China's Industrialization with Controlled Urbanization: Anti-Urbanism or Urban-Biased?

Issues and Studies

Volumn 34, Issue 6, 1998, Pages 98-116

  Lin, George Chu Sheng ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Anti urbanism; Dual track urbanism; Ideology; Industrialization; Urbanization

Indexed keywords

EID: 0002071148     PISSN: 10132511     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Manuel Castells, The Urban Question: A Marxist Approach (London: Edward Arnold, 1977), 71.
2. See, for instance, Eric E. Lampard, "The History of Cities in the Economically Advanced Areas," in Regional Development and Planning, ed. John Friedmann and William Alonso (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1964), 332; Brian J. L. Berry, "City Size and Economic Development: Conceptual Synthesis and Policy Problems, with Special Reference to South and Southeast Asia," in Urbanization and National Development, ed. Leo Jacobson and Ved Prakash (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1971), 111-55; Kingsley Davis, "The Urbanization of the Human Population," in The City in Newly Developing Countries, ed. Gerald W. Breese (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1969), 5-20; and Michael Timberlake, Urbanization and the World Economy (Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press, 1985). For a critical review of the literature, see George C.S. Lin, "Changing Theoretical Perspectives on Urbanization in Asian Developing Countries," Third World Planning Review 16 (1994): 1-23.
3. See, for instance, Eric E. Lampard, "The History of Cities in the Economically Advanced Areas," in Regional Development and Planning, ed. John Friedmann and William Alonso (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1964), 332; Brian J. L. Berry, "City Size and Economic Development: Conceptual Synthesis and Policy Problems, with Special Reference to South and Southeast Asia," in Urbanization and National Development, ed. Leo Jacobson and Ved Prakash (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1971), 111-55; Kingsley Davis, "The Urbanization of the Human Population," in The City in Newly Developing Countries, ed. Gerald W. Breese (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1969), 5-20; and Michael Timberlake, Urbanization and the World Economy (Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press, 1985). For a critical review of the literature, see George C.S. Lin, "Changing Theoretical Perspectives on Urbanization in Asian Developing Countries," Third World Planning Review 16 (1994): 1-23.
4. See, for instance, Eric E. Lampard, "The History of Cities in the Economically Advanced Areas," in Regional Development and Planning, ed. John Friedmann and William Alonso (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1964), 332; Brian J. L. Berry, "City Size and Economic Development: Conceptual Synthesis and Policy Problems, with Special Reference to South and Southeast Asia," in Urbanization and National Development, ed. Leo Jacobson and Ved Prakash (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1971), 111-55; Kingsley Davis, "The Urbanization of the Human Population," in The City in Newly Developing Countries, ed. Gerald W. Breese (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1969), 5-20; and Michael Timberlake, Urbanization and the World Economy (Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press, 1985). For a critical review of the literature, see George C.S. Lin, "Changing Theoretical Perspectives on Urbanization in Asian Developing Countries," Third World Planning Review 16 (1994): 1-23.
5. See, for instance, Eric E. Lampard, "The History of Cities in the Economically Advanced Areas," in Regional Development and Planning, ed. John Friedmann and William Alonso (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1964), 332; Brian J. L. Berry, "City Size and Economic Development: Conceptual Synthesis and Policy Problems, with Special Reference to South and Southeast Asia," in Urbanization and National Development, ed. Leo Jacobson and Ved Prakash (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1971), 111-55; Kingsley Davis, "The Urbanization of the Human Population," in The City in Newly Developing Countries, ed. Gerald W. Breese (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1969), 5-20; and Michael Timberlake, Urbanization and the World Economy (Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press, 1985). For a critical review of the literature, see George C.S. Lin, "Changing Theoretical Perspectives on Urbanization in Asian Developing Countries," Third World Planning Review 16 (1994): 1-23.
6. See, for instance, Eric E. Lampard, "The History of Cities in the Economically Advanced Areas," in Regional Development and Planning, ed. John Friedmann and William Alonso (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1964), 332; Brian J. L. Berry, "City Size and Economic Development: Conceptual Synthesis and Policy Problems, with Special Reference to South and Southeast Asia," in Urbanization and National Development, ed. Leo Jacobson and Ved Prakash (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1971), 111-55; Kingsley Davis, "The Urbanization of the Human Population," in The City in Newly Developing Countries, ed. Gerald W. Breese (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1969), 5-20; and Michael Timberlake, Urbanization and the World Economy (Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press, 1985). For a critical review of the literature, see George C.S. Lin, "Changing Theoretical Perspectives on Urbanization in Asian Developing Countries," Third World Planning Review 16 (1994): 1-23.
7. State Statistical Bureau, Zhongguo tongji nianjian 1983 (Statistical yearbook of China 1983) (Beijing: China Statistical Press, 1983), 17.
8. Rhoads Murphey, "Chinese Urbanization under Mao," in Urbanization and Counterurbanization, ed. Brian J. L. Berry (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1976), 313; Graham E. Johnson, "The Political Economy of Chinese Urbanization: Guangdong and the Pearl River Delta Region," in Urbanizing China, ed. Gregory Guldin (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1992), 185-220.
9. Rhoads Murphey, "Chinese Urbanization under Mao," in Urbanization and Counterurbanization, ed. Brian J. L. Berry (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1976), 313; Graham E. Johnson, "The Political Economy of Chinese Urbanization: Guangdong and the Pearl River Delta Region," in Urbanizing China, ed. Gregory Guldin (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1992), 185-220.
10. Laurence J.C. Ma and Edward W. Hanten, eds., Urban Development in Modem China (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981), 1-18; Richard J.R. Kirkby, Urbanization in China: Town and Country in a Developing Economy 1949-2000 AD (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), 1-20; Christopher L. Salter, "Chinese Experiments in Urban Space: The Quest for an Agrapolitan China," Habitat 1 (1976): 19-35; Castells, The Urban Question, 71; Clifton Pannell, "China's Urban Geography," Progress in Human Geography 14 (1990): 214-36; Sen-dou Chang, "Modernization and China's Urban Development," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 71 (1981): 202-19; and Kam-wing Chan, "Economic Growth Strategy and Urbanization Policies in China, 1949-1982," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 16 (1992): 275-305.
11. Laurence J.C. Ma and Edward W. Hanten, eds., Urban Development in Modem China (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981), 1-18; Richard J.R. Kirkby, Urbanization in China: Town and Country in a Developing Economy 1949-2000 AD (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), 1-20; Christopher L. Salter, "Chinese Experiments in Urban Space: The Quest for an Agrapolitan China," Habitat 1 (1976): 19-35; Castells, The Urban Question, 71; Clifton Pannell, "China's Urban Geography," Progress in Human Geography 14 (1990): 214-36; Sen-dou Chang, "Modernization and China's Urban Development," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 71 (1981): 202-19; and Kam-wing Chan, "Economic Growth Strategy and Urbanization Policies in China, 1949-1982," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 16 (1992): 275-305.
12. Laurence J.C. Ma and Edward W. Hanten, eds., Urban Development in Modem China (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981), 1-18; Richard J.R. Kirkby, Urbanization in China: Town and Country in a Developing Economy 1949-2000 AD (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), 1-20; Christopher L. Salter, "Chinese Experiments in Urban Space: The Quest for an Agrapolitan China," Habitat 1 (1976): 19-35; Castells, The Urban Question, 71; Clifton Pannell, "China's Urban Geography," Progress in Human Geography 14 (1990): 214-36; Sen-dou Chang, "Modernization and China's Urban Development," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 71 (1981): 202-19; and Kam-wing Chan, "Economic Growth Strategy and Urbanization Policies in China, 1949-1982," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 16 (1992): 275-305.
13. Laurence J.C. Ma and Edward W. Hanten, eds., Urban Development in Modem China (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981), 1-18; Richard J.R. Kirkby, Urbanization in China: Town and Country in a Developing Economy 1949-2000 AD (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), 1-20; Christopher L. Salter, "Chinese Experiments in Urban Space: The Quest for an Agrapolitan China," Habitat 1 (1976): 19-35; Castells, The Urban Question, 71; Clifton Pannell, "China's Urban Geography," Progress in Human Geography 14 (1990): 214-36; Sen-dou Chang, "Modernization and China's Urban Development," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 71 (1981): 202-19; and Kam-wing Chan, "Economic Growth Strategy and Urbanization Policies in China, 1949-1982," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 16 (1992): 275-305.
14. Laurence J.C. Ma and Edward W. Hanten, eds., Urban Development in Modem China (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981), 1-18; Richard J.R. Kirkby, Urbanization in China: Town and Country in a Developing Economy 1949-2000 AD (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), 1-20; Christopher L. Salter, "Chinese Experiments in Urban Space: The Quest for an Agrapolitan China," Habitat 1 (1976): 19-35; Castells, The Urban Question, 71; Clifton Pannell, "China's Urban Geography," Progress in Human Geography 14 (1990): 214-36; Sen-dou Chang, "Modernization and China's Urban Development," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 71 (1981): 202-19; and Kam-wing Chan, "Economic Growth Strategy and Urbanization Policies in China, 1949-1982," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 16 (1992): 275-305.
15. Laurence J.C. Ma and Edward W. Hanten, eds., Urban Development in Modem China (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981), 1-18; Richard J.R. Kirkby, Urbanization in China: Town and Country in a Developing Economy 1949-2000 AD (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), 1-20; Christopher L. Salter, "Chinese Experiments in Urban Space: The Quest for an Agrapolitan China," Habitat 1 (1976): 19-35; Castells, The Urban Question, 71; Clifton Pannell, "China's Urban Geography," Progress in Human Geography 14 (1990): 214-36; Sen-dou Chang, "Modernization and China's Urban Development," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 71 (1981): 202-19; and Kam-wing Chan, "Economic Growth Strategy and Urbanization Policies in China, 1949-1982," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 16 (1992): 275-305.
16. Laurence J.C. Ma and Edward W. Hanten, eds., Urban Development in Modem China (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981), 1-18; Richard J.R. Kirkby, Urbanization in China: Town and Country in a Developing Economy 1949-2000 AD (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), 1-20; Christopher L. Salter, "Chinese Experiments in Urban Space: The Quest for an Agrapolitan China," Habitat 1 (1976): 19-35; Castells, The Urban Question, 71; Clifton Pannell, "China's Urban Geography," Progress in Human Geography 14 (1990): 214-36; Sen-dou Chang, "Modernization and China's Urban Development," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 71 (1981): 202-19; and Kam-wing Chan, "Economic Growth Strategy and Urbanization Policies in China, 1949-1982," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 16 (1992): 275-305.
17. Kirkby, Urbanization in China, 1-20; Terry Cannon, "Region, Inequality, and Spatial Policy in China," in The Geography of Contemporary China, ed. Terry Cannon and Alan Jenkins (London: Routledge, 1990), 28-59; Chan, "Economic Growth Strategy," 275-305.
18. Kirkby, Urbanization in China, 1-20; Terry Cannon, "Region, Inequality, and Spatial Policy in China," in The Geography of Contemporary China, ed. Terry Cannon and Alan Jenkins (London: Routledge, 1990), 28-59; Chan, "Economic Growth Strategy," 275-305.
19. Kirkby, Urbanization in China, 1-20; Terry Cannon, "Region, Inequality, and Spatial Policy in China," in The Geography of Contemporary China, ed. Terry Cannon and Alan Jenkins (London: Routledge, 1990), 28-59; Chan, "Economic Growth Strategy," 275-305.
20. Kirkby, Urbanization in China, 250.
21. Janet Salaff, "The Urban Communes and Anti-City Experiment in Communist China," The China Quarterly, no. 29 (1967): 82-109; Laurence J.C. Ma, "Anti-Urbanism in China," Proceedings of the Association of American Geographers 8 (1976): 114-18; Murphey, "Chinese Urbanization under Mao," 311-29.
22. Janet Salaff, "The Urban Communes and Anti-City Experiment in Communist China," The China Quarterly, no. 29 (1967): 82-109; Laurence J.C. Ma, "Anti-Urbanism in China," Proceedings of the Association of American Geographers 8 (1976): 114-18; Murphey, "Chinese Urbanization under Mao," 311-29.
23. Janet Salaff, "The Urban Communes and Anti-City Experiment in Communist China," The China Quarterly, no. 29 (1967): 82-109; Laurence J.C. Ma, "Anti-Urbanism in China," Proceedings of the Association of American Geographers 8 (1976): 114-18; Murphey, "Chinese Urbanization under Mao," 311-29.
24. Ma, "Anti-Urbanism in China," 114-18.
25. James P. Harrison, The Long March to Power: A History of the Chinese Communist Party 1921-1972 (New York: Praeger, 1972); John W. Lewis, The City in Communist China (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1971).
26. James P. Harrison, The Long March to Power: A History of the Chinese Communist Party 1921-1972 (New York: Praeger, 1972); John W. Lewis, The City in Communist China (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1971).
27. Edgar Snow, Red Star Over China (London: Gollancz, 1973), 147; Stuart R. Schram, The Political Thought of Mao Tse-tung (New York: Praeger, 1976), 28-34.
28. Edgar Snow, Red Star Over China (London: Gollancz, 1973), 147; Stuart R. Schram, The Political Thought of Mao Tse-tung (New York: Praeger, 1976), 28-34.
29. Murphey, "Chinese Urbanization under Mao," 313.
30. Ma, "Anti-Urbanism in China," 114.
31. Murphey, "Chinese Urbanization under Mao," 313.
32. Rensselaer W. Lee III, "The Hsia Fang System: Marxism and Modernization," The China Quarterly, no. 28 (1966): 40-62; Pi-chao Chen, "Overurbanization, Rustication of Urban- Educated Youths and Politics of Rural Transformation: The Case of China," Comparative Politics 4 (1972): 361-86; Thomas P. Bernstein, Up to the Mountains and Down to the Villages: The Transfer of Youth from Urban to Rural China (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1977); Laurence J.C. Ma, "Counterurbanization and Rural Development: The Strategy of Hsia-Hsiang," Current Scene 15 (1977): 1-12.
33. Rensselaer W. Lee III, "The Hsia Fang System: Marxism and Modernization," The China Quarterly, no. 28 (1966): 40-62; Pi-chao Chen, "Overurbanization, Rustication of Urban-Educated Youths and Politics of Rural Transformation: The Case of China," Comparative Politics 4 (1972): 361-86; Thomas P. Bernstein, Up to the Mountains and Down to the Villages: The Transfer of Youth from Urban to Rural China (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1977); Laurence J.C. Ma, "Counterurbanization and Rural Development: The Strategy of Hsia-Hsiang," Current Scene 15 (1977): 1-12.
34. Rensselaer W. Lee III, "The Hsia Fang System: Marxism and Modernization," The China Quarterly, no. 28 (1966): 40-62; Pi-chao Chen, "Overurbanization, Rustication of Urban- Educated Youths and Politics of Rural Transformation: The Case of China," Comparative Politics 4 (1972): 361-86; Thomas P. Bernstein, Up to the Mountains and Down to the Villages: The Transfer of Youth from Urban to Rural China (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1977); Laurence J.C. Ma, "Counterurbanization and Rural Development: The Strategy of Hsia-Hsiang," Current Scene 15 (1977): 1-12.
35. Rensselaer W. Lee III, "The Hsia Fang System: Marxism and Modernization," The China Quarterly, no. 28 (1966): 40-62; Pi-chao Chen, "Overurbanization, Rustication of Urban- Educated Youths and Politics of Rural Transformation: The Case of China," Comparative Politics 4 (1972): 361-86; Thomas P. Bernstein, Up to the Mountains and Down to the Villages: The Transfer of Youth from Urban to Rural China (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1977); Laurence J.C. Ma, "Counterurbanization and Rural Development: The Strategy of Hsia-Hsiang," Current Scene 15 (1977): 1-12.
36. Peking Review 20, no. 27 (May 27, 1977): 24.
37. See note 1 above.
38. Kirkby, Urbanization in China, 18.
39. ibid., 250.
40. Ibid., 13.
41. Ibid., i.
42. Ibid., 250.
43. ibid., 16.
44. Ibid., 14.
45. Ma, "Anti-Urbanism in China," 115; David Buck, "Policies Favoring the Growth of Smaller Urban Places in the People's Republic of China, 1949-1979," in Ma and Hanten, Urban Development in Modem China, 114-46.
46. Ma, "Anti-Urbanism in China," 115; David Buck, "Policies Favoring the Growth of Smaller Urban Places in the People's Republic of China, 1949-1979," in Ma and Hanten, Urban Development in Modem China, 114-46.
47. Cannon, "Region, Inequality, and Spatial Policy in China," 28.
48. Ibid., 36; Kirkby, Urbanization in China, 13.
49. Ibid., 36; Kirkby, Urbanization in China, 13.
50. Cannon, "Region, Inequality, and Spatial Policy in China," 37; also Barry Naughton, "The Third Front: Defense Industrialization in the Chinese Interior," The China Quarterly, no. 115 (1988): 351-86.
51. Cannon, "Region, Inequality, and Spatial Policy in China," 37; also Barry Naughton, "The Third Front: Defense Industrialization in the Chinese Interior," The China Quarterly, no. 115 (1988): 351-86.
52. Cannon, "Region, Inequality, and Spatial Policy in China," 39.
53. Ibid.
54. Chan, "Economic Growth Strategy," 278.
55. Ibid., 276.
56. Pannell, "China's Urban Geography," 217; Chor Pang Lo, "Socialist Ideology and Urban Strategies in China," Urban Geography 8 (1987): 440-58; Martin K. Whyte and William L. Parish, Urban Life in Contemporary China (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), 358.
57. Pannell, "China's Urban Geography," 217; Chor Pang Lo, "Socialist Ideology and Urban Strategies in China," Urban Geography 8 (1987): 440-58; Martin K. Whyte and William L. Parish, Urban Life in Contemporary China (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), 358.
58. Pannell, "China's Urban Geography," 217; Chor Pang Lo, "Socialist Ideology and Urban Strategies in China," Urban Geography 8 (1987): 440-58; Martin K. Whyte and William L. Parish, Urban Life in Contemporary China (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), 358.
59. Mao Tse-tung [Mao Zedong], Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung, vol. 5 (Peking [Beijing]: Foreign Languages Press, 1977), 284-307.
60. See note 16 above.
61. Cited in Edward Friedman, "On Maoist Conceptualizations of the Capitalist World System," The China Quarterly, no. 80 (1979): 826 n. 35.
62. Robert C. Hsu, Economic Theories in China: 1979-1988 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 106-12; Dali Yang, "Patterns of China's Regional Development Strategy," The China Quarterly, no. 122 (1990): 230-57; Cindy Fan, "Uneven Development and Beyond: Regional Development Theory in Post-Mao China," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 21 (1997): 620-39; George C.S. Lin, Red Capitalism in South China: Growth and Development of the Pearl River Delta (Vancouver: UBC Press, 1997), 45-74.
63. Robert C. Hsu, Economic Theories in China: 1979-1988 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 106-12; Dali Yang, "Patterns of China's Regional Development Strategy," The China Quarterly, no. 122 (1990): 230-57; Cindy Fan, "Uneven Development and Beyond: Regional Development Theory in Post-Mao China," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 21 (1997): 620-39; George C.S. Lin, Red Capitalism in South China: Growth and Development of the Pearl River Delta (Vancouver: UBC Press, 1997), 45-74.
64. Robert C. Hsu, Economic Theories in China: 1979-1988 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 106-12; Dali Yang, "Patterns of China's Regional Development Strategy," The China Quarterly, no. 122 (1990): 230-57; Cindy Fan, "Uneven Development and Beyond: Regional Development Theory in Post-Mao China," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 21 (1997): 620-39; George C.S. Lin, Red Capitalism in South China: Growth and Development of the Pearl River Delta (Vancouver: UBC Press, 1997), 45-74.
65. Robert C. Hsu, Economic Theories in China: 1979-1988 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 106-12; Dali Yang, "Patterns of China's Regional Development Strategy," The China Quarterly, no. 122 (1990): 230-57; Cindy Fan, "Uneven Development and Beyond: Regional Development Theory in Post-Mao China," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 21 (1997): 620-39; George C.S. Lin, Red Capitalism in South China: Growth and Development of the Pearl River Delta (Vancouver: UBC Press, 1997), 45-74.
66. Yue-man Yeung and Xuwei Hu, eds., China's Coastal Cities (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1992), 6-8; Clifton Pannell, "The Role of Great Cities in China," in Guldin, Urbanizing China, 36.
67. Yue-man Yeung and Xuwei Hu, eds., China's Coastal Cities (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1992), 6-8; Clifton Pannell, "The Role of Great Cities in China," in Guldin, Urbanizing China, 36.
68. Kirkby, Urbanization in China, 223; Yeung and Hu, China's Coastal Cities, 8; Anthony G. Yeh and Xueqiang Xu, "Globalization and the Urban System in China," in Emerging World Cities in Pacific Asia, ed. Fu-chen Lo and Yue-man Yeung (Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 1996), 222.
69. Kirkby, Urbanization in China, 223; Yeung and Hu, China's Coastal Cities, 8; Anthony G. Yeh and Xueqiang Xu, "Globalization and the Urban System in China," in Emerging World Cities in Pacific Asia, ed. Fu-chen Lo and Yue-man Yeung (Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 1996), 222.
70. Kirkby, Urbanization in China, 223; Yeung and Hu, China's Coastal Cities, 8; Anthony G. Yeh and Xueqiang Xu, "Globalization and the Urban System in China," in Emerging World Cities in Pacific Asia, ed. Fu-chen Lo and Yue-man Yeung (Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 1996), 222.
71. Kirkby, Urbanization in China, 221.
72. For a detailed discussion, see Robert F. Ash, "The Evolution of Agricultural Policy," The China Quarterly, no. 116 (1988): 529-55.
73. Barry Naughton, Growing Out of the Plan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 8-9.
74. William A. Byrd and Qing-song Lin, eds., China's Rural Industry (Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1990), 17; Samuel P.S. Ho, Rural China in Transition (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), 29; George C.S. Lin, "Transformation of a Rural Economy in the Zhujiang Delta," The China Quarterly, no. 149 (1997): 56-80.
75. William A. Byrd and Qing-song Lin, eds., China's Rural Industry (Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1990), 17; Samuel P.S. Ho, Rural China in Transition (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), 29; George C.S. Lin, "Transformation of a Rural Economy in the Zhujiang Delta," The China Quarterly, no. 149 (1997): 56-80.
76. William A. Byrd and Qing-song Lin, eds., China's Rural Industry (Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1990), 17; Samuel P.S. Ho, Rural China in Transition (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), 29; George C.S. Lin, "Transformation of a Rural Economy in the Zhujiang Delta," The China Quarterly, no. 149 (1997): 56-80.
77. Terry G. McGee, "The Emergence of Desakota Regions in Asia: Expanding a Hypothesis," in The Extended Metropolis: Settlement Transition in Asia, ed. Norton Ginsburg, Bruce Koppel, and Terry G. McGee (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1991), 3-25; Lin, Red Capitalism in South China, 71.
78. Terry G. McGee, "The Emergence of Desakota Regions in Asia: Expanding a Hypothesis," in The Extended Metropolis: Settlement Transition in Asia, ed. Norton Ginsburg, Bruce Koppel, and Terry G. McGee (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1991), 3-25; Lin, Red Capitalism in South China, 71.
79. For detailed documentation, see William Skinner, "Rural Marketing in China: Repression and Revival," The China Quarterly, no. 103 (1985): 393-413;
80. Fei Xiaotong, Small Towns in China: Function, Problems, and Prospects (Beijing: New World Press, 1986), 35;
81. Kuocian Tan, "Small Towns in Chinese Urbanization," Geographical Review 76 (1986): 265-75;
82. Laurence J.C. Ma and George C.S. Lin, "Development of Towns in China," Population and Development Review 19 (1993): 583-606;
83. George C.S. Lin, "Small Town Development in Socialist China," Geoforum 24 (1993): 327-38.
84. State Statistical Bureau, Zhongguo tongji zhaiyao 1998 (A statistical survey of China 1998) (Beijing: China Statistical Press, 1998), 30.