Sex differences in dependent personality disorder prevalence rates

Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 1-12

  Bornstein, Robert F ^a  

^a GETTYSBURG COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Dependency; Dependent personality disorder; Diagnosis; Self report bias; Sex bias

Indexed keywords

EID: 0002058911     PISSN: 09695893     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2850.1996.tb00054.x     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Adler, D. A., Drake, R. E., & Teague, G. B. (1990). Clinicians' practices in personality assessment: Does gender influence the use of DSM-III Axis 2? Comprehensive Psychiatry, 31, 125-133.
2. Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1969). Object relations, dependency and attachment: A theoretical review of the infant-mother relationship. Child Development, 40, 969-1025.
3. Alnaes, R., & Torgerson, S. (1988). DSM symptom disorders (Axis I) and personality disorders (Axis II) in an outpatient population. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 78, 348-355.
4. American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
5. American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., revised). Washington, DC: Author.
6. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
7. Ashmore, R. D. (1981). Sex stereotypes and implicit personality theory. In D. L. Hamilton (Ed.), Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior (pp. 37-81). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
8. Becker, D., & Lamb, S. (1994). Sex bias in the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Professional Psychology, 25, 55-61.
9. Birtchnell, J. (1988). Defining dependence. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 61, 111-123.
10. Birtchnell, J., & Kennard, J. (1983). What does the MMPI dependency scale really measure? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39, 532-543.
11. Bornstein, R. F. (1992). The dependent personality: Developmental, social and clinical perspectives. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 3-23.
12. Bornstein, R. F. (1993). The dependent personality. New York: Guilford Press.
13. Bornstein, R. F. (1994a). Adaptive and maladaptive aspects of dependency. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 64, 622-635.
14. Bornstein, R. F. (1994b). Construct validity of the Interpersonal Dependency Inventory: 1977-1992. Journal of Personality Disorders, 8, 64-76.
15. Bornstein, R. F., Manning, K. A., Krukonis, A. B., Rossner, S. C., & Mastrosimone, C. C. (1993). Sex differences in dependency: A comparison of objective and projective measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 61, 169-181.
16. Bornstein, R. F., Rossner, S. C., & Hill, E. L. (1994). Retest reliability of scores on objective and projective measures of dependency: Relationship to life events and intertest interval. Journal of Personality Assessment, 62, 398-415.
17. Bornstein, R. F., Rossner, S. C., Hill, E. L., & Stepanian, M. L. (1994). Face validity and fakability of objective and projective measures of dependency. Journal of Personality Assessment, 63, 363-386.
18. Broverman, I., Vogel, S., Broverman, D., Clarkson, F. E., & Rosenkrantz, P. S. (1972). Sex-role stereotypes: A current appraisal. Journal of Social Issues, 28, 59-78.
19. Chadha, N. K. (1983). A study of dependence proneness and test anxiety in school-going children. Indian Psychological Review, 24, 34-38.
20. Chevron, E. S., Quinlan, D. M., & Blatt, S. J. (1978). Sex roles and gender differences in the experience of depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 680-683.
21. Colgan, P. (1987). Treatment of dependency disorders in men: Toward a balance of identity and intimacy. Journal of Chemical Dependency Treatment, 1, 205-227.
22. Drake, R. E., Adler, D. A., & Vaillant, G. E. (1988). Antecedents of personality disorders in a community sample of men. Journal of Personality Disorders, 2, 60-68.
23. Ederer, E. (1988). Dysthymia, psychosocial dependency, and self-esteem in ten-year old boys and girls. Studia Psychologica, 30, 227-235.
24. Frances, A., & Widiger, T. A. (1987). A critical review of four DSM-III personality disorders. In G. L. Tischler (Ed.), Diagnosis and classification in psychiatry (pp. 269-289). New York: Cambridge University Press.
25. Fujihara, T., & Kurokawa, M. (1981). An empirical study of amae (dependence) in interpersonal relations. Japanese Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 21, 53-]62.
26. Gilbert, L. A. (1987). Male and female emotional dependency and its implications for the therapist-client relationship. Professional Psychology, 18, 555-561.
27. Hammen, C. L., Marks, T., Mayol, A., & DeMayo, R. (1985). Depressive self-schemas, life stress and vulnerability to depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 94, 308-319.
28. Hayward, C., & King, R. (1990). Somatization and personality disorder traits in nonclinical volunteers. Journal of Personality Disorders, 4, 402-406.
29. Hirschfeld, R. M. A., Klerman, G. L., Gough, H. G., Barrett, J., Korchin, S. J., & Chodoff, P. (1977). A measure of interpersonal dependency. Journal of Personality Assessment, 41, 610-618.
30. Hirschfeld, R. M. A., Shea, M. T., & Weise, R. (1991). Dependent personality disorder: Perspectives for DSM-IV. Journal of Personality Disorders, 5, 135-149.
31. Hoare, P. (1984). Does illness foster dependency? A study of epileptic and diabetic children. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 16, 20-24.
32. Hyler, S. E., Rieder, R. O., Williams, J. B. W., Spitzer, R. L., Hendler, J., & Lyons, M. (1988). The Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire. Journal of Personality Disorders, 2, 229-237.
33. Jackson, H. J., Whiteside, H. L., Bates, G. W., Bell, R., Rudd, R. P., & Edwards, J. (1991). Diagnosing personality disorders in psychiatric inpatients. Acta Psychiatrics Scandinavica, 83, 206-213.
34. Kaplan, M. (1983). A woman's view of DSM-III. American Psychologist, 38, 786-792.
35. Kass, F., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (1983). An empirical study of the issue of sex bias in the diagnostic criteria of DSM-III Axis II personality disorders. American Psychologist, 38, 799-801.
36. Landrine, H. (1989). The politics of personality disorder. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 13, 325-339.
37. Linke, S., & Taylor, D. (1987). Levels of dependency in the long-term mentally disabled in community and hospital settings. Behavioral Psychotherapy, 15, 314-318.
38. Loring, M., & Powell, B. (1988). Gender, race and DSM-III: A study of the objectivity of psychiatric diagnostic behavior. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 29, 1-22.
39. Masling, J. M. (1986). Orality, pathology and interpersonal behavior. InJ. M. Masling (Ed.), Empirical studies of psychoanalytic theories (Vol. 2, pp. 73-106). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
40. Masling, J. M., Rabie, L., & Blondheim, S. H. (1967). Obesity, level of aspiration, and Rorschach and TAT measures of oral dependence. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 31, 233-239.
41. Millon, T. (1981). Disorders of personality. New York: Wiley.
42. Millon, T. (1987). Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory - II manual. Minneapolis, MN: National Computer Systems.
43. Mischel, W. (1970). Sex typing and socialization. In P. H. Mussen (Ed.), Carmichael's manual of child psychology (pp. 3-72). New York: Wiley.
44. Nakao, K., Gunderson, J. G., Phillips, K. A., Tanaka, N., Kazuhiro, Y., Takaishi, J., & Nishimura, T. (1992). Functional impairment in personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 6, 24-33.
45. O'Neill, R. M., & Bornstein, R. F. (1990). Oral dependence and gender: Factors in help-seeking response set and self-reported psychopathology in psychiatric inpatients. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55, 28-40.
46. Overholser, J. C., Kabakoff, R., & Norman, W. H. (1989). The assessment of personality characteristics in depressed and dependent psychiatric patients. Journal of Personality Assessment, 53, 40-50.
47. Reich, J. H. (1987). Sex distribution of DSM-III personality disorders in psychiatric outpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 485-488.
48. Reich, J. H. (1990). Comparisons of males and females with DSM-III dependent personality disorder. Psychiatric Research, 33, 207-214.
49. Rienzi, B. M., & Scrams, D. J. (1991). Gender stereotypes for paranoid, antisocial, compulsive, dependent and histrionic personality disorders. Psychological Reports, 69, 976-978.
50. Robins, C. J., & Block, P. (1988). Personal vulnerability, life events and depressive symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 847-852.
51. Sprock, J., Blashfield, R. K., & Smith, B. (1990). Gender weighting of DSM-III-R personality disorder criteria. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 586-590.
52. Starcevic, V. (1992). Comorbidity models of panic disorder/ agoraphobia and personality disturbance. Journal of Personality Disorders, 6, 213-225.
53. Welkowitz, J., Lish, J. D., & Bond, R. N. (1985). The Depressive Experiences Questionnaire: Revision and validation. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 89-94.
54. Widiger, T. A., & Spitzer, R. L. (1991). Sex bias in the diagnosis of personality disorders: Conceptual and methodological issues. Clinical Psychology Review, 11, 1-22.
55. Wierzbicki, M., & Goldade, P. (1993). Sex typing of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory. Psychological Reports, 72, 1115-1121.
56. Zimmerman, M., & Coryell, W. (1989). DSM-III personality disorder diagnoses in a nonpatient sample. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 682-689.