Analytical applications of ion-molecule reactions

Mass Spectrometry Reviews

Volumn 16, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 91-110

  Brodbelt, Jennifer S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0001861342     PISSN: 02777037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2787(1997)16:2<91::AID-MAS3>3.0.CO;2-4     Document Type: Review

References (123)

1. Adams, N. G.; Smith, D. "Flowing afterglow and SIFT." In Techniques for the Study of Ion-Molecule Reactions, Farrar, J. M.; Saunders, Jr., W. H. Eds., Wiley-Interscience: New York, 1988, Ch. 4.
2. Alvarez, E. J.; Brodbelt, J. S. "Selective ion-molecule reactions of ether reagent ions with nucleoside antibiotics in a quadrupole ion trap," J. Mass Spectrom. 1995, 30, 625-631.
3. Amster, I. J.; Land, D. P.; Hemminger, J. C.; McIver, R. T., Jr. "Chemical ionization of laser-desorbed neutrals in a Fourier transform mass spectrometer," Anal. Chem. 1989, 61, 184-186.
4. Land, D. P.; Hemminger, J. C.; McIver, R. T. Jr.; Amster, J.; "Chemical ionization as a post-ionization method for laser-desorbed neutrals," Adv. Mass Spectrom. 1989, 11, 680-681.
5. Bauerle, Jr., G. F.; Brodbelt, J. S. "Evaluation of steric and substituent effects in phenols by competitive reactions of dimethyl ether ions in a quadrupole ion trap," J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 1995, 6, 627-633.
6. Bauerle, G.; Brodbelt, J. S. "Ion-molecule reactions of oxygenated chemical ionization reagents for structural characterization of vincamine," J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 1996, 7, 250-260.
7. Bensimon, M.; Houriet, R. "The kinetic energy dependence of ion/molecule collisions studies by FT-ICR spectrometry," Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Proc. 1986, 72, 93.
8. Beynon, J. H.; Cooks, R. G.; Amy, J. W.; Baitinger, W. E.; Ridley, T. Y. "Design and performance of a mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy (MIKE) spectrometer," Anal. Chem. 1973, 45, 1023A.
9. Bjarnason, A.; Taylor, J. W.; Kinsinger, J. A.; Cody, R. B.; Weil, D. A. "Isomer discrimination of disubstituted benzene derivatives through gas-phase iron (I) ion reactions in a Fourier transform mass spectrometer," Anal. Chem. 1989, 61, 1889-1894.
10. Bjarnason, A. "Xylene isomer mass spectral identification through metal ion chemistry in an FTICR," Anal. Chem. 1996, 68, 3882-3883.
11. Brodbelt, J. S.; Liou, C.-C.; Donovan, T. "Selective adduct formation by dimethyl ether chemical ionization in a quadupole ion trap mass spectrometer and a conventional ion source," Anal. Chem. 1991, 63, 1205-1209.
12. Burnier, R. C.; Byrd, G. D.; Freiser, B. S. "Copper (I) chemical ionization-mass spectrometric analysis of esters and ketones," Anal. Chem. 1980, 52, 1641-1650.
13. Burrows, E. "Dimethyl ether chemical ionization mass spectrometry," Mass Spec. Rev. 1995, 14, 107-115.
14. 3," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 12840-12854.
15. Cassady, C. J.; Wronka, J.; Kruppa, G. H.; Laukien, F. H. "Deprotonation reactions of multiply protonated ubiquitin ions," Rapid Commun. in Mass Spectrom. 1994, 8, 394-400.
16. Chen, Y.-Z.; Li, H.; Yang, H.-J.; Hua, S.-M; Li, H.-Q.; Zhao, F.-Z.; Chen, N.-Y. "Sterochemical effects in mass spectrometry. 7-Determination of absolute configuration of some organic molecules by reaction mass spectrometry," Org. Mass Spectrom. 1988, 23, 821-824.
17. 3 in a tandem sector mass spectrometer," Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Proc. 1992, 122, 109-119.
18. Chowdhury, A. K.; Cooper, J. R.; Wilkins, C. L. "Indiumalkene complex ions as reagents for selective chemical ionization," Anal. Chem. 1989, 61, 86-88.
19. Chu, I.-H.; Dearden, D. V.; Bradshaw, J. S.; Huszthy, P.; Izatt, R. M. "Chiral host-guest recognition in an ion-molecule reaction," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4318-4320.
20. Cole, M. J.; Enke, C. G. "Fast atom bombardment tandem mass spectrometry employing ion-molecule reactions for the differentiation of phospholipid classes," J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 1991, 2, 470-475.
21. Cole, R. B.; Tabet, J.-C. "Determination and enhancement of stereospecific decompositions via triple mass spectrometry: Formation of untypical protonated precurso molecules," Org. Mass Spectrom. 1991, 26, 59-66.
22. Colorado, A.; Brodbelt, J. "Class-selective collisionally activated dissociation/ion-molecule reactions of 4-quinolone antibiotics," Anal. Chem. 1994, 66, 2330-2335.
23. Colorado, A.; Brodbelt, J. "Barbiturate analysis in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer: Borinium adduct ion formation," J. Mass Spectrom. 1996, 31, 403-410.
24. Comisarow, M. B.; Marshall, A. G. "The early development of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) spectroscopy," J. Mass Spec. 1996, 31, 581-585.
25. Cotter, R. J. "Laser desorption chemical ionization mass spectrometry," Anal. Chem. 1980, 52, 1767-1770.
26. Cotter, R. J. "Cationized species in laser desorption mass spectrometry," Anal. Chem. 1981, 53, 719-720.
27. Creaser, C. S.; Williamson, B. L. "Ion-molecule reactions of benzoyl ions in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer," J. Chem. Soc., Perk. Trans. 2 1996, 3, 427-433.
28. 3," Philos. Mag. 1916, 31, 438.
29. Dolnikowski, G. G.; Kristo, M. J.; Enke, C. G.; Watson, J. T. "Ion-trapping technique for ion/molecule reactions studies in the center quadrupole of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer," Int. J. Mass Spectrom., Ion Proc. 1988, 82, 1-15.
30. Donovan, T.; Brodbelt, J. "Examination of ortho effects in the collisionally activated dissociation of closed shell aromatic ions," Org. Mass Spectrom. 1992a, 27, 9-16.
31. Donovan, T.; Brodbelt, J. "Characterization of the dissociation behavior of gas-phase protonated and methylated lactones," J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 1992b, 3, 47-59.
32. Donovan, T.; Brodbelt, J. "Selective ion-molecule reactions 2,5-dimethyl-pyrrolelactone," Biol. Mass Spectrom. 1992c, 21, 254-258.
33. Donovan McCarley, T.; Brodbelt, J. "Structurally diagnostic ion-molecule reactions and collisionally activated dissociation of 1,4-benzodiazepines in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer," Anal. Chem. 1993a, 65, 2380-2389.
34. Donovan McCarley, T.; Brodbelt, T. "Selective ion-molecule reactions of lactams with dimethyl ether ions," J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 1993b, 4, 352-361.
35. Eichmann, E. S.; Alvarez, E.; Brodbelt, J. S. "Effects of functional group interactions on the bimolecular and dissociation reactions of diols," J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 1992, 3, 535-542.
36. Eichmann, E. S.; Brodbelt, J. S. "Ion-molecule reactions and dissociation of glycols in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer: Evidence of intramolecular interactions," Org. Mass Spectrom. 1993a, 28, 737-744.
37. Eichmann, E. S.; Brodbelt, J. S. "An investigation of siteselective gas-phase reactions of amino alcohols with dimethyl ether," J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 1993b, 4, 230-241.
38. Eichmann, E. S.; Brodbelt, J. S. "Application of site-selective ion-molecule reactions to the analysis of cinchona alkaloids," Org. Mass Spectrom. 1993c, 28, 1608-1615.
39. Eller, K.; Schwarz, H. "Organometallic chemistry in the gas phase," Chem. Rev. 1991, 97, 1121-1177.
40. Fales, H. M.; Wright, G. "Detection of chirality with the chemical ionization mass spectrometer. 'Meso' ions in the gas phase," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1977, 99, 2339-2340.
41. Farrar, J. M.; Saunders, Jr., H. M., Eds., Techniques for the Study of Ion-Molecule Reactions, Wiley-Interscience: New York, 1988.
42. Farrar, J. M. "Ion beam methods." In Techniques for the Study of Ion-Molecule Reactions, Farrar, J. M.; Saunders, W. H., Jr., Eds., Wiley-Interscience: New York, 1988, Ch. 7.
43. Fetterolf, D. D.; Yost, R. A.; Eyler, J. R. "The use of reactive collisions in tandem mass spectrometry for the differentiation of isomeric structures," Org. Mass Spectrom. 1984, 19, 104-105.
44. Forbes, R. A.; Lech, L. M.; Freiser, B. S. "Study of endothermic reactions involving transition metal ions: the FTMS analogy of the ion-beam experiment," Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Proc. 1987, 77, 107.
45. Freiser, B. S. "Fourier transform mass spectrometry." In Techniques for the Study of Ion-Molecule Reactions, Farrar, J. M.; Saunders, Jr., W. H. Eds.; Wiley-Interscience: New York, 1988, Ch. 2.
46. Freiser, B. S., Ed., Organometallic Ion Chemistry, Kluwer Academic Publishers: The Netherlands, 1996.
47. 3OD," Org. Mass Spectrom. 1993, 28, 1632-1639.
48. Gard, E.; Kirk Green, M.; Bregar, J.; Lebrilla, C. B. "Gasphase hydrogen/deuterium exchange as a molecular probe for the interaction of methanol and protonated peptides," J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 1994, 5, 623-931.
49. Gross, D. S.; Williams, E. R. "Experimental measurement of coulomb energy and intrinsic dielectric polarizability of a multiply protonated peptide ion using electrospray ionization Fourier-transform mass spectrometry," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 883-890.
50. 2+ ions (X = Li, Na, K) probed by proton transfer reactions," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 202-204.
51. Guarini, A.; Guglielmetti, G.; Andriollo, N.; Vincenti, M. "Labile hydrogen counting in biomolecules using deuterated reagents in desorption chemical ionization and fast atom bonbardment mass spectrometry," Anal. Chem. 1992, 64, 204-210.
52. Gur, E. H.; de Koning, L. J.; Nibbering, N. M. M. "The bimolecular hydrogen-deuterium exchange behavior of protonated alkyl dipeptides in the gas phase," J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 1995, 6, 466-477.
53. Hail, M. E.; Berberich, D. W.; Yost, R. A. "Gas chromatographic sample introduction into the collision cell of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer for mass selection of reactant ions for charge exchange and chemical ionization," Anal. Chem. 1989, 61, 1874-1879.
54. Harrison, A. G. Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry, 2nd Ed., CRC Press: Boca Raton, 1992.
55. Herron, W. J.; Goeringer, D. E.; McLuckey, S. A. "Gasphase electron transfer reactions from multiply-charged anions to rare gas cations," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 11555-11562.
56. Hodges, R. V.; Beauchamp, J. L. "Applications of alkali ions in chemical ionization mass spectrometry," Anal. Chem. 1976, 48, 825-829.
57. Hunt, D. F.; McEwen, C. N.; Upham, R. A. "Determination of active hydrogen in organic compounds by chemical ionization mass spectrometry," Anal. Chem. 1972, 44, 1292-1294.
58. Hunter, A. P.; Severs, J. C.; Harris, F. M.; Games, D. E. "Proton-transfer reactions of mass-selected multiply charged ions," Rapid Commun. in Mass Spectrom. 1994, 8, 417-422.
59. Ikonomou, M. G.; Kebarle, P. "An ion source with which ions produced by electrospray can be subjected to ion/ molecule reactions at intermediate pressures (10-100 Torr). Deprotonation of polyprotonated peptides," Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Proc. 1992, 117, 283-298.
60. Isbell, J. J.; Brodbelt, J. S. "Use of borinium ions as probes of steric effects in gas-phase ion-molecule complexes," Rapid Commun. in Mass Spectrom. 1996, 10, 1418-1420.
61. Jalonen, J. "Application of reactive collisions for differentiation of isomeric organic ions in the gas phase," J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1985, 872-873.
62. Kaltashov, I. A.; Doroshenko, V. M.; Cotter, R. J. "Gas phase hydrogen/deuterium exchange reactions of peptide ions in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer," Proteins: Structure, Function and Genetics 1997, 28, 53-58.
63. Kebarle, P. "Pulsed electron high pressure mass spectrometer." In Techniques for the Study of Ion-Molecule Reactions," Farrar, J. M.; Saunders, Jr., W. H.; Eds.; Wiley-Interscience: New York, 1988, Ch. 5.
64. Kempen, E. C.; Brodbelt, J. S. "The use of trimethyl borate as a chemical ionization reagent for the analysis of biologically active molecules," J. Mass Spectrom. 1997, to appear.
65. Kenttamaa, H. I.; Cooks, R. G. "Identification of protonated β-hydroxycarbonyl compounds by reactive collisions in tandem mass spectrometry," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 4122-4123.
66. + isomers," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1986, 108, 1797-1801.
67. + in a small Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer," Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Proc. 1995, 141, 229.
68. Liou, C.-C.; Isbell, J.; Wu, H.-F.; Brodbelt, J. S.; Bartsch, R. A.; Lee, J. C.; Hallman, J. L. "Structurally-selective gas-phase ion-molecule reactions of dibenzo-18-crown-6 compounds," J. Mass Spectrom. 1995, 30, 572-580.
69. March, R. E.; Hughes, R. J. Quadrupole Storage Mass Spectrometry, John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1989.
70. March, R. E.; Todd, J. F. J., Eds., Practical Aspects of Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry, Vols. 1-3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1995.
71. McLafferty, F. W. "High resolution tandem FT mass spectrometry above 10KDa," Acc. Chem. Res. 1994, 27, 379.
72. McLuckey, S. A.; Van Berkel, G. J.; Glish, G. L. "Reactions of dimethylamine with multiply charged ions of cytochrome c," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5668-5670.
73. McLuckey, S. A.; Glish, G. L.; Van Berkel, G. J. "Charge determination of product ions formed from collisionally-induced dissociation of multiply protonated molecules via ion/molecule reactions," Anal. Chem. 1991, 63, 1971-1978.
74. McLuckey, S. A.; Goeringer, D. E. "Ion-molecule reactions for improved effective mass resolution in electrospray mass spectrometry," Anal. Chem. 1995, 67, 2493-2497.
75. Meyerhoffer, W. J.; Bursey, M. M. "Differentiation of the isomeric 1,2-cyclopentanediols by ion-molecule reactions in a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer," Org. Mass Spectrom. 1989a, 24, 169-175.
76. Meyerhoffer, W. J., Bursey, M. M. "Reactions of the trimethylsilyl ion with 1,2-cyclopentanediol isomers in the collision region of a triple quadrupole instrument," Org. Mass Spectrom. 1989b, 24, 246-252.
77. Munson, M. S. B.; Field, F. H. "Chemical ionization mass spectrometry. I. General introduction," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1966, 88, 2621.
78. + with molecules having the amido functional group." In Proceedings - The 42nd ASMS Conference on Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics, May 29-June 3, Chicago, Ill., 1994, 737.
79. Nourse, B. D.; Hettich, R. L.; Buchanan, M. V. "Methyl guanine isomer distinction by hydrogen/deuterium exchange using a Fourier transform mass spectrometer," J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 1993, 4, 296-305.
80. Nuwaysir, L. M.; Wilkins, C. L. "Photodissociation of laser desorbed ions as a structure determination tool," Anal. Chem. 1989, 61, 689-694.
81. Ogorzalek Loo, R. R.; Udseth, H. R.; Smith, R. D. "Evidence of charge inversion in the reaction of singly charged anions with mulitply charged macroions," J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 6412-6415.
82. Ogorzalek Loo, R. R.; Loo, J. A.; Udseth, H. R.; Fulton, J. L.; Smith, R. D. "Protein structural effects in gas phase ion/molecule reactions with diethylamine," Rapid Commun. in Mass Spectrom. 1992, 6, 159-165.
83. Ogorzalek Loo, R. R.; Smith, R. D. "Investigation of the gas-phase structure of electrosprayed proteins using ion-molecule reactions," J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 1994, 5, 207-220.
84. Orlando, R.; Fenselau, C.; Cotter, R. J. "Endothermic ion molecule reactions: II. Reactions between peptides with and without basic residues and ammonia," Org. Mass Spectrom. 1989, 24, 1033.
85. Orlando, R.; Fenselau, C.; Cotter, R. J. "Endothermic ion-molecule reactions: V. Remote-site fragmentation at very low kinetic energies," Org. Mass Spectrom. 1990a, 25, 485-489.
86. Orlando, R.; Murphy, C.; Fenselau, C.; Hansen, G.; Cotter, R. J. "Endothermic ion-molecule reactions: Strategies for tandem mass spectrometric structural analyses of large biomolecules," Anal. Chem. 1990b, 62, 125.
87. Orlando, R.; Fenselau, C.; Cotter, R. J. "Endothermic ion-molecule reactions. 4. Site-directed fragmentation in N-acetylated oligosaccharides at low beam energies," Anal. Chem. 1990c, 62, 2388.
88. Pachuta, R. R.; Kenttamaa, H. I.; Cooks, R. G.: Zennie, T. M.; Ping, C.; Chang, C.; Cassady, J. M. "Analysis of natural products by tandem mass spectrometry employing reactive collisions with ethyl vinyl ether," Org. Mass Spectrom. 1988, 23, 10.
89. Peake, D. A.; Gross, M. L. "Iron (I) chemical ionization and tandem mass spectrometry for locating double bonds," Anal. Chem. 1985, 57, 115-120.
90. Perchalski, R. J.; Yost, R. A.; Wilder, B. J. "Laser desorption chemical ionization mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry," Anal. Chem. 1983, 55, 2002-2005.
91. Ranasinghe, A.; Cooks, R. G.; Sethi, S. K. "Selective isotopic exchange of polyfunctional ions in tandem mass spectrometry: Methodology, applications and mechanism," Org. Mass Spectrom. 1992, 27, 77-88.
92. Reich, M.; Schwarz, H. "Regiospezifische Wasser-Eliminierun aus sterio- und Konstitutitionsisomeren Hydroxymethyl-α-dekalolen durch durch chemishche lonisation," Org. Mass Spectrom. 1977, 12, 566.
93. Schmit, J. P.; Dawson, P. H.; Beaulieu, N. "Chemical synthesis inside the collision cell of a MS/MS system: 1-Formation of adduct ions between protonated esters and ammonia," Org. Mass Spectrom. 1985, 20, 269-275.
94. Schnier, P. D.; Gross, D. S.; Williams, E. R. "Electrostatic forces and dielectric polarizability of multiply protonated gas-phase cytochrome c ions probed by ion/molecule chemistry," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 6747-6757.
95. Sellier, N. M.; Bouillet, C. T.; Douay, D. L.; Tabet, J.-C. E. "Ion-molecule reactions in the gas phase: Comparison of the enantioselectivity of two chiral gases," Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 1994, 8, 891-894.
96. Speir, J. P.; Gorman, G. S.; Cornett, D. S.; Amster, I. J. "Controlling the dissociation of peptide ions using laser desorption/chemical ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry," Anal. Chem. 1991, 63, 65-69.
97. Speir, J. P.; Amster, I. J. "Substrate-assisted laser desorplion of neutral peptide molecules," Anal. Chem. 1992, 64, 1041-1045.
98. + chemical ionization of peptides," J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 1993, 4, 106-110.
99. Speir, J. P.; Amster, I. J. "An investigation of the energetics of peptide ion dissociation by laser desorption chemical ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry," J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 1995, 6, 1069-1078.
100. Splitter, J. S.; Turecek, F. Applications of Mass Spectrometry to Organic Stereochemistry, VCH: Weinhem, 1994, Chapter 16 (Winkler, F. J.; Splitter, J.), Chapter 17 (Houriet, R.; Turecek, F.), Chapter 19 (Tabet, J.-C.).
101. Stephenson, Jr., J. L.; McLuckey, S. A. "Ion-ion proton transfer reactions for protein mixture analysis," Anal. Chem. 1996, 68, 4026-4032.
102. Stephenson, Jr., J. L.; McLuckey, S. A. "Counting basic sites in oligopeptides via gas-phase ion chemistry," Anal. Chem. 1997, 69, 281-285.
103. Suckau, D.; Shi, Y.; Beu, S. C.; Senko, M. W.; Quinn, J. P.; Wampler III, F. M.; McLafferty, F. W. "Coexisting stable conformations of gaseous protein ions," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1993, 90, 790-793.
104. Suming, H.; Yaozu, C.; Longfei, J.; Shuman, X. "Stereo-chemical effects in mass spectrometry. 2-Chemical ionization mass spectra of some cyclic glycols and mono- and di-saccharides using trimethyl borate as reagent gas," Org. Mass Spectrom. 1985, 20, 719.
105. Suming, H.; Yaozu, C.; Longfei, J.; Shuman, X. "Stero-chemical effects in mass spectrometer. 3-Detection of chirality by chemical ionization mass spectrometry," Org. Mass Spectrom. 1986, 21, 7-10.
106. N2 process induced by a chiral reagent," Tetrahedron 1987, 43, 3413-3420.
107. + in a small Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer," J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 1996, 7, 1138-1143.
108. Thomson, J. J. Rays of Positive Electricity and their Application to Chemical Analyses, Longmans, Green and Co.: London, 1913.
109. Vairamani, M.; Mirza, U. A.; Srinivas, R. "Unusual positive ion reagents in chemical ionization mass spectrometry," Mass Spectrom. Rev. 1990, 9, 235.
110. Valentine, S. J.; Clemmer, D. E. "H/D exchange levels of shape-resolved cytochrome c conformers in the gas phase," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 3558-3566.
111. Wang, G.; Sha, Y.; Xu, Z.; Pan, J. "Acetone chemical ionization mass spectrometry of monosaccharides," Anal. Chem. 1985, 57, 2283.
112. White, E. L.; Bursey, M. M. "Distinguishing positional isomers of hexachlorinated biphenyls by ion-molecule reactions in a triple-quadrupole instrument," Bio. Environ. Mass Spectrom. 1989, 18, 413-415.
113. Williams, E. R. "Proton transfer reactivity of large multiply charged ions," J. Mass Spectrom. 1996, 31, 831-842.
114. " J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 5897-5898.
115. Winger, B. E.; Light-Wahl, K. J.; Smith, R. G. "Gasphase proton-transfer reactions involving multiply charged cytochrome c ions and water under thermal conditions," J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 1992, 3, 624-630.
116. Winkler, J.; McLafferty, F. W.; "Stereochemical effects in the chemical ionization mass spectra of cyclic diols," Tetrahedron 1974, 30, 2971.
117. Winkler, J.; Stahl, D. "Stereochemical effects on anion mass spectra of cyclic diols. Negative chemical ionization, collisional activation and metastable ion spectra," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1978, 100, 6779.
118. Winkler, J.; Stahl, D. "Intramolecular ion solvation effects on gas-phase acidities and basicities. A new stereochemical probe in mass spectrometry," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1979, 101, 3685.
119. Winkler, F. J.; Stahl, D.; Maquin, F. "Chirality effects in the chemical ionization mass spectra of dialkyl tartrates," Tetrahedron Letters 1986, 27, 335-338.
120. Wood, T. D.; Chorush, R. A.; Wampler III, F. M.; Little, D. P.; O'Connor, P. B.; McLafferty, F. W. "Gas-phase folding and unfolding of cytochrome c cations," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1995, 92, 2451-2454.
121. Wu, H.-F.; Brodbelt, J. S. "Effects of kinetic energy on both endothermic and exothermic ion-molecule reactions in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer," Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Proc. 1993, 124, 175-184.
122. Yost, R. A.; Enke, C. G. "Triple quadrupole mass spectrometry for direct mixture analysis and structure elucidation," Anal. Chem. 1979, 51, 1251A-1263A.
123. Zhang, X.; Cassady, C. J. "Apparent gas-phase acidities of multiply protonated peptide ions: Ubiquiten, insulin B, and renin substrate," J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 1996, 7, 1211-1218.