and their role as seismic reflectors: Geol. Mijnbouw, v. 65, p. 167-176.
61. _; Myers, J. S.; and Kröner, A., 1990, Field Geology of High-Grade Gneiss Terranes: New York, Springer-Verlag, 150 p.
62. _, and Trouw, R. A. J., 1996, Microtectonics: Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 289 p.
63. Perchuk, L. L., and Gerya, T. V., 1993, Fluid control of charnockitization: Chem. Geol., v. 108, p. 175-186.
64. _; _; Van Reenen, D. D.; Safanov, O. G.; and Smit C. A., 1996, The Limpopo metamorphic complex, South Africa: 2. Decompression/cooling regimes of granulites and adjacent rocks of the Kaapvaal Craton: Petrology, in press.
65. Ridley, J., 1989, Vertical movement in orogenic belts and the timing of metamorphism relative to deformation, in Daly, J. S.; Cliff, R. A.; and Yardley, B. W. D., eds., Evolution of Metamorphic Belts: Geological Soc. (London) Spec. Pub. 43, p. 103-115.
66. Roering, C.; Van Reenen, D. D.; Smit, C. A.; Barton, J. M., Jr.; de Beer, J. H.; de Wit, M. J.; Stettler, E. H.; Van Schalkwyk, J. F.; Stevens, G.; and Pretorius, S., 1992a, Tectonic model for the evolution of the Limpopo Belt: Precamb. Res., v. 55, p. 539-552.
67. _; _; _; and Du Toit, R., 1995, Deep crustal embrittlement and fluid flow during granulite metamorphism in the Limpopo Belt, South Africa: Jour. Geology, v. 103, p. 673-686.
68. _, _; de Wit, M. J.; Smit, C. A.; de Beer, J. H.; and Van Schalkwyk, J. F., 1992b, Structural geological and metamorphic significance of the Kaapvaal Craton-Limpopo Belt contact: Precamb. Res., v. 55, p. 69-80.
69. Rubie, D. C, 1983, Reaction-enhanced ductility: The role of solid-solid univariant reactions in deformation of the crust and mantle: Tectonophysics, v. 96, p. 331-352.
70. Rutter, E. H., 1983, Pressure solution in nature, theory and experiment: Jour. Geol. Soc. London, v. 140, p. 725-740.
71. Sibson, R. H., 1977, Fault-rocks and fault mechanisms: Jour. Geol. Soc. London, v. 133, p. 191-213.
72. Selverstone, J., 1985, Petrologic constraints on imbrication, metamorphism and uplift in the SW Tauern Window, Eastern Alps: Tectonophysics, v. 4, p. 687-704.
73. Simpson, C., 1986, Fabric development in brittle-toductile shear zones: Pure Applied Geophys., v. 124, p. 269-288.
74. _, and De Paor, D. G., 1994, Strain and kinematic analyses in general shear zones: Jour. Struct. Geol., v. 15, p. 1-20.
75. _, and Wintsch, R. P., 1986, Evidence for deformation-induced K-feldspar replacement by myrmekite: Jour. Metamor. Geol., v. 7, p. 261-275.
76. Smit, C. A.; Roering, C.; and Van Reenen, D. D., 1992, The structural framework of the southern margin of the Limpopo Belt, South Africa: Precamb. Res., v. 55, p. 51-67.
77. Smith, J. V., and Brown, W. L., 1988, Feldspar Minerals, Vol. 1. Crystal Structures, Physical, Chemical, and Microtextural Properties (2d rev. ext. ed.): New York, Springer-Verlag, 828 p.
78. Smithson, S. B.; Johnson, R. A.; and Hurich, C. A., 1986, Crustal reflections and crustal structure, in Barazangi, M., and Brown, L., eds., Reflection Seismology: The Continental Crust: Amer. Geophys. Union Geodynamics Series, v. 14, p. 21-44.
79. Stevens, G., and Van Reenen, D. D., 1992, Constraints on the form of the P-T loop in the Southern Marginal Zone of the Limpopo Belt, South Africa: Precamb. Res., v. 55, p. 279-296.
80. Stevens, G., 1995, Compositional controls on partial melting in high-grade metapelites: A petrological and experimental study: Unpub. Ph.D. thesis, University of Manchester, 245 p.
81. St-Onge, M. R., and Lucas, S. B., 1991, Evolution of regional metamorphism in the Cape Smith thrust belt (northern Québec, Canada): Interaction of tectonic and thermal processes: Jour. Metamor. Geol., v. 9, p. 515-534.
82. Touret, J. L. R., 1971, Le faciès granulite en Norwège Méridionale: Lithos, v. 4, p. 239-249.
83. _, 1985, Fluid regime in southern Norway: The record of fluid inclusions, in Tobi, A. C., and Touret, J. R. L., eds., The Deep Proterozoic Crust in the North Atlantic Provinces: Dordrecht, Reidel, p. 517-549.
84. _, 1996, Fluids in granulites: The quest continues, in V. M. Goldschmidt Conference (Heidelberg, Germany): Jour. Conf. Abs., v. 1, n. 1, p. 623.
85. Treloar, P. J.; Carney, J. N.; Crow, M. J.; Evans, J. A.; and Barton, C. J., 1990, Pressure-temperature-time paths of granulite metamorphism and uplift, Zambezi Belt, N. E. Zimbabwe, in Vielzeuf, D., and Vidai, P., eds., Granulites and Crustal Evolution: Dordrecht, Kluwer, p. 223-241.
86. _; Coward, M. C.; and Harris, N. B. W., 1992, Himalayan-Tibetan analogies for the evolution of the Zimbabwe Craton and Limpopo Belt: Precamb. Res., v. 55, p. 571-587.
87. Tsunogae, T.; Miyano, T.; and Ridley, J., 1992, Metamorphic P-T profiles from the Zimbabwe Craton to the Limpopo Belt, Zimbabwe: Precamb. Res., v. 55, p. 259-277.
88. Tullis, J.; Snoke, A. W.; and Todd V. R. 1982, Penrose Conference report on significance and petrogenesis of mylonitic rocks: Geology, v. 10, p. 227-230.
89. Van Reenen, D. D., 1983, Cordierite + garnet + hypersthene + biotite-bearing assemblages as a function of changing metamorphic conditions in the Southern Marginal Zone of the Limpopo metamorphic complex, South Africa, in Van Biljon, W. J., and Legg, J. H., eds., Geol. Soc. So. Air., Spec. Pub. 8, p. 143-167.
90. _, 1986, Hydration of cordierite and hypersthene and a description of the retrograde orthoamphibole isograd in the Limpopo belt, South Africa: Am. Mineral., v. 71, p. 900-915.
91. _, Barton, J. M., Jr.; Roering, C.; Smit, C. A., and Van Schalkwyk, J. F., 1987, Deep-crustal response to continental collision: The Limpopo Belt of southern Africa: Geology, v. 15, p. 11-14.
92. _, and Hollister, L., 1988, Fluid-inclusions in hydrated granulite facies rocks. Southern Marginal Zone of the Limpopo belt, South Africa: Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, v. 52, p. 1057-1064.
93. _, McCourt, S.; and Smit, C. A., 1995, Are the Southern and Northern Marginal Zones of the Limpopo Belt related to a single continental collisional event?: So. Afr. Jour. Geol., v. 94/4, p. 489-504.
94. _; Pretorius, A. I.; and Roering, C., 1994, Characterization of fluids associated with gold mineralization and with regional retrogression of granulites in the Limpopo Belt, South Africa: Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, v. 58, p. 1147-1159.
95. _; Roering, C.; Brandl, G.; Smit, C. A.; and Barton, J. M., Jr., 1990, The granulite facies rocks of the Limpopo belt, southern Africa, in Vielzeuf, D., and Vidai, P., eds., Granulites and Crustal Evolution: Dordrecht, Kluwer, p. 257-289.
96. 2-rich fluid: Precamb. Res., v. 55, p. 337-352.
97. Walcott, R. L, 1987, Geodetic strain and the deformation history of the North Island of New Zealand during the late Cainozoic, in Oxburgh, E.R.; Yardley, B.W.D.; and England, P.C., eds., The Tectonic Settings of Regional Metamorphism: Royal Society (London) Philos. Trans. v. A321, p. 163-182.
98. 2O fluids and their implications for fluid transport, host-rock physical properties, and fluid inclusion formation: Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v. 85, p. 497-515.
99. White, S. H., and Knipe, R. J., 1978, Transformation and reaction enhanced ductility in rocks: Jour. Geol. Soc. London, v. 135, p. 513-516.
100. White, S. H.; Burrowa, S. E.; Carreras, J.; Shaw, N. D., and Humphreys, F. J., 1980, On mylonites in ductile shear zones: Jour. Struct. Geol., v. 2, p. 175-187
101. Wise, D. U.; Dunn, D. E.; Engelder, J. T.; Geiser, P. A.; Hatcher, R. D.; Kish, S. A.; Odom, A. L,; and Schamel, S., 1984, Fault-related rocks: Some suggestions for terminology: Geology, v. 12, p. 391-393.
102. Zeck, H. P., 1974, Cataclastites, hemiclastites, holoclastites, blasto-ditto, and myloblastites - cataclastic rocks: Am. Jour. Sci., v. 274, p. 1064-1073.
103. Zeitler, P. K., 1985, Cooling history of the northwestern Himalaya, Pakistan: Tectonics, v. 4, p. 127-151.
104. _; Sutter, J. F.; Williams, I. S.; Zartman, R,; and Tahrakheli, R. A. K., 1989, Geochronology and temperature history of the Nanga Parbat-Haramosh Massif, Pakistan, in Malinconico, L. L., and Lillie, R. J., eds., Tectonics of the western Himalayas: Geol Soc. America Spec. Paper 232, p. 1-22.