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Volumn 12, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 276-314

The MRP and the Genesis of the French union, 1944-1948

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EID: 0002075193     PISSN: 02691191     EISSN: 14774542     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/fh/12.3.276     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (15)

References (54)
  • 1
    • 0003934232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Ithaca, N.Y.)
    • T. Smith in The French stake in Algeria, 1945-1962 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1978) terms the Fourth Republic's overseas policy a 'colonial consensus', running from the Socialist party on the left to the small but powerful conservative parties. He exempts the Communist party from this consensus, a view shared by this author
    • (1978) The French Stake in Algeria, 1945-1962
    • Smith, T.1
  • 3
    • 40349112782 scopus 로고
    • R. Aron, Histoire de Vichy, 1940-1944 (1954), pp. 287-8. Aron also points out that fear that the French fleet might fall into Allied hands was the other major factor working in Vichy's favour until 1942
    • (1954) Histoire de Vichy, 1940-1944 , pp. 287-288
    • Aron, R.1
  • 5
    • 65849174043 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • B. Weinstein, Eboué (New York, 1972), pp. 233-47
    • (1972) Eboué , pp. 233-247
    • Weinstein, B.1
  • 6
    • 85038662940 scopus 로고
    • 8 janvier 1943-décembre 1944 (Tananarive)
    • A prime example of this was the situation on Madagascar, where the requisition and labour policies of Governor-General de Saint-Mart was creating widespread peasant unrest, which eventually found expression in the insurrection of 1947. The policies in question were explained and defended despite this acknowledged resistance by the governor in his opening address to the island's Financial Delegations on 13 November 1944, reproduced in Madagascar dans la guerre, 8 janvier 1943-décembre 1944 (Tananarive, 1944), pp. 8-9
    • (1944) Madagascar dans la Guerre , pp. 8-9
  • 8
    • 84868782537 scopus 로고
    • Brazzaville, 30 janvier-8 février 1944 Paris: Ministère des colonies
    • Conférence africaine française. Brazzaville, 30 janvier-8 février 1944 (Paris: Ministère des colonies, 1945), pp. 27-35
    • (1945) Conférence Africaine Française , pp. 27-35
  • 10
    • 79958409106 scopus 로고
    • appendix
    • See chapter 9 of Williams, Crisis and compromise for a brief history of the Radicals. Other party strengths in this assembly included twenty-nine deputies of the newly formed Union démocratique et socialiste de h Resistance (UDSR), sixty-four conservatives, most of whom affiliated with the short-lived Parti républicain de la Liberté (PRL) and four independents out of 586 members: R. Morgenthau, Political parties in French-speaking West Africa (1964), appendix IV, p. 395
    • (1964) Political Parties in French-speaking West Africa , vol.4 , pp. 395
    • Morgenthau, R.1
  • 11
    • 84868766418 scopus 로고
    • La loi électorale est adoptée par 439 voix contre 135
    • April
    • 'La loi électorale est adoptée par 439 voix contre 135', Le Monde, 7/8 April 1946, 2. This law established one deputy per 800,000 residents for the territories with an additional deputy for each fraction of 400,000. This compared with one per 40,000 of population in metropolitan France. It was the greater local autonomy foreseen in the constitutional project that made this an attractive trade-off for autochthon deputies
    • (1946) Le Monde , vol.7 , Issue.8 , pp. 2
  • 12
    • 84868741123 scopus 로고
    • (J.O.R.F.) ANC-I, Documents Parlementaires, Rapport no. 1079, 17 Apr
    • Journal Officiel de la République Française (J.O.R.F.) ANC-I, Documents Parlementaires, Rapport no. 1079, 17 Apr. 1946. Report presented by Jean Blondi on the electoral regime and competencies of the Council of the French Union. Metropolitan France would send 90 representatives to this body, the territories 180, providing for one per 250,000 of population and one per 340,000 respectively. Ten seats would be reserved for very small enclaves with tiny populations scattered around the globe, such as Saint-Pierre-et- Miquelon off the north-east Canadian coast and the towns of India under French rule at that time
    • (1946) Journal Officiel de la République Française
  • 13
    • 0041553565 scopus 로고
    • French politics and the Algerian Statute of 1947
    • J. I. Lewis, 'French politics and the Algerian Statute of 1947', Maghreb Rev, 17 (1992), 146-72
    • (1992) Maghreb Rev , vol.17 , pp. 146-172
    • Lewis, J.I.1
  • 14
    • 85038720376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 12 June
    • Other aspects of the Constitution Senghor were judged null and void owing to the fact that its institutions and their modalities were defined by a text rejected by the voters. See AN/SOM, AP, C 216 Dossier 1, 'Note: Organisation des assemblées locales', 12 June 1946
    • Note: Organisation des Assemblées Locales , pp. 1946
  • 15
    • 79958429012 scopus 로고
    • 26 June
    • Assemblée Nationale Constituante-II, juin-octobre 1946. Commission de la Constitution, (hereafter ANC II. CC) Première Annexe. Declaration of the Popular Republican Movement proposing a constitutional project (read by Mr Paul Coste-Floret during the commission's session of 26 June 1946), pp. 22-5
    • (1946) Coste-Floret during the Commission's Session , pp. 22-25
    • Paul, M.1
  • 16
    • 60950471337 scopus 로고
    • ANC II. CC, 12 July 1946, pp. 110-22. This Socialist initiative also meant that the Constitution Senghor was definitively dead, as none of the governing parties were still prepared to fight for its revival. The Communist shift was motivated by their support for the government of Ho Chi Minh, which had accepted the principle of membership in the French Union as an 'Associated State', but which was then engaged in negotiations with the French (led by the MRP) on the terms of that status. Copeau's statement of 12 July stressed that the Communists still insisted that membership in the French Union be based on free consent, making that party the only one to recognize a principle of self-determination in French colonial polity. G. Madjarian, La question coloniale et la politique du parti communiste français, 1944-1947 (1977) for a detailed discussion of Communist party colonial policy during tripartisme
    • (1977) La Question Coloniale et la Politique du Parti Communiste Français, 1944-1947
    • Madjarian, G.1
  • 17
    • 79958419096 scopus 로고
    • 18 July
    • ANC II. Bulletin des commissions, no. 2, 18 July 1946, pp. 41-2. This Commission was charged with making recommendations on the constitutional status of the overseas territories to the Commission of the Constitution
    • (1946) Bulletin des Commissions , Issue.2 , pp. 41-42
  • 18
    • 84868737700 scopus 로고
    • Les grands principes d'une nouvelle politique coloniale
    • compte-rendu, 13-16 septembre
    • Dr Louis-Paul Aujoulat, Les grands principes d'une nouvelle politique coloniale. Deuxième Congrès du MRP, compte-rendu, 13-16 septembre 1945, pp. 1047-1203. Fondation Nationale des sciences politiques, documentation sur les partis politiques français, 27 rue St-Guillaume, Paris 7
    • (1945) Deuxième Congrès du MRP , pp. 1047-1203
    • Aujoulat, D.L.-P.1
  • 21
    • 0041553565 scopus 로고
    • French politics and the Algerian Statute of 1947
    • I discuss the larger issues surrounding this event in 'French politics and the Algerian Statute of 1947', Maghreb Rev, 17 (1992), 147-72. This revolt wiped out the MRP position in Algeria
    • (1992) Maghreb Rev , vol.17 , pp. 147-172
  • 22
    • 84972363461 scopus 로고
    • The French Colonial Service and the issues of reform, 1944-48
    • The position of Robert Delavigette and others in the colonial ministry's internal debates on which policies to support and which to oppose during this period are treated at length in J. I. Lewis, 'The French Colonial Service and the issues of reform, 1944-48', Cont Eur Hist, 4 (1995)
    • (1995) Cont Eur Hist , vol.4
    • Lewis, J.I.1
  • 24
    • 79958321519 scopus 로고
    • The author provides a more detailed discussion of the Montagne Study Group, its connection to the Varenne Commission and how that Commission became the vehicle for blocking radical departures in overseas policy by the senior staff at the rue Oudinot, in 'The French Colonial Service and the issues of reform, 1944-1948', pp. 172-4
    • (1944) The French Colonial Service and the Issues of Reform , pp. 172-174
  • 25
    • 79958453806 scopus 로고
    • Resistance: the political autobiography of Georges Bidault, trans. M. Sinclair (1964), p. 120. The reliability of these memories, written while the author was in exile during the 1960s for his role in the Algérie française movement, has been questioned. Yet Bidault did make Title VIII a matter of confidence. He proved equally uncompromising on other imperial issues from Indochina to North Africa at that time. These facts suggest to this writer that Bidault's opposition to radical departures in colonial policy was systematic and deep-seated from the beginning of his political career. I am thus inclined to accept his recollections on the events in question twenty years later as accurate in this instance
    • (1964) Resistance: The Political Autobiography of Georges Bidault , pp. 120
    • Sinclair, M.1
  • 29
    • 84868784103 scopus 로고
    • L'Aube Aug, 4
    • idem, 'Le M.R.P. et l'Union française IV: hors de la solution proposée par les republicains populaires il ne peut y avoir que contradiction et arbitraire', L'Aube, 4/5 Aug. 1946, pp. 1, 4. This clear and unprecedented threat to dissolve the coalition and force new elections over colonial issues made in the pages of this daily suggests that Bidault's subsequent decision to make Title VIII a matter of confidence may not have been unknown to other MRP leaders. It also reinforces my tendency to accept his later account of this as reliable
    • (1946) Le M.R.P. et l'Union Française IV: Hors de la Solution Proposée Par les Republicains Populaires Il Ne Peut y Avoir Que Contradiction et Arbitraire , vol.4 , Issue.5 , pp. 1
  • 32
    • 84868818352 scopus 로고
    • 29 Aug
    • M. Schumann, 'Réalités', ibid., 29 Aug. 1946, p. 1. Also see Maurice Schumann's three-part series 'Vers l'Union française', published in the same journal on 10, 11 and 12 September 1946
    • (1946) Réalités , pp. 1
    • Schumann, M.1
  • 35
    • 84868735110 scopus 로고
    • le MRP s'opposera à tout amendement qui tendrait à dénaturer le projet proposé solidairement par tous les membres du gouvernement', L'Aube, 14 Sept
    • Jean Teitgen, 'Décidé à créer l'Union française, le MRP s'opposera à tout amendement qui tendrait à dénaturer le projet proposé solidairement par tous les membres du gouvernement', L'Aube, 14 Sept. 1946, p. 1
    • (1946) Décidé À Créer l'Union Française , pp. 1
    • Teitgen, J.1
  • 37
    • 85038796724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On Moutet's commitment to this tradition and how it shaped his decisions during this period: Lewis, 'The French Colonial Service', pp. 169-71
    • The French Colonial Service , pp. 169-171
  • 38
    • 79958305345 scopus 로고
    • 5 avril
    • Title IV of the Election Law of 13 April 1946 stipulated that those of French civil status in Algeria would elect fourteen deputies to the future National Assembly, those of Koranic status would get twenty-one. This was a compromise reached between the Communists and the MRP over the objections of the Socialists, who were then supporting a single electoral college for Algeria without reservation of seats for the settlers. See the J.O.R.F., ANC-I, Annales des debats, 5 avril 1946, pp. 1506-8, for the parties' positions and the final vote on this law
    • (1946) Annales des Debats , pp. 1506-1508
  • 39
    • 0003934232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tony Smith, The French stake in Algeria, pp. 100-1, makes this point quite convincingly when he points out that the structural weakness of the Algerian economy made a simultaneous revolt against the métropole and subjugation of the autochthons, that is, a South African-type regime, impossible. Alexander Werth in The de Gaulle Revolution (1960), on the other hand, provided a detailed and fascinating account of exactly how a section of the French military and state was subverted by Algeria, other colonial crises and the Fourth Republic's own weakness shortly before the regime's collapse in 1958
    • The French Stake in Algeria , pp. 100-101
    • Smith, T.1
  • 40
    • 77957247571 scopus 로고
    • Letter from the Cameroon
    • These events were followed by the daily Le Monde in its numbers of 3 Oct. 1945, p. 4; 4 Oct. 1945, p. 1; 12 Oct. 1945, p. 2 and 14/15 Oct. 1945, p. 2. These strikes were also discussed and denounced by Louis-Paul Aujoulat in his presentation on colonial policy at the December 1945 MRP national convention. The general unrest in that colony is discussed by Robert Delavignette, 'Letter from the Cameroon', African Affairs, 46 (1947), 151-5. This analysis was written fourteen months after the riots of 1945 and when Delavignette was Governor of the territory
    • (1947) African Affairs , vol.46 , pp. 151-155
  • 41
    • 0344304572 scopus 로고
    • A. Werth, France, 1940-1955 (1956), p. 147. It should perhaps be pointed out that this nationalism did not contract MRP's pan-Europeanism. The realities of mid-twentieth-century western Europe, in which Britain stood aloof from the Common Market and Germany was compromised by its own history, meant that France was the 'natural' leader of a united Europe. The MRP leaders could be, and were, both French nationalists and pan-Europeans
    • (1956) France, 1940-1955 , pp. 147
    • Werth, A.1
  • 43
    • 85038719084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J.O.R.F., 5 Oct
    • J.O.R.F., Annales des débats, 5 Oct., p. 4712
    • Annales des Débats , pp. 4712
  • 44
    • 79958442520 scopus 로고
    • J.O.R.F., 2 Oct
    • J.O.R.F., Bulletin des commission, no. 12, 2 Oct. 1946, pp. 410-13. This new proposal included a mechanism according ultimate authority over concessions in the colonies to the French National Assembly. The government could require local bodies to reconsider a decision through a second reading of a bill if it disagreed with a council. Continued disagreement would be settled by a vote of the metropolitan National Assembly
    • (1946) Bulletin des Commission , Issue.12 , pp. 410-413
  • 50
    • 85038727104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • These legislative projects are in the Documents parlementaires collection of the Journal Officiel. They are respectively 47-632 (Communist party); 47-952 (SFIO); 47-1308 (MRP); 47-1424/1425 (government project) and 47-1882 (Radical/UDSR)
    • Documents Parlementaires Collection of the Journal Officiel
  • 51
    • 84868821136 scopus 로고
    • October
    • This was the Communists' position throughout this period. It was restated in Raymond Barbé's articles on colonial policy in Cahiers du communisme, among them 'Les problèmes de l'Union française', no. 10, October 1946, pp. 971-9
    • (1946) Les Problèmes de l'Union Française , Issue.10 , pp. 971-979
  • 52
    • 84868721234 scopus 로고
    • May
    • In 'Où va l'Union française?', ibid., May 1947, pp. 399-412, Barbé reiterated yet again the Communists' support for a broad devolution of powers to local colonial assemblies then being debated in the National Assembly
    • (1947) Où Va l'Union Française? , pp. 399-412
  • 53
    • 0039412441 scopus 로고
    • (New Haven, Conn.)
    • S. Bernard, The Franco-Moroccan conflict, 1943-1956 (New Haven, Conn., 1968), pp. 58-9. The exclusion of the Communist party from the government occurred on 5 May. The appointment of Juin by unanimous vote of the Council of Ministers was on 13 May
    • (1968) The Franco-Moroccan Conflict, 1943-1956 , pp. 58-59
    • Bernard, S.1


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