Cellular and molecular defence-related root responses to invasion by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

New Phytologist

Volumn 133, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 45-57

  Gianinazzi Pearson, Vivienne ^a   Dumas Gaudot, Eliane ^a   Gollotte, Armelle ^a,b   Tahiri Alaoui, A ^a,c   Gianinazzi, S ^a  

^a CNRS   (France)

^b SCOTTISH AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE   (United Kingdom)

^c ROTHAMSTED RESEARCH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Arbuscular mycorrhiza; Defence genes; Inducible defence responses; Plant mutants; Transgenic plants

Indexed keywords

EID: 0002001755     PISSN: 0028646X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1996.tb04340.x     Document Type: Article

References (106)

1. Ahl Goy P, Felix G, Métraux JP, Meins JrF. 1992. Resistance to disease in the hybrid Nicotiana glutinosa x Nicotiana debneyi is associated with high constitutive levels of β-1,3-glucanase, chitinase, peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 41: 11-21.
2. Aist JR. 1976. Papillae and related wound plugs of plant cells. Annual Review of Phytopathology 14: 145-163.
3. Alexander D, Goodman RM, Gut-Rella M, Glascock C, Weymann K, Friedrich L, Maddox D, Ahl-Goy P, Luntz T, Ward E, Ryals J. 1993. Increased tolerance to two oomycete pathogens in transgenic tobacco expressing pathogenesis-related protein 1a. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 90: 7327-7331.
4. Allen MF, Allen EB, Fries CF. 1989. Responses of the non-mycotrophic plant Salsola kali to invasion by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytologist 111: 45-49.
5. Arlorio M, Ludwig A, Boller T, Mischiati P, Bonfante P. 1991. Effects of chitinase and β-1,3 glucanase from pea on the growth of saprophytic, pathogenic and mycorrhizal fungi. Giornale Botanico Italiano 125: 956-958.
6. Balestrini R, Romera C, Puigdomenech P, Bonfante P. 1994. Location of a cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein, cellulose and β-1,3 glucans in apical and differentiated regions of maize mycorrhizal roots. Planta 195: 201-209.
7. Bartnicki-Garcia S. 1987. The cell wall : a crucial structure in fungal evolution. In: Rayner ADM, Brasio CM, Moore D, eds. Evolutionary Biology of the Fungi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 389-403.
8. Bécard G, Taylor LP, Douds DD, Pfeffer PE, Doner LW. 1995. Flavonoids are not necessary plant signal compounds in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 8: 252-258.
9. Bell JN, Dixon RA, Bailey JA, Rowell PM, Lamb CJ. 1984. Differential induction of chalcone synthase mRNA activity at the onset of phytoalexin accumulation in compatible and incompatible plant-pathogen interactions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 81: 3384-3388.
10. Bell JN, Ryder TB, Wingate VPM, Bailey JA, Lamb CJ. 1986. Differential accumulation of plant defense gene transcripts in a compatible and incompatible plant-pathogen interaction. Molecular Cell Biology 6: 1615-1623.
11. Benhamou N, Grenier J, Asselin A, Legrand M. 1989. Immunogold localization of β-1,3-glucanases in two plants infected by vascular wilt fungi. The Plant Cell 1: 1209-1221.
12. Benhamou N, Mazau D, Esquerré-Tugayé MT, Asselin A. 1990. Immunogold localization of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins in necrotic tissue of Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Xanthinc infected by tobacco mosaic virus. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 36: 129-145.
13. Boller T. 1991. Ethylene in pathogenesis and disease resistance. In: Mattoo AK, Suttle JC, eds. The Plant Hormone Ethylene. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press, 293-314.
14. Bonfante P. 1994. Ultrastructural analysis reveals the complex interactions between root cells and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. In: Gianinazzi S, Schüepp H, eds. Impact of Arbuscular Mycorrhizas on Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Ecosystems. Basel: Birkhauser Verlag, 73-87.
15. Bonfante-Fasolo P. 1984. Anatomy and morphology. In : Powell CL, Bagyaraj DJ, eds. V. A. Mycorrhizas. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press, 5-33.
16. Bonfante P, Perotto S. 1995. Strategies of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi when infecting host plants. New Phytologist 130: 3-21.
17. Bonfante P, Tamagnone L, Peretto R, Esquerré-Tugayé MT, Mazau D, Mosiniak M, Vian B. 1991. Immunocytochemical location of hydroxyproline rich glycoproteins at the interface between a mycorrhizal fungus and its host plant. Protoplasma 165: 127-138.
18. Bonfante P, Vian B, Perotto S, Faccio A, Knox JP. 1990. Cellulose and pectin localization in roots of mycorrhizal Allium porrum: labelling continuity between host cell wall and interfacial material. Planta 180: 537-547.
19. Bowles DJ. 1990. Defence-related proteins in higher plants. Annual Review of Biochemistry 59: 873-907.
20. Bracker CE, Littlefield LJ. 1973. Structure of host-pathogen interfaces. In: Byrde RJW, Cutting CV, eds. Fungal Pathogenicity and the Plant's Response. London: Academic Press 159-317.
21. Broglie K, Chet I, Holliday M, Cressman R, Biddle P, Knowlton S, Mauvais CJ, Broglie R. 1991. Transgenic plants with enhanced resistance to the fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. Science 254: 1194-1197.
22. Carr JP, Klessig DF. 1989. The pathogenesis-related proteins in plants. In: Setlow JK, ed., vol. 11. Genetic Engineering. Principles and Methods. New York: Plenum Press, 65-109.
23. Codignola A, Verotta L, Maffei M, Spanu P, Scannerini S, Bonfante-Fasolo P. 1989. Cell wall bound phenols in roots of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal plants. New Phytologist 112: 221-228.
24. Collinge DB, Gregersen PL, Thordal-Christensen H. 1994. The induction of gene expression in response to pathogenic microbes. In : Basra AS, ed. Mechanisms of Plant Growth and Improved Productivity : Modern Approaches and Perspectives. New York: Marcel Dekker 391-433.
25. Cuypers B, Schmelzer E, Hahlbrock K. 1988. In situ localization of rapidly accumulated phenylalanine ammonialyase mRNA around penetration sites of Phytophthora infestons in potato leaves. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 1: 157-160.
26. Dehne HW, Schönbeck F. 1978. The influence of endotrophic mycorrhiza on plant diseases. 3. Chitinase-activity and ornithine-cycle. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 85: 666-678.
27. Dexheimer J, Gianinazzi S, Gianinazzi-Pearson V. 1979. Ultrastructural cytochemistry of the host-fungus interfaces in the endomycorrhizal association Glomus mosseae/Allium cepa. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenphysiologie 92: 191-206.
28. Dixon RA, Harrison MJ. 1990. Activation, structure and organization of genes involved in microbial defence in plants. Advances in Genetics 28: 165-234.
29. -) obtained in pea (Pisum sativum L.) and fababean (Vicia faba L.). Plant Science 60: 215-222.
30. Dumas E, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Gianinazzi S. 1989. Production of new soluble proteins during VA endomycorrhizae formation. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 29: 111-114.
31. Dumas-Gaudot E, Asselin A, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Gollotte A, Gianinazzi S. 1994a. Chitinase isoforms in roots of various pea genotypes infected with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Plant Science 99: 27-37.
32. Dumas-Gaudot E, Furlan V, Grenier J, Asselin A. 1992a. New acidic chitinase isoforms induced in tobacco roots by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhiza 1: 133-136.
33. Dumas-Gaudot E, Grenier J, Furlan V, Asselin A. 1992b. Chitinase, chitosanase and β-1,3-glucanase activities in Allium and Pisum roots colonised by Glomus species. Plant Science 84: 17-24.
34. Dumas-Gaudot E, Guillaume P, Tahiri-Alaoui A, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Gianinazzi S. 1994b. Changes in polypeptide patterns in tobacco roots colonized by two Glomus species. Mycorrhiza 4: 215-221.
35. Franken P, Gnädinger F. 1994. Analysis of parsley arbuscular endomycorrhiza : infection development and mRNA levels of defence related genes. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 7: 612-620.
36. Garriock TL, Peterson RL, Ackerley CA. 1989. Early stages in colonization of Allium porrum (leek) roots by the vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus versiforme. New Phytologist 112: 85-92.
37. Gianinazzi S. 1991. Vesicular-arbuscular (endo)mycorrhizas: cellular, biochemical and genetic aspects. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 35: 105-119.
38. Gianinazzi S, Ahl P, Cornu A, Scalla R. 1980. First report of host b-protein appearance in response to a fungal infection in tobacco. Physiological Plant Pathology 16: 337-342.
39. Gianinazzi S, Gianinazzi-Pearson V. 1992. Cytology, histochemistry and immunocytochemistry as tools for studying structure and function in endomycorrhiza. In: Norris JR, Read DJ, Varma AK eds. Methods in Microbiology 24. London: Academic Press 109-139.
40. Gianinazzi S, Martin C, Vallee JC. 1970. Hypersensitivité aux virus, temperature et protéines solubles chez le Nicotiana Xanthi n.c. Apparition de nouvelles macromolécules lors de la répression de la synthèse virale. Compte Rendu de l'Académie des Sciences 270: 2383-2386.
41. Gianinazzi-Pearson V. 1984. Host-fungus specificity, recognition and compatibility in mycorrhizae. In: Dennis ES, Hohn B, Hohn Th, King P, Schell I, Verma DPS, eds. Genes Involved in Microbe Plant Interactions. Advances in Plant Gene Research, Basic Knowledge and Application. Vienna and New York: Springer Verlag, 225-253.
42. Gianinazzi-Pearson V. 1995. Morphofunctional compatibility in interactions between roots and arbuscular endomycorrhizal fungi: molecular mechanisms, genes and gene expression. In: Kohmoto K, Singh RP, Singh US, eds. Pathogenesis and Host Specificity in Plant Diseases. Oxford: Pergamon Press, Elsevier Science Ltd., vol. II, 251-263.
43. Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Gianinazzi S. 1992. Influence of intergenetic grafts between host and non-host legumes on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza formation. New Phytologist 120: 505-508.
44. Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Gianinazzi S, Guillemin JP, Trouvelot A, Duc G. 1991. Genetic and cellular analysis of resistance to vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi in pea mutants. In: Hennecke H, Verma DPS, eds. Advances in Molecular Genetics of Plant-Microbe Interactions 1. Boston and London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 336-342.
45. Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Gollotte A, Cordier C, Gianinazzi S. 1996. Root defence responses in relation to cell and tissue invasion by symbiotic microorganisms : cytological investigations. In: Nicole M, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, eds. Histology, Ultrastructure and Molecular Cytology of Plant-Microorganism Interactions. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 177-191.
46. Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Gollotte A, Dumas-Gaudot E, Franken P, Gianinazzi S. 1994a. Gene expression and molecular modifications associated with plant responses to infection by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. In: Daniels M, Downie JA, Osbourn AE, eds. Advances in Molecular Genetics of Plant-Microbe Interactions 3. Boston and London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 179-186.
47. Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Lemoine MC, Arnould C, Gollotte A, Morton JB. 1994b. Localization of β(1 = > 3) glucans in spore and hyphal walls of fungi in the Glomales. Mycologia 86: 478-485.
48. Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Tahiri-Alaoui A, Antoniw JF, Gianinazzi S, Dumas-Gaudot E. 1992. Weak expression of the pathogenesis related PR-b1 gene and localization of related protein during symbiotic endomycorrhizal interactions in tobacco roots. Endocytobiosis and Cell Research 8: 177-185.
49. Giovannetti M, Sbrana C, Citernesi AS, Gollotte A, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Gianinazzi S. 1994. Recognition and infection process, basis for host specificity. In: Gianinazzi S, Schuëpp H, eds. Impact of Arbuscular Mycorrhizas on Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Ecosystems. Basel : Birkhäuser Verlag, 61-72.
50. Gollotte A, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Gianinazzi S. 1995. Etude immunocytochimique des interfaces plante-champignon endomycorhizien à arbuscules chez des pois isogéniques myc+ ou résistant à l'endomycorhization (myc-). Acta Botanica Gallica 141: 449-454.
51. Gollotte A, Lemoine MC, Gianinazzi-Pearson V. 1996. Morphofunctional integration and cellular compatibility between endomycorrhizal symbionts. In : Mukerji KG, eds. Concepts in Mycorrhizal Research, Handbook of Vegetation Science Series. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers (in press).
52. Gollotte A, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Giovannetti M, Sbrana C, Avio L, Gianinazzi S. 1993. Cellular localization and cytochemical probing of resistance reactions to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a 'locus A' mycmutant of Pisum sativum (L.). Planta 191: 112-122.
53. Graham MY, Graham TL. 1991. Cellular coordination of molecular responses in plant defense. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 4: 415-422.
54. Hahlbrock K, Scheel D. 1989. Physiology and molecular biology of phenylpropanoid metabolism. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 40: 347-369.
55. Hahn K, Strittmatter G. 1994. Pathogen-defence gene prp1-1 from potato encodes an auxin-responsible glutathione S-transferase. European Journal of Biochemistry 226: 619-626.
56. Harrison MJ, Dixon RA. 1993. Isoflavonoid accumulation and expression of defence gene transcripts during the establishment of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in roots of Medicago trunculata. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 6: 643-654.
57. Harrison MJ, Dixon RA. 1994. Spatial patterns of expression of flavonoid/isoflavonoid pathway genes during interactions between roots of Medicago truncatula and the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus versiforme. The Plant Journal 6: 9-20.
58. Heath MC. 1980. Reactions of nonsusceps to fungal pathogens. Annual Review of Phytopathology 18: 211-236.
59. Jach G, Görnhardt B, Mundy J, Logemann J, Pinsdorf E, Leah R, Schell J, Maas C. 1995. Enhanced quantitative resistance against fungal disease by combinatorial expression of different barley antifungal proteins in transgenic tobacco. The Plant Journal 8: 97-109.
60. Kaplan DR, Keen NT, Thomason IJ. 1980. Study of the mode of action of glyceollin in soybean. Incompatibility to the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Physiological Plant Pathology 16: 319-325.
61. Lambais MR, Mehdy MC. 1993. Suppression of endochitinase, b-1,3-endoglucanase, and chalcone isomerase expression in bean vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal roots under different soil phosphate conditions. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 6: 75-83.
62. Lambais MR, Mehdy MC. 1995. Differential expression of defense-related genes in arbuscular mycorrhiza. Canadian Journal of Botany 73: 533-540.
63. Lemoine MC, Gollotte A, Gianinazzi-Pearson V. 1995. Localization of β(1-3) glucan in walls of the endomycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe and Acaulospora laevis Gerd. & Trappe during colonization of host roots. New Phytologist 129: 97-105.
64. Macheret V. 1994. Analyse de l'expression du gène codant pour la protéine PR-b1′ liée aux mécanismes de défense, lors d'une infection endomycorhizienne chez l'hybride amphidiploïde Nicotiana glutinosa x debneyi. DEA de Biochimie, Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France.
65. Martin-Laurent FA, Franken P, van Tuinen D, Dumas-Gaudot E, Schlichter V, Antoniw JW, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Gianinazzi S. 1996. Differential display reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction : a new approach to detect symbiosis-related genes involved in arbuscular mycorrhiza. In: Azcon C, Barea JM, Ocampo J, eds. Mycorrhizas in Integrated Systems : From Genes to Plant Development. Brussels : COST (in press).
66. Martin-Laurent F, Franken P, Gianinazzi S. 1995. Screening of cDNA fragments generated by differential RNA display. Analytical Biochemistry 228: 182-184.
67. McArthur DAJ, Knowles NR. 1992. Resistance responses of potato to vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under varying abiotic phosphorus levels. Plant Physiology 100: 341-351.
68. Molano J, Duran A, Cabib E. 1977. A rapid and sensitive assay for chitinase using tritiated chitin. Analytical Biochemistry 83: 648-656.
69. Morandi D. 1989. Effect of xenobiotics on endomycorrhizal infection and isoflavonoid accumulation in soybean roots. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 27: 697-701.
70. Morandi D, Bailey JA, Gianinazzi-Pearson V. 1984. Isoflavonoid accumulation in soybean roots infected with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Physiological Plant Pathology, 24: 357-364.
71. Morandi D, Branzanti B, Gianinazzi-Pearson V. 1992. Effect of some plant flavonoids on in vitro behaviour of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. Agronomie 12: 811-816.
72. Morandi D, Le Quere JL. 1991. Influence of nitrogen on accumulation of isosojagol (a newly detected coumestan in soybean) and associated isoflavonoids in roots and nodules of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal soybean. New Phytologist 117: 75-79.
73. Mylona P, Moerman M, Yang WC, Gloudemans T, Van De Kerckhove J, van Kammen A, Bisseling T, Franssen HJ. 1994. The root epidermis-specific pea gene RH2 is homologous to a pathogenesis-related gene. Plant Molecular Biology 26: 39-50.
74. Nair MG, Safir GR, Siqueira JO. 1991. Isolation and identification of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza-stimulatory compounds from clover (Trifolium repens) roots. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 57: 434-439.
75. Newman EI, Reddell P. 1987. The distribution of mycorrhizas among families of vascular plants. New Phytologist 106: 745-751.
76. Niderman T, Genetet I, Bruyère T, Gees R, Stintzi A, Legrand M, Fritig B, Mösinger E. 1995. Pathogenesis-related PR-1 proteins are antifungal. Plant Physiology 108: 17-27.
77. O'Connell RJ, Brown IR, Mansfield JW, Bailey JA, Mazau D, Rumeau D, Esquerré-Tugayé MT. 1990. Immunocytochemical localisation of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins accumulating in melon and bean at sites of resistance to bacteria and fungi. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 3: 33-40.
78. Oku H, Shirashi T, Ouchi S. 1987. Role of specific suppressors in pathogenesis of Mycosphaerella species. In: Nishinuva S, Vance CP, Doke N, eds. Molecular Determinants of Plant Disease. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 145-156.
79. Phillips DA, Tsai SM. 1992. Flavonoids as plant signals to rhizosphere microbes. Mycorrhiza 1: 55-58.
80. Pirozynski KA, Dalpé Y. 1989. Geological history of the Glomaceae with particular reference to mycorrhizal symbiosis. Symbiosis 7: 1-36.
81. Ponstein AS, Bres-Vloesmans SA, Sela-Buurlage MB, Van den Elzen PJM, Melchers LS, Cornelissen BJC. 1994. A novel pathogen and wound-inducible tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) protein with antifungal activity. Plant Physiology 104: 109-118.
82. Remy W, Taylor TN, Hass H, Kerp H. 1994. Four hundredmillion-year-old vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 91: 11841-11843.
83. Sagan M, Morandi D, Tarenghi E, Duc G. 1995. Selection of nodulation and mycorrhizal mutants in the model plant Medicago truncatula (Gaertn.) after y-ray mutagenesis. Plant Science 111: 63-71.
84. Samra A, Dumas-Gaudot E, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Gianinazzi S. 1996. Changes in polypeptide profiles of two pea genotypes inoculated with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae. In: Azcon C, Barea JM, Ocampo J, eds. Mycorrhizas in Integrated Systems : From Genes to Plant Development. Brussels: COST (in press).
85. Schmeltzer E, Krüger-Lebus S, Hahlbrock K. 1989. Temporal and spatial patterns of gene expression around sites of attempted fungal infection in parsley leaves. Plant Cell 1: 993-1001.
86. Showalter AM. 1993. Structure and function of plant cell wall proteins. The Plant Cell 5: 9-23.
87. Simon L, Bousquet J, Lévesque RC, Lalonde M. 1993. Origin and diversification of endomycorrhizal fungi and coincidence with vascular land plants. Nature 363: 67-68.
88. Smith DA. 1982. Toxicity of phytoalexin. In: Bailey JA, Mansfield JW, eds. Phytoalexins. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 218-252.
89. Spanu P, Bonfante-Fasolo P. 1988. Cell-wall bound peroxidase activity in roots of mycorrhizal Allium cepa. New Phytologist 109: 119-124.
90. Spanu P, Boller T, Ludwig A, Wiemken A, Faccio A, Bonfante-Fasolo P. 1989. Chitinase in roots of mycorrhizal Allium porrum : regulation and localisation. Planta 177: 447-455.
91. Stintzi A, Heitz T, Prasad V, Wiedemann-Merdinoglu S, Kauffmann S, Geoffroy P, Legrand M, Fritig B. 1993. Plant 'pathogenesis-related ' proteins and their role in defence against pathogens. Biochimie 75: 687-706.
92. Strittmatter G., Gheysen G., Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Hahn K, Niebel A, Rohde W, Tacke E. 1996. Infections with various types of organisms stimulate transcription from a short promoter fragment of the potato gst1 gene. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 68-173.
93. Tahiri-Alaoui A, Dumas-Gaudot E, Gianinazzi S. 1993a. Immunocytochemical localisation of pathogenesis-related PR-1 proteins in tobacco root tissues infected in vitro by the black root rot fungus Chalara elegans. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 42: 69-82.
94. Tahiri-Alaoui A, Dumas-Gaudot E, Gianinazzi S, Antoniw JF. 1993b. Expression of the PR-1 gene in roots of two Nicotiana species and their amphidiploid hybrid infected with virulent and avirulent races of Chalara elegans. Plant Pathology 42: 728-736.
95. Tahiri-Alaoui A, Gianinazzi S, Dumas-Gaudot E. 1993c. Chalara elegans-infected tobacco roots : ultrastructural observations on in vitro host-fungus relationships. Journal of Phytopathology 137: 245-256.
96. Tahiri-Alaoui A, Grison R, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Toppan A, Gianinazzi S. 1994. The impact of the constitutive expression of chitinases in roots of transgenic tobacco on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Abstract from: Seventh International Symposium on Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions. Edinburgh, 26 June-1st July 1994.
97. Van Loon LC, Pierpoint WS, Boller T, Conejero V. 1994. Recommendations for naming plant pathogenesis-related proteins. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 12: 245-264.
98. Van Loon LC, Van Kammen A. 1970. Polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis of the soluble leaf proteins from Nicotiana tabacum var. 'Samsun' and 'Samsun NN'. II. Changes in protein constitution after infection with tobacco mosaic virus. Virology 40: 199-211.
99. Varner JE, Lin LS. 1989. Plant cell wall architecture. Cell 56: 231-239.
100. Vierheilig H, Alt M, Lange J, Gut-Rella M, Wiemken A, Boller T. 1995. Colonization of transgenic tobacco constitutively expressing pathogenesis-related proteins by the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61: 3031-3034.
101. Vierheilig H, Alt M, Mohr U, Boller T, Wiemken A. 1994. Ethylene biosynthesis and activities of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase in the roots of host and non-host plants of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi after inoculation with Glomus mosseae. Journal of Plant Physiology 143, 337-343.
102. Vierheilig H, Alt M, Neuhaus JM, Boller T, Wiemken A. 1993. Colonization of transgenic Nicotiana silvestris plants, expressing different forms of Nicotiana tabacum chitinase, by the root pathogen Rhizoctonia solani and by the mycorrhizal symbiont Glomus mosseae. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 6: 261-264.
103. Volpin H, Elkind Y, Okon Y, Kapulnik Y. 1994. A vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradix induces a defence response in alfalfa roots. Plant Physiology 104: 683-689.
104. Volpin H, Phillips DA, Oken Y, Kapulnik Y. 1995. Suppression of an isoflavonoid phytoalexin defense response in mycorrhizal alfalfa roots. Plant Physiology 108: 1449-1454.
105. Wyss P, Boller T, Wiemken A. 1991. Phytoalexin response is elicitated by a pathogen (Rhizoctonia solani) but not by a mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus mosseae) in soybean roots. Experientia 47: 395-399.
106. Yoshikawa M, Tsuda M, Takeuchi Y. 1993. Resistance of fungal diseases in transgenic tobacco plants expressing the phytoalexin elicitor-releasing factor, β-1,3-endoglucanase, from soybean. Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaften 80: 417-420.