The unfolding US policy in the Middle East

International Affairs

Volumn 73, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 1-14

  Watkins, Eric ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0001999450     PISSN: 00205850     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2623547     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Valerie Seward, The Middle East: internal and external responses to change (London: HMSO, 1993), p. 30.
2. Stephen E. Ambrose, Rise to globalism, 7th edn (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1993), p. 258.
3. Referring to the US policy goals of secure oil and a Jewish homeland, Seward says: From these two major concerns spring a host of "derivative" commitments to Arab states, none of which come close to matching Israel's importance in American eyes': Seward, The Middle East, p. 30.
4. 'There is general agreement among Islamist, and secularists that US foreign policy in the Middle East has been skewed in favour of Israel since the 1967 Arab-Israeli War': Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, 'Islamist perceptions of US policy in the Middle East', in David Lesch, ed., The Middle East and the United States, (Boulder CO, Oxford: Westview, 1996).
5. 'US Mideast policy: losing its balance? Reluctance to criticise Israel raises issue of "honest broker"', International Herald Tribune, 6 May 1996.
6. 'Middle East oil - US dependence grows and prices are stable', APS Review of Oil Market Trends, 29 July 1996.
7. Steven Swindells, 'Middle East oil jitters resurface in US-Iran spat', Reuters, 5 Aug. 1996.
8. Donald M. Rothberg, 'Analysis: US saving the coalition', Associated Press, 18 Sept. 1996.
9. Barry May, 'Saudi withholds support for US raids on Iraq', Reuters, 4 Sept. 1996.
10. Phil Chetwynd, 'Arab press condemns US missile attack on Iraq', Agence France Presse Internationale, 4 Sept. 1996.
11. Stephen Handleman, 'Although weak and humiliated, Saddam has regained control of an area of his country and proved he is still a potent force in Arab politics - don't count him out', Toronto Star, 7 Sept. 1996.
12. May, 'Saudi withholds support for US raids on Iraq'.
13. Patrick Crow, 'Rising tide of US oil imports sparks debate on energy security', Oil & Gas Journal Predicasts PROMT, 17 June 1996.
14. Swindells, 'Middle East oil jitters resurface'.
15. Quoted in Crow, 'Rising tide of US oil imports'.
16. Quoted ibid.
17. See 'China gives Iraq medecine worth $500,000', Reuters, 16 April 1996; 'China and Yemen aim to boost oil tries', Reuters, 16 May 1996; and Tan Ee Lyn, 'China courts oil-rich Mideast partners, Reuters, 19 June 1996.
18. See 'China gives Iraq medecine worth $500,000', Reuters, 16 April 1996; 'China and Yemen aim to boost oil tries', Reuters, 16 May 1996; and Tan Ee Lyn, 'China courts oil-rich Mideast partners, Reuters, 19 June 1996.
19. See 'China gives Iraq medecine worth $500,000', Reuters, 16 April 1996; 'China and Yemen aim to boost oil tries', Reuters, 16 May 1996; and Tan Ee Lyn, 'China courts oil-rich Mideast partners, Reuters, 19 June 1996.
20. Tan Ee Lyn, 'Asia oil demand must be met by co-operation', Reuters, 18 June 1996.
21. See Barbara Wanner, 'Japan's policy toward the Middle East', JEI Report Predicasts Newsletters, 22 Dec. 1995; 'Japan's dependence on Middle East oil growing', AP, 5 Feb. 1996; and 'Japan economy not seen suffering much from US-Iraq row', Reuters, 4 Sept. 1996.
22. See Barbara Wanner, 'Japan's policy toward the Middle East', JEI Report Predicasts Newsletters, 22 Dec. 1995; 'Japan's dependence on Middle East oil growing', AP, 5 Feb. 1996; and 'Japan economy not seen suffering much from US-Iraq row', Reuters, 4 Sept. 1996.
23. See Barbara Wanner, 'Japan's policy toward the Middle East', JEI Report Predicasts Newsletters, 22 Dec. 1995; 'Japan's dependence on Middle East oil growing', AP, 5 Feb. 1996; and 'Japan economy not seen suffering much from US-Iraq row', Reuters, 4 Sept. 1996.
24. 'Time to shift course on Iran?', International Herald Tribune, 23 Sept. 1996.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. For a succinct discussion of Central Asia and obstacles which the US faces there, not least from Iran, see Nancy deWolf Smith, 'Central Asia's new "great game"', Wall Street Journal Europe, 15 Oct. 1996.
28. Jim Hoagland, 'Washington has been neglecting Turkey, and it shows', International Herald Tribune, 10 Oct. 1996.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
31. 'Strains in US-Saudi alliance', APS Diplomat Recorder Predicasts Newsletters, 7 July 1996.
32. Ibid.
33. Richard Falk, 'US foreign policy in the Middle East: the tragedy of persistence', in Hooshang Amirahmadi, ed., The United States and the Middle East: a search for new perspectives (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993), p. 71.
34. Donald Rothberg, 'Analysis: US saving the coalition', AP, 18 Sept. 1996.
35. Richard Cottam, 'US policy in the Middle East', in Hooshang Amirahmadi, ed., The United States and the Middle East, p. 38.
36. Daniel Yergin, The prize: the epic quest for oil, money, and power (New York: Touchstone, 1991), p. 468.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid.
39. Mark Gasiorowski, 'US foreign policy toward Iran during the Mussadiq era', in Lesch, ed., The Middle East and the United States, p. 31.
40. Ibid.
41. David Lesch, Introduction, in Lesch, ed., The Middle East and the United States, p. 2.
42. Ambrose, Rise, p. 294.
43. Ibid, p. 295.
44. Ibid.
45. Mansour Farhang, 'US policy toward the Islamic Republic of Iran: a case of misperception and reactive behaviour', in Hooshang Amirahmadi, ed., The United States and the Middle East, p. 152.
46. Ambrose, Rise, p. 296.
47. Haddad, 'Islamist perceptions of US policy in the Middle East'.
48. David B. Ottaway, 'More active US policy on terrorism is studied', International Herald Tribune, 18 Oct. 1996.
49. 'Time to shift course on Iran?'
50. Beverley Milton-Edwards, Islamic politics in Palestine (London: I. B. Tauris, 1996), p. 119. See also Ziad Abu-Amr, Islamic fundamentalism in the West Bank and Gaza (Bloomington, IN: Indiana Umversity Press, 1994), pp. 100-1: 'With regard to the impact of the Islamic revolution in Iran on the doctrine and ideology of the Islamic Jihad movement, this revolution was a source of inspiration in terms of ideas and practice. From the outset, the Jihad's founders looked to Ayatollah Khomeini as a symbol and leader of the Islamic revolution, not just in Iran but everywhere.'
51. Beverley Milton-Edwards, Islamic politics in Palestine (London: I. B. Tauris, 1996), p. 119. See also Ziad Abu-Amr, Islamic fundamentalism in the West Bank and Gaza (Bloomington, IN: Indiana Umversity Press, 1994), pp. 100-1: 'With regard to the impact of the Islamic revolution in Iran on the doctrine and ideology of the Islamic Jihad movement, this revolution was a source of inspiration in terms of ideas and practice. From the outset, the Jihad's founders looked to Ayatollah Khomeini as a symbol and leader of the Islamic revolution, not just in Iran but everywhere.'
52. Beverley Milton-Edwards, Islamic politics in Palestine (London: I. B. Tauris, 1996), p. 119. See also Ziad Abu-Amr, Islamic fundamentalism in the West Bank and Gaza (Bloomington, IN: Indiana Umversity Press, 1994), pp. 100-1: 'With regard to the impact of the Islamic revolution in Iran on the doctrine and ideology of the Islamic Jihad movement, this revolution was a source of inspiration in terms of ideas and practice. From the outset, the Jihad's founders looked to Ayatollah Khomeini as a symbol and leader of the Islamic revolution, not just in Iran but everywhere.'
53. Haddad, 'Islamist perceptions of US policy in the Middle East'.
54. Ibid.
55. Robert Fisk, 'Interview: Why we reject the west - by the Saudis' fiercest Arab critic. At home in his Afghanistan fastness, Osama Bin Laden tells Robert Fisk why he wants to drive the Americans and the British out of the Gulf, Independent, 10 July 1996.
56. Robert Fisk, 'Arab rebel leader warns the British: "Get out of the Gulf": Robert Fisk tracks Saudi Arabia's most wanted man to his lair in Afghanistan', Independent, 10 July 1996.
57. Ibid.
58. Quoted in Ottaway, 'More active US policy on terrorism is studied', International Herald Tribune, 18 Oct. 1996.
59. Ibid.
60. Fisk, 'Interview: Why we reject the west - by the Saudis' fiercest Arab critic'.
61. Julian Beltrame, 'US angers allies with law to punish Iran and Libya', The Ottawa Citizen, 6 Aug. 1996.
62. 'Israel wants peace, president says', International Herald Tribune, 15 Oct. 1996.
63. Hilton Shone, 'Asia's Muslim countries slam Israel for violence', Reuters, 29 Sept. 1996.
64. Ibid.
65. See e.g., Michael Richardson, 'Malaysia moves to rein in radical Islamic fundamentalism', in Internatianal Herald Tribune, 9 Oct. 1996.
66. Haddad, 'Islamist perceptions of US policy in the Middle East'. For a view of moderate Islam in practice see Edward Mortimer, 'On the middle path: both the West and the radical Middle East should listen to the reasonable voice of Islam coming from south-east Asia', Financial Times, 10 July 1996.