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To study the minute control muscles in C. vicina, we carefully dissected the haltere region from the inside of the thorax, removed the overlaying indirect flight muscles, and stained the preparation for actin with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated phalloidin (Sigma). To construct serial homologies between haltere muscles and wing muscles, we first identified the homologs of the wing axillary scterites at the base of the haltere. We named the haltere muscles on the basis of their origin and insertion sites according to a nomenclature previously derived for the wing (Table 1).
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-1 to produce a contrast frequency of 2 Hz. The animal was oriented with its longitudinal axis aligned perpendicular to the surface of the CRT screen. The motion stimuli were presented in 16 orientations from 0° to 360° in steps of 22.5°. An orientation of 0° corresponded to upward motion; an orientation of 90° corresponded to lateral motion toward the ipsi-lateral side. For each fly, the spike frequency was normalized to the maximum response. We recorded from a total of 29 individuals (13 females and 16 males). In 11 animals (6 females and 5 males), we recorded the activities of both B2 and I1 sequentially in the same individual.
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As with the wing-steering muscles that were studied, haltere muscles B2 and I1 are innervated by a single motoneuron (33). Insect synchronous muscles fire one overshooting action potential in response to each spike in their presynaptic motoneuron. It is therefore possible to unambiguously monitor the threshold activity of the motoneurons through the spikes in their target muscles.
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The responses of half of the 12 males tested (type I) were indistinguishable from females. The other males tested (type II) showed a bimodal sensitivity, with a second preferred direction shifted 180° relative to the first (Fig. 2, E and G). One possible explanation for the second peak is that it represents the activity of I2. We could not, however, detect any evidence for size or shape classes within spike records from type II males.
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Supported by grants from NSF (IBN-9723424) and the David and Lucile Packard Foundation to M.H.D.
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Supported by grants from NSF (IBN-9723424) and the David and Lucile Packard Foundation to M.H.D.
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