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Volumn 58, Issue 6, 1998, Pages 4668-4682

Avoided crossings of diamagnetic hydrogen as functions of magnetic field strength and angular momentum

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EID: 0001818863     PISSN: 10502947     EISSN: 10941622     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.58.4668     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (18)

References (110)
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    • The chaotic region is much harder to describe since avoided crossings are so close together that assigning a well-defined character to each energy level becomes impossible
    • The chaotic region is much harder to describe since avoided crossings are so close together that assigning a well-defined character to each energy level becomes impossible.
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    • It is technically incorrect to say that the character exchanges at the avoided crossing because the states close to the avoided crossing are actually made up of a superposition of the states that are used to label each energy level
    • It is technically incorrect to say that the character exchanges at the avoided crossing because the states close to the avoided crossing are actually made up of a superposition of the states that are used to label each energy level.
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    • These branch points are not only the values of the parameter (Formula presented) where (Formula presented) but the energy functions (Formula presented) and (Formula presented) actually share this point. This may be shown by following a path that takes (Formula presented) and encloses one of the branch points. From Eq. (8) this path takes (Formula presented) into (Formula presented) Thus, by letting the distance of the path to the branch point tend to zero while ensuring that the path continues to enclose the branch point we see that the branch point is common to both (Formula presented) and (Formula presented) (For a more detailed discussion see, for example, Ref
    • These branch points are not only the values of the parameter (Formula presented) where (Formula presented) but the energy functions (Formula presented) and (Formula presented) actually share this point. This may be shown by following a path that takes (Formula presented) and encloses one of the branch points. From Eq. (8) this path takes (Formula presented) into (Formula presented) Thus, by letting the distance of the path to the branch point tend to zero while ensuring that the path continues to enclose the branch point we see that the branch point is common to both (Formula presented) and (Formula presented) (For a more detailed discussion see, for example, Ref. 18.)
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    • W. D. Heiss and A. L. Sannino [J. Phys. A 23, 1167 (1990)] have related the distribution of square-root branch points in matrix Hamiltonian problems to the appearance of quantum chaos in these systems.JPHAC5
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    • Heiss, W.D.1    Sannino, A.L.2
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    • Although the two-level system we chose in our example was real valued, we note that complex-valued two-level systems also require that real-valued branch points exist at the same location as long as the Hamiltonian is Hermitian
    • Although the two-level system we chose in our example was real valued, we note that complex-valued two-level systems also require that real-valued branch points exist at the same location as long as the Hamiltonian is Hermitian.
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    • The algorithm of choice for calculating circular Rydberg states using dimensional perturbation theory is the matrix method, discussed in Ref
    • The algorithm of choice for calculating circular Rydberg states using dimensional perturbation theory is the matrix method, discussed in Ref. 23. The matrix method algorithm was used in this research. Twentieth-order calculations using the matrix method take only about 3 min to compute on a SparcStation 20 workstation.
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    • Because we log scale both axes, the avoided crossing center is slightly displaced from where the narrowest approach of energy levels appears in the figures
    • Because we log scale both axes, the avoided crossing center is slightly displaced from where the narrowest approach of energy levels appears in the figures.
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    • this research, converged energy levels are found by Padé summing Eq. (17)
    • In this research, converged energy levels are found by Padé summing Eq. (17).
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    • The avoided crossings that appear in the (Formula presented)-versus-(Formula presented) spectrum are harder to find than those appearing in the (Formula presented)-versus-(Formula presented) spectrum. One reason for this is the leading (Formula presented) in Eq. (17), which does not affect the dynamics of the problem (that is, which state is associated with each energy level), but because of its (Formula presented) dependence tends to mask the appearance of the avoided crossing. Therefore, subtracting this term from the energy series does not affect where an avoided crossing appears, but makes the avoided crossing more visible. The subsequent energy series has a leading δ that is also a function of (Formula presented) but, as in (Formula presented) does not affect the dynamics of the problem. Therefore, we factor this term out of the series as well. The result is a rescaling of the series as (Formula presented) whenever we calculate the energy with respect to changes in (Formula presented) Also, for these cases we use total energies, not binding energies. Therefore, the vertical axes on such plots change accordingly
    • The avoided crossings that appear in the (Formula presented)-versus-(Formula presented) spectrum are harder to find than those appearing in the (Formula presented)-versus-(Formula presented) spectrum. One reason for this is the leading (Formula presented) in Eq. (17), which does not affect the dynamics of the problem (that is, which state is associated with each energy level), but because of its (Formula presented) dependence tends to mask the appearance of the avoided crossing. Therefore, subtracting this term from the energy series does not affect where an avoided crossing appears, but makes the avoided crossing more visible. The subsequent energy series has a leading δ that is also a function of (Formula presented) but, as in (Formula presented) does not affect the dynamics of the problem. Therefore, we factor this term out of the series as well. The result is a rescaling of the series as (Formula presented) whenever we calculate the energy with respect to changes in (Formula presented) Also, for these cases we use total energies, not binding energies. Therefore, the vertical axes on such plots change accordingly.
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    • We used quadratic Padé summation to find the square-root branch points shown in the figures. See Ref
    • We used quadratic Padé summation to find the square-root branch points shown in the figures. See Ref. 18 and references therein.
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    • this research the quantum numbers (Formula presented) and (Formula presented) denoting the characters of the states, are related to the low-field quantum numbers (Formula presented) and (Formula presented) (see Ref
    • In this research the quantum numbers (Formula presented) and (Formula presented) denoting the characters of the states, are related to the low-field quantum numbers (Formula presented) and (Formula presented) (see Ref. 5 and references therein) by (Formula presented) where (Formula presented) orders the states with respect to energy in each nth hydrogenic manifold in the low-(Formula presented)-field limit. (The higher the value of (Formula presented) the lower the energy.) Wintgen and Friedrich 554 find that only states with (Formula presented) (Formula presented) quanta that differ by 2 can exhibit a broad avoided crossing. In this case the Fermi resonance condition associated with these avoided crossings implies that, for the (Formula presented) Fermi resonance, the ratio (Formula presented) must be an integer. Since (Formula presented) must be larger than (Formula presented) ((Formula presented) must be larger than (Formula presented)) the only allowed Fermi resonance (other than the hydrogenic 1:1 Fermi resonance that occurs at (Formula presented) not relevant to this discussion) that satisfies the (Formula presented) condition is the 2:1 Fermi resonance. Note from Table I that not even all 2:1 Fermi resonances satisfy this condition and thus are expected to be broad. Furthermore, only avoided crossings involving two vibrational states (large (Formula presented)) are broad, further reducing the number of broad avoided crossings of the 2:1 Fermi resonance.
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    • A. A. Kotze and W. D. Heiss [J. Phys. A 27, 3059 (1994)] have related the distribution of square-root branch points of diamagnetic hydrogen in the complex-(Formula presented) plane to the appearance of quantum chaos in these systems.JPHAC5
    • (1994) J. Phys. A , vol.27 , pp. 3059
    • Kotze, A.A.1    Heiss, W.D.2


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