Electrocardiographic Diagnosis of Cardiomyopathies in Aves

Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews

Volumn 8, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 9-20

  Martinez, L A ^a   Jeffrey, J S ^b   Odom, T W ^a  

^a TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Ascites; Cardiac function; Electrocardiogram; Mean electrical axis; Mean resultant vector; Pulmonary hypertension syndrome; Round heart disease; Sudden death syndrome

Indexed keywords

EID: 0001811369     PISSN: 14702061     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Beasley, J. W., and E. W. Grogan. 1990. Guide to Basic Electrocardiography. Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York, New York.
2. Bopelet, M. 1974. Normal electrocardiogram of the chicken: Its variations during vagal stimulation and following vagotomies. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 47, 361.
3. Boulianne, M., D. B. Hunter, R. J. Julian, M. R. O'Grady, and P. W. Physick-Sheard. 1992. Cardiac muscle mass distribution in the domestic turkey and relationship to electrocardiogram. Avian. Dis., 36, 582.
4. Buchanan, F. 1909. The frequency of the heart-beat and the form of the electrocardiogram in birds. J. Physiol., 38, 62.
5. Chapman, K. R., A. D. D'Urzo, M. N. Druck, and A. S. Rebuck. 1989. Cardiovascular response to acute airway obstruction. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 140, 1222.
6. Czarnecki, C. M. 1984. Cardiomyopathy in turkeys. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 77A, 591.
7. Czarnecki, C. M. 1986. Changes in myocardial ultrastructure during development of furazolidone-induced cardiomyopathy in turkeys. J. Comp. Path., 96, 77.
8. Czarnecki, C. M., and A. L. Good. 1980. Electrocardiographic technique for identifying developing cardiomyopathies in young turkey poults. Poult. Sci., 59, 1515.
9. Czarnecki, C. M., M. P. Bautch, and T. F. Fletcher. 1983. Quantitation of cardiac gross morphology during the development of FZ-induced cardiomyopathy in turkey poults. Avian Dis., 27, 188.
10. Douglas, S. D. 1960. Correlation between surface electrocardiogram and air sac morphology in the White Leghorn rooster. Am J. Physiol., 199, 355.
11. Durakovic, Z., and M. Mimica. 1981. Left axis deviation and tall R waves in the electrocardiogram. J. Electrocardiol. 14, 31.
12. Einzig, S., E. F. Jankus, and J. H. Moller. 1972. Round heart disease in turkeys: a hemodynamic study. Am. J. Vet. Res., 33, 557.
13. Einzig, S., N. A. Staley, E. Mettler, D. M. Nicoloff, and G. R. Noren. 1980. Regional myocardial blood flow and cardiac function in a naturally occurring congestive cardiomyopathy of turkeys. Cardiovasc. Res., 14, 396.
14. Einzig, S., B. L. S. Detloff, B. K. Borgwardt, N. A. Staley, G. R. Noren, and D. G. Benditt. 1981. Cellular electrophysiological changes in "round heart disease" of turkeys: a potential basis for dysrhythmias in myopathic ventricles. Cardiovasc. Res., 15, 643.
15. Goldberg, J. M., and D. A. Bolnick. 1980. Electrocardiograms from the chicken, emu, red-tailed hawk and Chilean tinamou. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 67, 15.
16. Goldberg, J. M., M. H. Johnson, and K. D. Whitelaw. 1983. Effect of cervical vagal stimulation on chicken heart rate and atrioventricular conduction. Am. J. Physiol., 244, R235.
17. Good, A. L., and C. M. Czarnecki. 1980. The production of cardiomyopathy in turkey poults by the oral administration of furazolidone. Avian Dis., 24, 980.
18. Gross, W. B. 1966. Electrocardiographic changes of Escherichia coli-infected birds. Am. J. Vet. Res., 27, 1427.
19. Guyton, A. C. 1991. Textbook of medical physiology. 8th ed. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, p. 98.
20. Hamlin, R. L., F. S. Pipers, R. M. Kondrich, and C. R. Smith. 1969. QRS component of the orthogonal lead, spatial magnitude and spatial velocity electrocardiograms, and vectorcardiograms of turkeys. J. Electrocardiol., 2, 127.
21. Hecht, H. H., and J. H. McClement. 1958. A case of "chronic mountain sickness" in the United States. Am. J. Med., 15, 470.
22. Hernandez, A. 1987. Hypoxic ascites in broilers: a review of several studies done in Colombia. Avian Dis., 31, 658.
23. Hill, J. R., and J. M. Goldberg. 1980. P-wave morphology and atrial activation in the domestic fowl. Am. J. Physiol., 239, R438.
24. Hunsaker, W. G. 1971. Round heart disease in four commercial strains of turkeys. Poult. Sci., 50, 1720.
25. Hunsaker, W. G., A. Robertson, and S. E. Magwood. 1971. The effect of round heart disease on the electrocardiogram and heart weight of turkey poults. Poult. Sci., 50, 1712.
26. Jankus, E. F., A. L. Good, K. A. Jordan, and S. K. Saxena. 1971. Electrocardiographic study of round heart disease in turkey poults. Poult. Sci., 50, 481.
27. Jeffrey, J. S., L. A. Martinez, V. H. Stanley, and T. W. Odom. 1996. Utility of various lead combinations for electrocardiographic profiling of broilers in normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Poult. Sci., 75(suppl. 1), 77.
28. Julian, R. J. 1993. Ascites in poultry. Avian Pathol., 22, 419.
29. Julian, R. J., S. M. Mirsalimi, L. G. Bagley, and E. J. Squires. 1992. Effects of hypoxia and diet on spontaneous turkey cardiomyopathy (round heart disease). Avian Dis., 36, 1043.
30. Kahn, R.H. 1915. Das Vogel-EKG. Pfliigers Arch., 162, 67.
31. Karliner, J. S., F. F. Sarnquist, D. J. Graber, R. M. Peters Jr., and J. B. West. 1985. The electrocardiogram at extreme altitude: Experience on Mt. Everest. Am. Heart J., 109, 505.
32. Keene, B. W. 1991. ECG of the month. J.A.V.M.A., 198, 408.
33. Kim, Y, and M. Yasuda. 1979. The cardiac conducting system of the fowl. Zbl. Vet. Med. C. Anat. Histol. Embryol., 8, 138.
34. Kish, B. 1949. Electrocardiographic studies in seagulls. Exp. Med. Surg., 7, 345.
35. Kish, B. 1951. The electrocardiogram of birds (chicken, duck, pigeon). Exp Med. Surg., 9, 103.
36. Krista, L. M., E. F. Jankus, P. E. Waibel, J. H. Sautter, R. N. Shoffner, and G. J. Quarfoth. 1970a. Comparison of electrocardiograms of hypertensive and hypotensive male turkeys. Poult. Sci., 49, 700.
37. Krista, L. M., P. E. Waibel, R. N. Shoffner, and J. H. Sautter. 1970b. A study of aortic rupture and performance as influenced by selection for hypertension and hypotension in the turkey. Poult. Sci., 49, 405.
38. Lieberman M., and A. Paes de Carvalho. 1965a. The electrophysiological organization of the embryonic chick heart. J. Gen. Physiol., 49, 351.
39. Lieberman M., and A. Paes de Carvalho. 1965b. The spread of excitation of the embryonic chick heart. J. Gen. Physiol., 49, 365.
40. Lorber, A., E. Maisuls, and J. Naschitz. 1988. Hereditary right axis deviation: electrocardiographic pattern of pseudo left posterior hemiblock and incomplete right bundle branch block. Int. J Cardiol., 20, 399.
41. Lubritz D. L., J. L. Smith, and B. N. McPherson. 1995. Heritability of ascites and the ratio of right to total ventricle weight in broiler breeder male lines. Poultry Sci., 74, 1237.
42. Malconian, M., P. Rock, H. Hultgren, H. Donner, A. Cymerman, B. Groves, J. Reeves, J. Alexander, J. Sutton, M. Nitta, and C. Houston. 1990. The electrocardiogram at rest and exercise during a simulated ascent of Mt. Everest (Operation Everest II). Am. J. Cardiol., 65, 1475.
43. Marin, J. A., A. Buendia, and D. Zavaleta. 1988. Hallazgos electrocardiograficos en la hipertension arterial pulmonar en niños. Arch. Inst Cardiol. Mex., 58, 293.
44. Martinez, L. A., M. W. Miller, J. S. Jeffrey, and T. W. Odom. 1995. Utilización de la imagen por ultrasonido y del análisis de flujo de Doppler, para supervisar el desarrollo del síndrome ascítico en pollos de engorda, In Memorias de la XX Convención Nacional de la Asociación National de Especialistas en Ciencias Avícolas, Acapulco, Mexico, p.198.
45. Martinez, L. A., J. S. Jeffrey, and T. W. Odom. 1996. Comparison of frontal plane vectors as predictors for pulmonary hypertension syndrome in broiler chickens, In Proceedings of the 45th Western Poultry Disease Conference-Memorias de la XX Convención National de la Asociación Nacional de Especialistas en Ciencias Avícolas, Cancun, Mexico, p.228.
46. Mathur, R., and A. Shrivastava. 1979. Cardiac conductive system of Gallus domesticus with special reference to the atrial bundles. Acta Morphol. Neerl.-Scand., 17, 181.
47. Maxwell, M. H., G. W. Robertson, and S. Spence. 1986a. Studies on ascitic syndrome in young broilers. 1. Hematology and pathology. Avion Pathol., 15, 511.
48. Maxwell, M. H., G. W. Robertson, and S. Spence. 1986b. Studies on ascitic syndrome in young broilers. 2. Ultrastructure. Avion Pathol., 15, 525.
49. Maxwell, M. H., S. Spence, G. W. Robertson, and M. A. Mitchell. 1990. Haematological and morphological responses of broiler chicks to hypoxia. Avion Pathol., 19, 23.
50. Maxwell, M. H., G. W. Robertson, and M. A. Mitchell. 1993. Ultrastructural demonstration of mitochondrial calcium overload in myocardial cells from broiler chickens with ascites and induced hypoxia. Res. Vet. Sci., 54, 267.
51. McKenzie B. E., J. A. Will, and A. Hardie. 1971. The electrocardiogram of the turkey. Avian Dis., 15, 737.
52. Mirsalimi, S. M., F. S. Qureshi, R. J. Julian, and P. J. O'Brien. 1990. Myocardial biochemical changes in Furazolidone-induced cardiomyopathy of turkeys. J. Comp. Path., 102, 139.
53. Mitchell, B. W., and C. W. Beard. 1976. Electrocardiographic and respiratory responses to viscerotropic and neurotropic strains of Newcastle disease virus measured by radio telemetry. Poult. Sci., 55, 874.
54. Moore, E. N. 1965. Experimental electrophysiological studies on avian hearts. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 127, 127.
55. Murphy, M. L., P. N. Thenabadu, N. De Soyza, J. E. Doherty, J. Meade, B. J. Baker, and J. L. Whittle. 1984. Reevaluation of electrocardiographic criteria for left, right, and combined cardiac ventricular hypertrophy. Am. J. Cardiol., 53, 1140.
56. Neumann, F., R. Meirom, D. Rattner, Z. Trainin, U. Klopfer, and T. A. Nobel. 1976. Animal model of human disease. Alpha-antitrypsin deficiency. Animal model: Round heart disease of turkeys. Am. J. Pathol., 84, 427.
57. Noren, G. R., N. A. Staley, E. F. Jankus, and J. E. Stevenson. 1971. Myocarditis in round heart disease of turkeys. Virchows Arch. Abt. A. Path. Anat., 352, 285.
58. Odom, T. W. 1993. Ascites syndrome: overview and update. Poult. Dig., 52, 14.
59. Odom, T. W., B. M. Hargis, C. Lopez Coello, J. Arce, and E. Avila. 1989. Time course changes in electrocardiographic and hematological variables during the development of ascites in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci., 68 (Suppl. 1), 107.
60. Odom, T. W., B. M. Hargis, C. C. Lopez, M. J. Arce, Y. Ono, and G. E. Avila. 1991a. Use of electrocardiographic analysis for investigation of ascites syndrome in broiler chickens. Avion Dis., 35, 738.
61. Odom, T. W., L. M. Rosenbaum, and B. M. Hargis. 1991b. Evaluation of vectorelectrocardiographic analysis of young broiler chicks as a predictive index for susceptibility to clinical ascites, In Proceedings of the 40th Western Poultry Disease Conference, Acapulco, Mexico, p. 198.
62. Odom, T. W., L. M. Rosenbaum, and B. M. Hargis. 1992a. Evaluation of vectorelectrocardiographic analysis of young broiler chickens as a predictive index for susceptibility to ascites syndrome. Avian Dis., 36, 78.
63. Odom, T. W., L. M. Rosenbaum, J. L. Stolz, and D. Jeong. 1992b. Experimental reduction of eggshell conductance during incubation. II. Physiological implications in a slow-growing and fast-growing broiler line. Poult. Sci., 71 (Suppl. 1), 14.
64. Odom, T. W., L. M. Rosenbaum, and J. S. Jeffrey, 1995a. Experimental reduction of eggshell conductance during incubation. I. Effect on the susceptibility to ascites syndrome. Avian Dis., 39, 821.
65. Odom, T. W., B. M. Hargis, J. S. Jeffrey, and L. A. Martinez. 1995b. El analisis vectorcardiografico: Una tecnica no invasiva para predecir la susceptibilidad al sindrome ascitico. In Memorias de la XX convention nacional ANECA, Acapulco, Mexico, p. 229.
66. Odom, T. W., B. M. Hargis, L. A. Martinez, and J. S. Jeffrey. 1995c. Vectorelectrocardiographic analysis: A non-invasive technique for predicting susceptibility to ascites syndrome. Poult. Sci., 74 (Suppl. 1), 108.
67. Olkowski, A. A., and H. L. Classen. 1995. Sudden death syndrome in broiler chickens: a review. Poult. Avian Biol. Rev., 6, 95.
68. Olkowski, A. A., and H. L. Classen. 1996. Malignant ventricular dysrhythmia is associated with the cause of death in broiler chickens which die of sudden death syndrome. Poult. Sci., 75 (suppl. 1), 79.
69. Olkowski, A. A., H. L. Classen, C. Riddell, and C. D. Bennett. 1995. Study of electrocardiographic patterns in a population of commercial broiler chickens. Poult. Sci., 74 (Suppl. 1), 473.
70. Owen, R. L., R. F. Wideman, Jr., A. L. Hattel, and B. S. Cowen. 1990. Use of a hypobaric chamber as a model system for investigating ascites in broilers. Avion. Dis., 34, 754.
71. Owen, R. L., R. F. Wideman, Jr., R. M. Leach, B. S. Cowen, P. A. Dunn, and B. C. Ford. 1995. Physiologic and electrocardiographic changes occurring in broilers reared at simulated high altitude. Avion. Dis., 39, 108.
72. Peñaloza, D., F. Sime, N. Banchero, R. Gamboa, J. Cruz, and E. Marticorena. 1963. Pulmonary hypertension in healthy men born and living at high altitudes. Am. J. Cardiol., 11, 150.
73. Rabkin, S. W. 1984. Electrocardiographic abnormalities in apparently healthy men and the risk of sudden death. Drugs, 28 (suppl. 1), 28.
74. Rawlings C. A. 1991. Electrocardiography. SpaceLabs Inc., Redmond, Washington.
75. Rodman, D. M., S. R. Lowenstein, and T. Rodman. 1990. The electrocardiogram in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J. Emerg. Med., 8, 607.
76. Rosenbaum, L. M., J. L. Stolz, D. Jeong, and T. W. Odom. 1992. Experimental reduction of egg shell conductance during incubation. I. A new model for the study of ascites syndrome in chickens. Poult. Sci., 71 (Suppl. 1), 13.
77. Rotta, A. 1947. Physiologic condition of the heart in the natives of high altitudes. Am. Heart J., 33, 669.
78. Smith C. R., R. L. Hamlin, and H. D. Crocker. 1965. Comparative electrocardiography. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 127, 155.
79. Spadolini, T., and A. di Giorgio. 1921. Contributo allo Studio dell electrocardiograma degli. Uccelli Arch, di Fisiol., 19, 495.
80. Sreeram, N., E. C. Cheriex, J. L. R. M. Smeets, A. P. Gorgels, and H. J. J. Wellens. 1994. Value of the 12-lead electrocardiogram at hospital admission in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Am. J. Cardiol., 73, 289.
81. Stein, P. D., J. E. Dalen, K. M. McIntyre, A. A. Sasahara, N. K. Wenger, and P. W. Willis, III. 1975. The electrocardiogram in acute pulmonary embolism. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis., 17, 247.
82. Stephen, J. M., H. Dhindsa, B. Browne, and R. Barish. 1990. Interpretation and clinical significance of the QRS axis of the electrocardiogram. J. Emerg. Med., 8, 757.
83. Stolz, J. L., L. M. Rosenbaum, D. Jeong, and T. W. Odom. 1992. Ascites syndrome mortality and cardiological responses of broiler chickens subjected to cold exposure. Poult. Sci., 71 (Suppl. 1), 12.
84. Sturkie, P. D. 1948. Effects of changes in position of the heart of the chicken on the electrocardiogram. Am. J. Physiol., 154, 251.
85. Sturkie, P. D. 1949. The electrocardiogram of the chicken. Am. J. Vet. Res., 10, 168.
86. Sturkie, P. D. 1950. Abnormal electrocardiograms of chickens produced by potassium deficiency and effects of certain drugs on the abnormalities. Am. J. Physiol., 162, 538.
87. Sturkie, P. D. 1952. Further studies of potassium deficiency on the electrocardiograms of chickens. Poult. Sci., 31, 648.
88. Sturkie, P. D. 1954. Effects of acute thiamine deficiency on the electrocardiogram of the chick. Poult. Sci, 33, 508.
89. Sturkie, P. D. 1973. Effects of cadmium on electrocardiogram, blood pressure, and hematocrit of chickens. Avion Dis., 17, 106.
90. Sturkie, P. D. 1986. Heart: Contraction, conduction, and electrocardiography, In Avian Physiology, P. D. Sturkie ed., 4th ed. New York, p. 167.
91. Sturkie, P. D., E. P. Singsen, L. D. Matterson, A. Kozeff, and E. L. Jungherr. 1954. The effects of dietary deficiencies of vitamin E and the B complex vitamins on the electrocardiogram of chickens. Am. J. Vet. Res., 15, 457.
92. Szabuniewicz M., and J. D. McCrady. 1967. The electrocardiogram of the chicken. The Southwest. Vet., 20, 287.
93. Van Arsdale III, W. C., H. Krueger, and R. Bogart. 1963. Vector orientation of P, QRS, and T axis in beef cattle. Am J. Vet. Res., 24, 956.
94. Wagner, G. S. 1994. Marriott's Practical Electrocardiography. 9th edition, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Maryland.
95. Wideman, R. F., and W. G. Bottje. 1993. Current understanding of the ascites syndrome and future research directions, In Nutrition and Technical Symposium Proceedings. Novus International, Inc., St. Louis, MO., p. 1.
96. Wideman, R. F., and Y. K. Kirby. 1995a. A pulmonary artery clamp model for inducing pulmonary hypertension syndrome (ascites) in broilers. Poult. Sci., 74, 805.
97. Wideman, R. F., and Y. K. Kirby. 1995b. Evidence of a ventilation-perfusion mismatch during acute unilateral pulmonary artery occlusion in broilers. Poult. Sci., 74, 1209.
98. Wideman, R. F., and Y. K. Kirby. 1996. Electrocardiographic evaluation of broilers during the onset of pulmonary hypertension initiated by unilateral pulmonary artery occlusion. Poult. Sci., 75, 407.