What is a digital library? Technology, intellectual property, and the public interest

Daedalus

Volumn 125, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 1-33

  Lyman, Peter ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0002109497     PISSN: 00115266     EISSN: 15486192     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Lucien Febvre and Henri-Jean Martin, The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing 1450-1800, trans. David Gerard (London: Verso Editions, 1984), 13.
2. Elizabeth Eisenstein, The Printing Press as an Agent of Change: Communications and Cultural Transformations in Early-Modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979).
3. Although there are differences between oral and written cultures, both involve literacies that have overlapping characteristics. In his description of the different understandings of the Treaty of Waitangi to the print literate English and the orally literate Maori, D. F. McKenzie illustrated the distinctive intellectual problem of understanding the complex possibilities for cultural domination at the boundary between literacies. D. F. McKenzie, Oral Culture, Literacy and Print in Early New Zealand: The Treaty of Waitangi, Victoria University of Wellington (New Zealand: Victoria University Press, 1985).
4. See The Ethnography of Reading, ed. Jonathan Boyarin (Berkeley, Calif.: The University of California Press, 1993).
5. Stanley Fish, Self-Consuming Artifacts (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1972), 401.
6. Sherry Turkle, The Second Self (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984).
7. See Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, "Why We Need Things," in History From Things: Essays on Material Culture, ed. Steven Lubar and W. David Kingery (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1993), 23. "Artifacts help objectify the self. . .by demonstrating the owner's power, vital erotic energy and place in the social hierarchy. . .revealing the continuity of the self through time, by providing foci of involvement in the present, moments and souvenirs of the past, and sign-posts to future goals. . .and [giving] concrete evidence of one's place in a social network as symbols [literally, the joining together] of valued relationships. In these three ways things stabilize our sense of who we are, they give permanent shape to our views of ourselves that otherwise would quickly dissolve in the flux of consciousness."
8. Frank Popper, Art of the Electronic Age (New York: Harry Abrams, 1993), 58.
9. Seymour Papert, Mindstorms: Children, Computers and Powerful Ideas (New York: Basic Books, 1980), 23.
10. Lee Sproull and Sara Kiesler, "Reducing Social Context Cues: The Case of Electronic Mail," Management Science 32 (1986): 1492-1512.
11. D. E. Egan, J. R. Remde, T. K. Landauer, C. C. Lockbaum, and others, "Behavioral Evaluation and Analysis of a Hypertext Browser," Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 89), Austin, Tex., 30 April -4 May 1989. SIGCHI Bulletin (May 1989, special issue): 205-210.
12. Richard A. Lanham, The Electronic Word: Democracy, Technology and the Arts (Chicago, Ill.: The University of Chicago Press, 1993).
13. Carla Hesse, "The Book in Time," forthcoming in Geoffrey Nunberg, ed., The Future of the Book (Berkeley, Calif.: The University of California Press, 1996).
14. Barbara Maria Stafford, Artful Science: Enlightenment Entertainment and the Eclipse of Visual Education (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1984).
15. Barbara Maria Stafford, Artful Science: Enlightenment Entertainment and the Eclipse of Visual Education Ibid., 311.
16. A Vision of an Intelligent Island: The IT 2000 Report, National Computer Board, Singapore, March 1992. "Singapore, the Intelligent Island, will be among the first countries in the world with an advanced nation-wide information infrastructure. . . . Too small to rely only on its own resources, Singapore has always plugged into the global networks. More Singapore companies are spreading their wings overseas. Complementary use of resources across borders is becoming the basis for global competitive advantage. Networking with other countries will generate mutual benefits and greater prosperity for all, as is being shown through the Growth Triangle. The NII has an important role in this strategic economic thrust. It will help turn Singapore into a highly efficient switching centre for goods, services, capital, information and people."
17. A Vision of an Intelligent Island: The IT 2000 Report, Ibid., 20.
18. Geoffrey Nunberg, "The Places of Books in the Age of Electronic Reproduction," Representations (42) (Spring 1993): 21.
19. Norbert Wiener, The Human Use of Human Beings: Cybernetics and Society (New York: Avon Books, 1967), 23-24.
20. D. F. McKenzie, Bibliography and the Sociology of Texts: The Panizzi Lectures 1985 (London: The British Library, 1986). "I define 'texts' to include verbal, visual, oral and numeric data. . . . We can find in the origins of the word 'text' itself some support for extending its meaning from manuscripts and print to other forms. It derives, of course, from the Latin texere, 'to weave,' and therefore refers not to any specific material as such, but to its woven state, the web or texture of the materials. Indeed, it was not restricted to the weaving of textiles, but might be applied equally well to the interlacing or entwining of any kind of material."
21. D. F. McKenzie, Bibliography and the Sociology of Texts: The Panizzi Lectures 1985 Ibid., 5.
22. The National Research Council, National Collaboratories: Applying Information Technology for Scientific Research (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1993), defines a collaboratory as "a center without walls, in which the nation's researchers can perform their research without regard to geographical location - interacting with colleagues, accessing instrumentation, sharing data and computational resources and accessing information in digital libraries."
23. National Collaboratories: Applying Information Technology for Scientific Research (Ibid., 7.
24. Cited in Thomas A. Finholt and Gary M. Olson, "From Laboratories to Collaboratories: A New Organizational Form for Scientific Collaboration," published on the World Wide Web at 〈http://www.sils.umich.edu/UARC/ Labtocollab.html.〉
25. J. Dibble, "A Rape in Cyberspace," The Village Voice, 21 December 1993, 36-43. Xerox PARC's famous Lamda Moo may be explored directly by Telnet to the Lamda MOO site at 〈telnet://Lambda.parc.xerox.com:8888.〉
26. See also Jim Falk, "The Meaning of the Web," a paper exploring the meanings of community on the Web, published on the web at 〈http:www.scu.edu.au/ausweb95/Papers/ Sociology/Falk.〉
27. The Greenpeace home page is located at 〈http://www.greenpeace.org.〉
28. Mary P. Ryan, Women in Public between Banners and Ballots, 1925-1880 (Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990), 92.
29. Intellectual Property and the National Information Infrastructure: The Report of the Working Group on Intellectual Property Rights (Washington, D.C.: US Patent and Trademark Office, August 1995).
30. The Communications Decency Act is Section 507 of the Telecommunications Bill, which amends Section 1462 of Title 18 of the US Code (Chapter 71) to add the phrase "interactive computer service" to the prohibition against interstate or foreign commerce concerning texts, graphics, or sounds that are lewd, lascivious or filthy; any information about how to obtain an abortion or how to obtain and make drugs; or obtaining or making anything that is for indecent and immoral use. On 12 June 1996, a three judge panel of the US District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania found the Communications Decency Act unconstitutional. On 3 July 1996, the US Department of Justice stated that it will appeal to the US Supreme Court.
31. Information Infrastructure Task Force, The National Information Infrastructure: Agenda for Action, 15 September 1993.
32. This document develops the themes of Executive Order 12864 of 15 September 1993, establishing the United States Advisory Council on the National Information Infrastructure within the Commerce Department. "Presidential Documents," The Federal Register 58 (179) (17 September 1993): 48773.
33. "Europe and the Global Information Society: Recommendations to the European Council," Brussels, 26 May 1994. As in the United States, the primary emphasis of the European policy is to encourage competitive forces in telecommunications, where state monopolies have dominated technology development and implementation. The recommendations include the following ten key applications to create an information society: 1) teleworking; 2) distance learning; 3) a network for universities and research centers; 4) telematic services for SMEs (firms with more than fifty employees); 5) road traffic management; 6) air traffic control; 7) health-care networks; 8) electronic tendering; 9) trans-European public administration network; and 10) city information highways (bringing the information society into the home).
34. Walter Wriston, The Twilight of Sovereignty (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1992), xii.
35. Shoshana Zuboff, In the Age of the Smart Machine (New York: Basic Books, 1988). "An informating technology challenges the organization to recognize the skill demands associated with computer mediation and the redistribution of knowledge that intellective skill development implies. . . . Obedience has been the axial principle of task execution in the traditional environment of imperative control. When tasks require intellective effort, obedience can be dysfunctional and can impede the exploitation of information. Under such conditions, internal commitment and motivation replace obedience as the primary bond between the individual and the task. As the work that people do becomes more abstract, the need for positive motivation and internal commitment becomes all the more crucial."
36. Shoshana Zuboff, In the Age of the Smart Machine Ibid., 291.
37. As Geoffrey Nunberg describes the difference: "Unlike mechanical antecedents like the printing press, the typewriter or the telegraph, the computer isn't restricted to a single role in production or diffusion. In fact, the technology tends to erase distinctions between the separate processes of creation, reproduction and distribution that characterize the classical industrial model of print commodities." Nunberg, "The Places of Books in the Age of Electronic Reproduction," 21.
38. Arjun Appadurai, "Commodities and the Politics of Value," The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective, ed. Arjun Appadurai (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986). "Gifts, and the spirit of reciprocity, sociability, and spontaneity in which they are typically exchanged, usually are starkly opposed to the profit-oriented, self-centered, and calculated spirit that fires the circulation of commodities. . .this is a simplified and overdrawn series of contrasts. . .it is important to see the calculative dimension in all these forms of exchange, even if they vary in the form and intensity of sociality associated with them."
39. Arjun Appadurai, The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective, Ibid., 11-13.
40. Carla Hesse's study shows that the French revolutionary policy to destroy copyright in the name of social equality had the opposite impact: the quality of published works deteriorated. Carla Hesse, Publishing and Cultural Politics in Revolutionary Paris, 1789-1810 (Berkeley, Calif.: The University of California Press, 1991).
41. Wriston, The Twilight of Sovereignty, 11.
42. See, for example, Peter Lor, "Information Dependence in Southern Africa: Global and Subregional Perspectives," African Journal of Libraries, Archives and Information Science 6 (1) (1996): 1-10.