Translaminar Reinforced Composites: A Review

Journal of Composites Technology and Research

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 3-15

  Dickinson, L C ^a   Farley, G L ^b   Hinders, M K ^c  

^a 3TEX Inc   (United States)

^b NASA LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^c The College of William and Mary   (United States)

Author keywords

3D composites; Stitched composites; Through thickness reinforcement; Z fiber

Indexed keywords

EID: 0001859563     PISSN: 08846804     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1520/ctr10607j     Document Type: Review

References (156)

1. Chan, W. S., "Design Approaches for Edge Delamination Resistance in Laminated Composites," Journal of Composites Technology & Research, Vol. 14, No. 2, 1991.
2. Munjal, A. K., "Damage Tolerance Improvement Approaches for Composite Components," Proceedings, 44th Annual Forum of the American Helicopter Society, 1988.
3. Garg, A. C., "Delamination - A Damage Mode in Composite Structures, Engineering Fracture Mechanics," Vol. 29, No. 5, 1988.
4. Lu, T.-J. and Hutchinson, J. W., "Role of Fiber Stitching in Eliminating Transverse Fracture in Cross-ply Ceramic Composites," American Ceramic Society Journal, Vol. 78, No. 1, January 1995.
5. Ko, F., Koczak, M., and Layden, G., "Structural Toughening of Glass Matrix Composites by 3-D Fiber Architecture, Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings," Vol. 8, July-Aug. 1987.
6. Yamaki, Y. R., Ransone, P. O., and Maahs, H. G., "Investigation of Stitching as a Method of Interlaminar Reinforcement in Thin Carbon-Carbon Composites," Proceedings, 16th Conference on Metal Matrix, Carbon, and Ceramic Matrix Composites, CASI HC A03/MF A04, Part 1, 1993.
7. Dransfield, K., Baillie, C., and Mai, Y.-W., "Improving the Delamination Resistance of CFRP by Stitching - A Review," Composites Science and Technology, Vol. 50, 1994.
8. Dransfield, K., Baillie, C., and Mai, Y.-W., "On Stitching as a Method for Improving the Delamination Resistance of CFRPs," Proceedings, Advanced Composites '93, International Conference on Advanced Composite Materials, 1993, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
9. Broslus, D. and Clarke, S., "Textile Preforming Techniques for Low Cost Structural Composites Conference Proceedings," Proceedings, Advanced Composite Materials: New Developments and Applications, 1991.
10. Schooneveld, G. V., "Potential of Knitting/Stitching and Resin Infusion for Cost Effective Composites," Proceedings, Fibertex 1988, 1988, NASA CP 3038, 1989.
11. Palmer, R. and Curzio, F., "Cost-Effective Damage-Tolerant Composites Using Multi-needle Stitching and RTM/VIM Processing," Proceedings, Fibertex 1988, 1988, NASA CP 3038, 1989.
12. Markus, A., "Resin Transfer Molding for Advanced Composite Primary Wing and Fuselage Structures," Proceedings, Second NASA Advanced Composites Technology Conference, 1991, NASA CP 3154, 1992.
13. Markus, A., Thrash, P., and Rohwer, K., "Progress in Manufacturing Large Primary Aircraft Structures Using the Stitching/RTM Process," Proceedings, Third NASA Advanced Composites Technology Conference, 1992, NASA CP 3178, Vol. 1, Part 1, 1992.
14. Markus, A., Thrash, P., and Grossheim, B., "Manufacturing Development and Requirements for Stitched/RTM Wing Structure," Proceedings, The Fourth NASA Advanced Composites Technology Conference, 1993, NASA CP 3229, Vol. 1, Part 1, 1993.
15. Harris, H., Schinske, N., Krueger, R., and Swanson, B., "Mulltiaxial Stitched Preform Reinforcements," Proceedings, 36th International SAMPE Symposium, 1991.
16. Rhodes, M. D. and Williams, J. G., "Concepts for Improving Damage Tolerance of Composite Compression Panels," Proceedings, 5th DOD/NASA Conference on Fibrous Composites in Structural Design, 1981.
17. Murphy, G. C., "Processing for an Improved Impact Resistant Composite Blade, in AIAA-81-1356," Proceedings, AIAA/SAE/ASME 17th Joint Propulsion Conference, 1981, Colorado Springs.
18. Conrad, E. G., "3-D Reinforcement of Thin Composite Laminates for Improved Low-Velocity Impact Damage Tolerance," Masters thesis, University of Texas at Arlington, 1983.
19. Murrin, L. J. and Erbacher, H., "Composite Center Fuselage-Phase I," Proceedings, 35th Annual Conference on Reinforced Plastics/Composites, 1980.
20. Holt, D. J., "Future Composite Aircraft Structures May Be Sewn Together," Automotive Engineering, Vol. 90, No. 7, July 1982.
21. Cacho-Negrette, C., "Integral Composite Skin and Spar (ICSS) Study Program - Vol. I," AFWAL-TR-82-3053, 1982.
22. Green, A. K. and Bowyer, W. H., "The Development of Improved Attachment Methods for Stiffening Frames on Large GRP Panels," Composites, January 1981.
23. Sawyer, J. W., "Effect of Stitching on the Strength of Bonded Composite Single Lap Joints," AIAA Journal, Vol. 23, No. 1, 1985.
24. Lee, C. and Liu, D., "Stitching Joint in Woven Composite Material, in Recent Advances in the Macro- and Micro-Mechanics of Composite Materials Structures," ASME, New York, 1989.
25. Tada, Y. and Ishikawa, T., "Tentative Evaluation of Effects of Stitching on CFRP Laminate Specimens," Proceedings, Composites 86: Recent Advances in Japan and the United States, Japan U.S. CCM-III, 1986.
26. Tada, Y. and Ishikawa, T., "Experimental Evaluation of Effects of Stitching on CFRP Laminate Specimens with Various Shapes and Loadings," Key Engineering Materials, 1989, Vol. 37.
27. Garrett, R. A., "Effect of Defects on Aircraft Composite Structures," Proceedings, Characterization, Analysis and Significance of Defects in Composite Materials, 1983, AGARD-CP 355.
28. Deaton, J. W., Kullerd, S. M., Madan, R. C., and Chen, V. L., "Test and Analysis Results for Composite Transport Fuselage and Wing Structures," Proceedings, Second NASA Advanced Composites Technology Conference, 1992, NASA CP 3154.
29. Madan, R. C. and Voldman, M., "Test Results from Large Wing and Fuselage Panels," Proceedings, Third NASA Advanced Composites Technology Conference, NASA CP 3178, Vol. 1, Part 1, 1992.
30. Hawley, A. V. and Sutton, J. O., "Design and Analysis Considerations for Stitched/RTM Composite Wing Structure," Proceedings, Fourth NASA/DoD Advanced Composite Technology Conference, NASA CP 3229, Vol. 1, Part 1, 1993.
31. Hawley, A. V., "Development of Stitched/RTM Primary Structures for Transport Aircraft," NASA CR 191441, 1993.
32. Renze, S. P., Carnegie, S. W., and Sandow, F., "Experimental Evaluation of Survivable Composite Structural Concepts," AIAA-96-1326-CP, 1996.
33. Nishimura, A. and Aotani, H., "New Fabric Structures for Composite," Proceedings, Composites 86: Recent Advances in Japan and the United States, Japan US CCM-III, 1986.
34. Tsai, G. C., "Global/Local Stress Analysis of Stitched Composite Laminate," Proceedings, 23rd International SAMPE Technical Conference, 1991.
35. Jang, B. Z. and C., C. W., "Structure-Property Relationships in Three Dimensionally Reinforced Fibrous Composites," Proceedings, Advanced Composites: The Latest Developments, Second Conference on Advanced Composites, ASM International, 1986.
36. Chan, W. S. and Dan-Jumbo, E., "A Comparison of the Structural Behavior of Laminates Made of Knitted Nonwoven Fabric and Laminates Made of Conventional Unidirectional Tapes," SAMPE Journal, November 1986.
37. Mignery, L. A., Tan, T. M., and Sun, C. T., "The Use of Stitching to Suppress Delamination in Laminated Composites," Delamination and Debonding, ASTM STP 876, 1985.
38. Deaton, J. W., Kullerd, S. M., and Portanova, M. A., "Mechanical Characterization of 2-D, 2-D Stitched and 3-D Braided/RTM Materials," Proceedings, Fourth NASA/DoD Advanced Composite Technology Conference, NASA CP 3229, Vol. 1 Part 1, 1993.
39. Hasko, G. H. and Dexter, H. B., "Mechanical Properties and Damage Tolerance of Multiaxial Warp Knit Composites," submitted to Composite Science and Technology, 1994.
40. Dexter, H. B. and Hasko, G. H., "Performance of Resin Transfer Molded Multiaxial Warp Knit Composites," Proceedings, Third NASA Advanced Composites Technology Conference, NASA CP 3178, Vol. 1, 1992.
41. Dexter, H. B., Hasko, G. H., and Cano, R. J., "Characterization of Multiaxial Warp Knit Composites," Proceedings, First NASA Advanced Composites Technology Conference, 1990, NASA CP 3104, Part 2, 1991.
42. Dexter, H. B., Palmer, R. J., and Hasko, G. H., "Mechanical Properties and Damage Tolerance of Multiaxial Warp Knit Structural Elements," Proceedings, Fourth NASA/DoD Advanced Composite Technology Conference, 1993, NASA CP 3229, Vol. 1, Part 2, 1993.
43. Proceedings, First NASA Advanced Composites Technology Conference, 1990, NASA CP 3104, 1991.
44. Proceedings, Second NASA Advanced Composites Technology Conference, 1991, NASA CP 3154, 1992.
45. Proceedings, Third NASA Advanced Composites Technology Conference, 1992, NASA CP 3178, 1992.
46. Proceedings, Fourth NASA/DoD Advanced Composites Technology Conference, 1993, NASA CP 3229, 1993.
47. Proceedings, Fifth NASA/DoD Advanced Composites Technology Conference, 1994, NASA CP 3294, 1995.
48. Proceedings, Sixth NASA/DoD Advanced Composites Technology Conference, 1995, NASA CP 3327, 1996.
49. Jang, B. Z., "Fracture Behavior of Fiber-Resin Composites Containing a Controlled Interlaminar Phase (CIP)," Science and Engineering of Composite Materials, 1991, Vol. 2, No. 1.
50. Dexter, H. B. and Funk, J. G., "Impact Resistance and Inter-laminar Fracture Toughness of Through-the-Thickness Reinforced Graphite/Epoxy," Proceedings, 27th Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, 1986, AIAA.
51. Funk, J. G., Dexter, H. B., and Lubowinski, S. J., "Experimental Evaluation of Stitched Graphite/Epoxy Composites," Proceedings, 3-D Composite Materials, 1986, NASA CP 2420.
52. Su, K. B., "Delamination Resistance of Stitched Thermoplastic Matrix Composite Laminates," Advances in Thermoplastic Matrix Composite Materials, ASTM STP 1044, 1989.
53. Palmer, R. J., Dow, M. B., and Smith, D. L., "Development of Stitching Reinforcement for Transport Wing Panels," Proceedings, First NASA Advanced Composites Technology Conference, 1990, NASA CP 3104, Part 1, 1991.
54. Dow, M. B. and Smith, D. L., "Damage-Tolerant Composite Materials Produced by Stitching Carbon Fabrics," Proceedings, 21st SAMPE Technical Conference, 1989.
55. Dow, M. B. and Smith, D. L., "An Evaluation of Stitching Concepts for Damage-Tolerant Composites," Proceedings, Fibertex 1988, 1989, NASA CP 3038.
56. Pelstring, R. M. and Madan, R. C., "Stitching to Improve Damage Tolerance of Composites," Proceedings, 34th International SAMPE Symposium, 1989.
57. Liu, D., "Delamination Resistance in Stitched and Unstitched Composite Plates Subjected to Impact Loading," Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, Vol. 9, January 1990.
58. Liu, D., "Delamination in Stitched and Nonstitched Composite Plates Subjected to Low-Velocity Impact," Proceedings, American Society for Composites 2nd Technical Conference, 1987.
59. Farley, G. L., Smith, B. T., and Maiden, J., "Compression Response of Stitched and Integrally Woven Through-the-Thickness Reinforced Composite Materials," Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites Vol. 11, No. 7, 1992.
60. Rossi, G. T., "Evaluation of 3-D Reinforcements in Commingled, Thermoplastic Structural Elements," Proceedings, American Helicopter Society 45th Annual Forum, 1989.
61. Kullerd, S. M. and Dow, M. B. "Development of Stitched/RTM Composite Primary Structures," Proceedings, Second NASA Advanced Composites Technology Conference, 1991, NASA CP 3154, 1992.
62. Portanova, M. A., Poe, C. C. J., and Whitcomb, J. D., "Open Hole and Post Impact Compression Fatigue of Stitched and Unstitched Carbon/Epoxy Composites," NASA TM 102676, 1990.
63. Portanova, M. A., Poe, C. C. J., and Whitcomb, J. D., "Open Hole and Post Impact Compression Fatigue of Stitched and Unstitched Carbon/Epoxy Composites, Composite Materials," Testing and Design, ASTM STP 1120, 1990.
64. Kullerd, S. M., "The Combined Effects of Glass Buffer Strips and Stitching on the Damage Tolerance of Composites," Proceedings, Third NASA Advanced Composites Technology Conference, 1992, NASA CP 3178, Vol. 1, 1992.
65. Madan, R. C., "Influence of Low-Velocity Impact on Composite Structures," Composite Materials: Fatigue and Fracture, ASTM STP 1110, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1991.
66. Dickinson, L. C., "A Designed Experiment in Stitched/RTM Composites," Proceedings, Third NASA Advanced Composites Technology Conference, 1992, NASA CP 3178, Vol. 1, Part 1.
67. Dickinson, L. C., "Effects of Stitching Parameters on Mechanical Properties and Damage Tolerance of Stitched/RTM Composites," Proceeding, The Fourth NASA Advanced Composites Technology Conference, 1993, NASA CP 3229, Vol. 1 Part 1, 1993.
68. Portanova, M., "Impact Testing of Textile Composite Materials," Proceedings, The Mechanics of Textile Composites Conference, 1994, NASA CP 3311, Part 2, 1995.
69. Sharma, S. K. and Sankar, B. V., "Effects of Through-the-Thickness Stitching on Impact and Interlaminar Fracture Properties of Textile Graphite/Epoxy Laminates," NASA CR 195402, 1995.
70. Portanova, M. A., "Evaluation of the Impact Response of Textile Composites," NASA CR 198265, 1995.
71. Sharma, S. K. and Sankar, B. V., "Sublaminate Buckling and Compression Strength of Stitched Uniweave Graphite/Epoxy Laminates," Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, Vol. 16, No. 5, 1997.
72. Jackson, W. C. and Portanova, M., "Out of Plane Properties," Proceedings, The Mechanics of Textile Composites Conference, 1994, NASA CP 3311, Part 2, 1995.
73. Kang, T. J. and Lee, S. H., "Effect of Stitching on the Mechanical and Impact Properties of Woven Laminate Composite," Journal of Composite Materials, 1994, Vol. 28, No. 16.
74. Cholakara, M., Jang, B. Z., and Wang, C. Z., "Mechanical Properties of 3-D Composites," Proceedings, Society of Plastics Engineers 47th Technical Conference and Exhibits, 1989.
75. Ogo, Y., "The Effect of Stitching on In-Plane and Interlaminar Properties of Carbon-Epoxy Fabric Laminates," Report Number CCM-87-17, 1987.
76. Morales, A., "Structural Stitching of Textile Preforms," Proceedings, 22nd SAMPE Technical Conference, 1990.
77. Sharma, S. K. and Sankar, B. V., "Effect of Stitching on Impact and Interlaminar Properties of Graphite/Epoxy Laminates," Proceedings, Ninth Technical Conference of the American Society for Composites, 1994.
78. Jain, L. K. and Mai, Y.-W., "On the Equivalence of Stress Intensity and Energy Approaches in Bridging Analysis," Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures, Vol. 17, No. 3, 1994.
79. Shu, D. and Mai, Y.-W., "Effect of Stitching on Interlaminar Delamination Extension in Composite Laminates," Composites Science and Technology, Vol. 49, 1993.
80. Jain, L. K. and Mai, Y.-W., "On the Effect of Stitching on Mode I Delamination Toughness of Laminated Composites," Composites Science and Technology, Vol. 51, 1994.
81. Chen, V. L., Wu, X. X., and Sun, C. T., "Effective Interlaminar Fracture Toughness in Stitched Laminates," Proceedings, 8th Annual Technical Meeting of the American Society of Composites, 1993.
82. Mouritz, A. P., Gallagher, J., and Goodwill, A. A., "Flexural Strength and Interlaminar Shear Strength of Stitched GRP Laminates Following Repeated Impacts," Composites Science and Technology, Vol. 57, 1997.
83. Sankar, B. V. and Sharma, S. K., "Mode II Delamination Toughness of Stitched Graphite/Epoxy Textile Composites," Composites Science and Technology, Vol. 57, 1997.
84. Farley, G. L., "A Mechanism Responsible for Reducing Compression Strength of Through-the-Thickness Reinforced Composite Material," Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 26, No. 12, 1991.
85. Farley, G. L. and Dickinson, L. C., "Mechanical Response of Composite Materials With Through-the-Thickness Reinforcement," Proceedings, Fiber-Tex 1991, 1992, NASA CP 3179.
86. Farley, G. L. and Dickinson, L. C., "Removal of Surface Loop From Stitched Composites Can Improve Compression and Compression After Impact Strengths," Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, Vol. 11, No. 6, June 1992.
87. Reeder, J. R., "Stitching vs. A Toughened Matrix: Compression Strength Effects," Journal of Composite Materials, 1995, Vol. 29, No. 18.
88. Reeder, J. R., "Comparison of the Compressive Strengths for Stitched and Toughened Composite Systems," NASA TM 109108, 1994.
89. Jenq, S. T. and Sheu, S. L., "High Strain Rate Compressional Behavior of Stitched and Unstitched Composite Laminates With Radial Constraint," Composite Structures, 1993, Vol. 25.
90. Jang, B. Z., Suhling, I., Valoire, B., and Zee, R. H., "Optimization of Fracture Resistance in Composites," final report to U.S. Army, Contract Number DAA! 03-86-G-0211, 1989.
91. Cholakara, M. T., Jang, B. Z., and Wang, C. Z., "Deformation and Failure Mechanisms in 3D Composites," Proceedings, 34th International SAMPE Symposium, 1989.
92. Jang, B. Z., Shih, W. K., and Chung, W. C., "Mechanical Properties of Multidirectional Fiber Composites," Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, Vol. 8, November 1989.
93. Chung, W. C., Jang, B. Z., Chang, T. C., Hwang, L. R., and Wilcox, R. C., "Fracture Behavior in Stitched Multidirectional Composites," Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. A112, 1989.
94. Jang, B. Z., Cholakara, M., Jang, B. P., and Shih, W. K., "Mechanical Properties in Multidimensional Composites," Polymer Engineering and Science, 1991, Vol. 31, No. 1, Mid-January.
95. Adanur, S. and Tsao, Y. P., "Stitch Bonded Textile Structural Composites," Proceedings, 25th International SAMPE Technical Conference, 1994.
96. Mouritz, A. P., "Flexural Properties of Stitched GRP Laminates," Composites, Vol. 27A, 1996.
97. Billaut, F., "Mechanical Behavior of 3-D Graphite/Epoxy Composites," Proceedings, American Society for Composites Ninth Technical Conference, 1994.
98. Du, X., Xue, F., and Gu, Z., "Experimental Study of the Effect of Stitching on Strength of a Composite Laminate," Proceedings, International Symposium on Composite Materials and Structures, 1986, Beijing, China.
99. Minguet, P. J., Fedro, M. J., and Gunther, C. K., "Test Methods for Textile Composites," NASA CR 4609, 1994.
100. Wolterman, R. L., Kennedy, J. M., and Farley, G. L., "Fatigue Damage in Thick, Cross-Ply Laminates with a Center Hole," Composite Materials: Fatigue and Fracture, Fourth Volume, ASTM STP 1156, 1993.
101. Cox, B. N., Carter, W. C., Dadkhah, M. S., and Fleck, N. A., "A Failure Model for Textile Composites," Proceedings, The Fourth NASA Advanced Composites Technology Conference, NASA CP 3229, Vol. 1, Part 2, 1993.
102. Moon, D. G. and Kennedy, J. M., "Predicting Post-Impact Damage Growth and Fatigue Failures in Stitched Composites," Proceedings, Ninth Technical Conference of the American Society for Composites, 1994.
103. Lubowinski, S. J. and Poe, C. C. J., "Fatigue Characterization of Stitched Graphite/Epoxy Composites," Proceedings, Fibertex 1987, 1988, NASA CP 3001.
104. Vandermey, N. E., Masters, J. E., Poe, C. C., and Morris, D. H., "Compression - Compression Fatigue of a Stitched Uniwoven Graphite/Epoxy Composite," Compression Response of Composite Structures, ASTM STP 1185, 1994.
105. Vandermey, N. E., Morris, D. H., and Masters, J. E., "Damage Development Under Compression - Compression Fatigue Loading in a Stitched Uniweave Graphite/Epoxy Composite Material," CCMS-91-16, VPI-E-91-14, 1991.
106. Cox, B. N., Dadkhah, M. S., and Inman, R. V., "Micromechanics of Fatigue in Woven and Stitched Composites," Proceedings, First NASA Advanced Composites Technology Conference, 1990, NASA CP 3104, Part, 2, 1991.
107. Shah, M. Z. and Mouritz, A. P., "Fatigue Behavior of Stitched GRP Laminates," Composites Science and Technology, Vol. 56, 1996.
108. Whiteside, J. R., Delasi, R. J., and Schulte, R. L., "Measurement of Preferental Moisture Ingress in Composite Wing/Spar Joints," Composites Science and Technology, 1985, Vol. 24.
109. Cano, R. J. and Furrow, K. W., "Effects of Temperature and Humidity Cycling on the Strengths of Textile Reinforced Carbon/Epoxy Composite Materials," Proceedings, Third NASA Advanced Composites Technology Conference, 1992, NASA CP 3178, Vol. 1, 1992.
110. Cano, R. J., Furrow, K. W., and Loos, A. C., "Environmental Effects on Textile Reinforced Carbon/Epoxy Composite Materials," Proceedings, Fourth NASA/DoD Advanced Composite Technology Conference, 1993, NASA CP 3229, Vol. 1, Part 2, 1993.
111. Furrow, K. W., Loos, A. C., and Cano, R. J., "Environmental Effects on Stitched RTM Uniwoven Composites," Proceedings, 39th International SAMPE Symposium and Exhibition, 1994.
112. Walker, J., Roundy, L., and Goering, J., "Effects of Thermal and Moisture Cycling on the Internal Structure of Stitched RTM Laminates," Proceedings, Third NASA Advanced Composites Technology Conference, 1992, NASA CP 3178, Vol. 1, Part 1, 1992.
113. Hipp, R. C., Renze, S. P., Saff, C. R., and Walker, J. V., "Effects of Environment on Textile Composites," Proceedings, Fourth NASA/DoD Advanced Composite Technology Conference, 1993, NASA CP 3229, Vol. 1, Part 1, 1993.
114. Hyer, M. W., Lee, H. H., and Knott, T. W., "A Simple Evaluation of Thermally-Induced Stresses in the Vicinity of the Stitch in a Through-Thickness Reinforced Cross-Ply Laminate," CCMS-94-05, VPI-E-94-05, NASA CR 196317, 1994.
115. Shim, S.-B., Ahn, K., Seferis, C., J., Berg, A. J., and Hudson, W., "Cracks and Microcracks in Stitched Structural Composites Manufactured with Resin Film Infusion Process," Journal of Advanced Materials, Vol. 26, No. 4, July 1995.
116. Barrett, D. J., "The Analysis of A Z-Fiber Reinforced Plate," NAWCADWAR-95-12-TR, 1995.
117. Long, E. R. J., "Enhancement of Ultrasonic Images of Defects in 3-D Composites," Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 1994, Vol. 13, March, 1994.
118. Long, E. R. J., Kullerd, S. M., Johnston, P. H., and Madaras, E. I., "Ultrasonic Detection and Identification of Fabrication Defects in Composites," Proceedings, First NASA Advanced Composites Technology Conference, 1990, NASA CP 3104, Part 2, 1992.
119. Miller, J. G., "Physical Interpretation and Development of Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation Techniques Applied to the Quantitative Characterization of Textile Composite Materials," Semiannual Progress Report for NASA Grant Number NSG-1601, 1993.
120. Smith, B. T., Semi-Annual Report for NASA Grant NAG-1-1063, 1990.
121. Caneva, C., Olivieri, S., Santulli, C., and Bonifazi, G., "Impact Damage Evaluation on Advanced Stitched Composites by Means of Acoustic Emission and Image Analysis," Composite Structures, Vol. 25, 1993.
122. Liu, D., "Photoelastic Study on Composite Stitching," Experimental Techniques, Vol. 14, February 1990.
123. Hawley, A. V., "Preliminary Design of an Advanced Technology Composite Wing for a Transport Aircraft," Proceedings, 53rd Annual International Conference on Mass Properties Engineering, 1994, SAWE Paper no. 2235, 1994.
124. Shu, D. and Mai, Y.-W., "Delamination Buckling with Bridging," Composites Science and Technology, 1993, Vol. 47.
125. Flanagan, G., "Development of Design Guidelines for Stitching Skins to Substructure," Proceedings, The Fourth NASA Advanced Composites Technology Conference, 1993, NASA CP 3229, Vol. 1, Part 1, 1993.
126. Cox, B. N., "Fundamental Concepts in the Suppression of Delamination Buckling by Stitching," Proceedings, Ninth DoD/NASA/ FAA Conference on Fibrous Composites in Structural Design, 1991.
127. Cox, B. N., "Delamination and Buckling in 3D Composites," Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 28, No. 12, 1994.
128. Drummond, T. and Krasnitz, R., "Advanced Stitching Technology, for the Composite Industry," Proceedings, Fibertex 1989, 1989, NASA CP 3089, 1989.
129. Cox, B. N. and Flanagan, G., "Handbook of Analytical Methods for Textile Composites," NASA CR 4750, 1997.
130. Cox, B. N., Dadkhah, M. S., Inman, R. V., Morris, W. L., and Schroeder, S., "Mechanisms of Compressive Failure in Woven Composites and Stitched Laminates," Proceedings, Ninth DoD/NASA/FAA Conference on Fibrous Composites in Structural Design, 1991.
131. Cox, B. N., Dadkhah, M. S., Inman, R. V., Morris, W. L., and Zupon, J., "Mechanisms of Compressive Failure in 3D Composites," Acta Metallurgica et Materialia, Vol. 40, No. 12, 1992.
132. Huang, S. L., Richey, R. J., and Deska, E. W., "Cross Reinforcement in a GR/EP Laminate," Proceedings, ASME Winter Annual Meeting, 1978.
133. Krasnov, V. I., Kusnetsov, V. A., and Maksakov, A. Y., "Automated Method of Transverse Reinforcement of Composites by Short Fibers," translated from Mekhanika Kompozitnykh Materialov, No. 3, May-June 1987.
134. Evans, D. A. and Boyce, J. S., "Transverse Reinforcement Methods for Improved Delamination Resistance," Proceedings, 34th International SAMPE Symposium, 1989.
135. Freitas, G., Magee, C., Boyce, J., and Bott, R., "Service Tough Composite Structures Using the Z-Direction Reinforcement Process," Proceedings, Ninth DoD/NASA/FAA Conference on Fibrous Composites in Structural Design, 1991.
136. Freitas, G., "Z-Fiber Insertion Process for Improved Damage Tolerance in Aircraft Laminates," Proceedings, 25th International SAMPE Technical Conference, 1993.
137. Freitas, G., Magee, C., Dardzinski, P., and Fusco, T., "Fiber Insertion Process for Improved Damage Tolerance in Aircraft Laminates," Journal of Advanced Materials, Vol. 25, No. 24, July 1994.
138. Freitas, G., Fuaco, T., Campbell, T., Harris, J., and Rosenberg, S., "Z-Fiber Technology and Products for Enhancing Composite Design, Proceedings, AGARD, 1996.
139. Tomashevskii, V. T., Sitnikov, S. Y., Shalygin, V. N., and Yakovlev, V. S., "A Method of Calculating Technological Regimes of Transversal Reinforcement of Composites with Short-Fiber Microparticles," translated from Mekhanika Kompozitnykh Materialov, No. 3, May-June 1989.
140. Tomashevskii, V. T., Shalygin, V. N., Romanov, D. A., and Sitnikov, S. Y., "Transversal Reinforcement of Composite Materials using Ultrasonic Vibrations," translated from Mekhanika Kompozitnykh Materialov, 1987, No. 6, Nov.-Dec. 1987.
141. Raju, I. S., Foye, F. L., and Avva, V. S., "A Review of Analytical Methods for Fabric and Textile Composites," Composite Structures, Testing, Analysis and Design, J. N. Reddy and K. A. V. Murty, Eds., Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, India, Bangalore, India, 1992.
142. Falzon, P. J., Herszberg, I., and Baker, A. A., "Stiffness Analysis of Textile Composites," Proceedings, 5th Australian Aeronautical Conference, 1993.
143. Gowayed, Y. A. and Pastore, C. M., "Analytical Techniques for Textile Structural Composites: A Comparative Study of US-USSR Research," Proceedings, Fiber-Tex 1990, 1990, NASA CP 3128, 1991.
144. Naik, R. A., "Analysis of Woven and Braided Fabric Reinforced Composites," NASA CR 194930, 1994.
145. Naik, R. A., "Failure Analysis of Woven and Braided Fabric Reinforced Composites," NASA CR 194981, 1994.
146. Cox, B., "Failure Models for Textile Composites," NASA CR 4686, 1995.
147. Cox, B. N., Carter, W. C., and Fleck, N. A., "A Binary Model of Textile Composites-I Formulation," Acta Metallurgica et Materialia, Vol. 42, No. 10, 1994.
148. Xu, J., Cox, B. N., McGlockton, M. A., and Carter, W. C., "A Binary Model of Textile Composites - I the Elastic Regime," Acta Metallurgica et Materialia, Vol. 43, No. 9, 1995.
149. Flanagan, G. and Furrow, K., "Parametric Studies of Stitching Effectiveness for Preventing Substructure Disbond," Proceedings, Fifth NASA Advanced Composites Technology Conference, 1994, in press.
150. Bennett, G. R., "A Parametric Study of the Global Stiffness and Stress Concentrations of Through-The-Thickness Reinforced Composite Laminae using a Representative Volume Element Approach," M.S. thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1997.
151. Barrett, D. J., "A Micromechanical Model for the Analysis of Z-Fiber Reinforcement," Proceedings, 37th AIAA SDM Conference, 1996.
152. Cox, B. N. and Marshall, D. B., "Overview No. 111: Concepts for Bridged Cracks in Fracture and Fatigue," Acta Metallurgica et Materialia, Vol. 42, No. 2, 1994.
153. Cox, B. N., Massabo, R., and Kedward, K. T., "The Suppression of Delaminations in Curved Structures by Stitching," Composites, 1996.
154. Cox, B., He, M., Massabo, R., and Mumm, D., "Design Models for Through-Thickness Reinforcement of Laminated Composites (Extended Abstract)," Proceedings, ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Advanced Materials: Development, Characterization, Processing, and Mechanical Behavior (Book of Abstracts), 1996, Atlanta, GA.
155. Massabo, R. and Cox, B. N., "Concepts for Bridged Mode II Delamination Cracks," Mechanics of Materials, submitted April 1996.
156. Jain, L. K. and Mai, Y.-W., "Analysis of Stitched Laminated ENF Specimens tor Interlaminar Mode II Fracture Toughness," International Journal of Fracture, Vol. 68, 1994.