Social Support and Social Network Profiles among Women on Methadone

Social Service Review

Volumn 72, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 379-401

  El Bassel, Nabila ^a   Chen, Duan Rung ^a   Cooper, Daniel ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0001724524     PISSN: 00377961     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/515764     Document Type: Article

References (107)

1. C. F. Turner, H. G. Miller, and L. E. Moses, Sexual Behavior and Intravenous Drug Use (Washington D.C.: National Academy Press, 1989).
2. R. C. Cronkite and R. H. Moos, "Determinants of the Post Treatment Functioning of Alcoholic Patients: A Conceptual Framework," Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology 48 (1980): 305-16; D. A. Ward, R. B. Bendel, and D. Lange, "A Reconsideration of Environmental Resources and the Post Treatment Functioning of Alcoholic Patients," Journal of Health and Social Behavior 23 (1983): 310-17; D. L. Strug and M. Merton, "Social Networks of Alcoholics," Journal of Studies on Alcohol 42, no. 9 (1981): 855-84; A. Gordon and M. Zrull, "Social Networks and Recovery: One Year after Inpatient Treatment," Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 8 (1991): 143-52; J. Hawkins and M. Fraser, "The Social Networks of Drug Abusers Before and After Treatment," International Journal of the Addictions 22, no. 4 (1987): 343-55; M. B. Tucker, "Social Support and Coping: Applications for the Study of Female Drug Abuse," Journal of Social Issues 38, no. 2 (1982): 117-37.
3. R. C. Cronkite and R. H. Moos, "Determinants of the Post Treatment Functioning of Alcoholic Patients: A Conceptual Framework," Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology 48 (1980): 305-16; D. A. Ward, R. B. Bendel, and D. Lange, "A Reconsideration of Environmental Resources and the Post Treatment Functioning of Alcoholic Patients," Journal of Health and Social Behavior 23 (1983): 310-17; D. L. Strug and M. Merton, "Social Networks of Alcoholics," Journal of Studies on Alcohol 42, no. 9 (1981): 855-84; A. Gordon and M. Zrull, "Social Networks and Recovery: One Year after Inpatient Treatment," Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 8 (1991): 143-52; J. Hawkins and M. Fraser, "The Social Networks of Drug Abusers Before and After Treatment," International Journal of the Addictions 22, no. 4 (1987): 343-55; M. B. Tucker, "Social Support and Coping: Applications for the Study of Female Drug Abuse," Journal of Social Issues 38, no. 2 (1982): 117-37.
4. R. C. Cronkite and R. H. Moos, "Determinants of the Post Treatment Functioning of Alcoholic Patients: A Conceptual Framework," Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology 48 (1980): 305-16; D. A. Ward, R. B. Bendel, and D. Lange, "A Reconsideration of Environmental Resources and the Post Treatment Functioning of Alcoholic Patients," Journal of Health and Social Behavior 23 (1983): 310-17; D. L. Strug and M. Merton, "Social Networks of Alcoholics," Journal of Studies on Alcohol 42, no. 9 (1981): 855-84; A. Gordon and M. Zrull, "Social Networks and Recovery: One Year after Inpatient Treatment," Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 8 (1991): 143-52; J. Hawkins and M. Fraser, "The Social Networks of Drug Abusers Before and After Treatment," International Journal of the Addictions 22, no. 4 (1987): 343-55; M. B. Tucker, "Social Support and Coping: Applications for the Study of Female Drug Abuse," Journal of Social Issues 38, no. 2 (1982): 117-37.
5. R. C. Cronkite and R. H. Moos, "Determinants of the Post Treatment Functioning of Alcoholic Patients: A Conceptual Framework," Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology 48 (1980): 305-16; D. A. Ward, R. B. Bendel, and D. Lange, "A Reconsideration of Environmental Resources and the Post Treatment Functioning of Alcoholic Patients," Journal of Health and Social Behavior 23 (1983): 310-17; D. L. Strug and M. Merton, "Social Networks of Alcoholics," Journal of Studies on Alcohol 42, no. 9 (1981): 855-84; A. Gordon and M. Zrull, "Social Networks and Recovery: One Year after Inpatient Treatment," Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 8 (1991): 143-52; J. Hawkins and M. Fraser, "The Social Networks of Drug Abusers Before and After Treatment," International Journal of the Addictions 22, no. 4 (1987): 343-55; M. B. Tucker, "Social Support and Coping: Applications for the Study of Female Drug Abuse," Journal of Social Issues 38, no. 2 (1982): 117-37.
6. R. C. Cronkite and R. H. Moos, "Determinants of the Post Treatment Functioning of Alcoholic Patients: A Conceptual Framework," Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology 48 (1980): 305-16; D. A. Ward, R. B. Bendel, and D. Lange, "A Reconsideration of Environmental Resources and the Post Treatment Functioning of Alcoholic Patients," Journal of Health and Social Behavior 23 (1983): 310-17; D. L. Strug and M. Merton, "Social Networks of Alcoholics," Journal of Studies on Alcohol 42, no. 9 (1981): 855-84; A. Gordon and M. Zrull, "Social Networks and Recovery: One Year after Inpatient Treatment," Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 8 (1991): 143-52; J. Hawkins and M. Fraser, "The Social Networks of Drug Abusers Before and After Treatment," International Journal of the Addictions 22, no. 4 (1987): 343-55; M. B. Tucker, "Social Support and Coping: Applications for the Study of Female Drug Abuse," Journal of Social Issues 38, no. 2 (1982): 117-37.
7. R. C. Cronkite and R. H. Moos, "Determinants of the Post Treatment Functioning of Alcoholic Patients: A Conceptual Framework," Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology 48 (1980): 305-16; D. A. Ward, R. B. Bendel, and D. Lange, "A Reconsideration of Environmental Resources and the Post Treatment Functioning of Alcoholic Patients," Journal of Health and Social Behavior 23 (1983): 310-17; D. L. Strug and M. Merton, "Social Networks of Alcoholics," Journal of Studies on Alcohol 42, no. 9 (1981): 855-84; A. Gordon and M. Zrull, "Social Networks and Recovery: One Year after Inpatient Treatment," Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 8 (1991): 143-52; J. Hawkins and M. Fraser, "The Social Networks of Drug Abusers Before and After Treatment," International Journal of the Addictions 22, no. 4 (1987): 343-55; M. B. Tucker, "Social Support and Coping: Applications for the Study of Female Drug Abuse," Journal of Social Issues 38, no. 2 (1982): 117-37.
8. For initiation, see T. Wills and R. Vaughan, "Social Support and Substance Use in Early Adolescence," Journal of Behavioral Medicine 12, no. 4 (August 1989): 321-39; for use of illicit drugs, see D. B. Kandel, R. C. Kessler, and R. Z. Margulies, "Antecedents of Adolescent Initiation into Stages of Drug Use: A Developmental Analysis," Journal of Youth and Adolescence 7 (1978): 13-40; A. Pakier, "Predictors of Substance Abuse in a Methadone Maintained Sample," Dissertation Abstracts International 51 (2-B) (1990): 1020; for relapse occurrences, see A. G. Billings and R. H. Moos, "Work Stress and the Stress-Buffering Roles of Work and Family Resources, "Journal of Occupational Behavior 3 (1982): 215-32; R. Mermelstein, S. Cohen, E. Lichtenstein, J. S. Baer, and T. Kamarck, "Social Support and Smoking Cessation and Maintenance," Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 54 (1986): 447-53; for high-risk drug use, see M. B. Tucker, "Coping and Drug Use among Heroin-Addicted Women and Men," in Coping and Substance Abuse, ed. S. Shiftman and T. A. Wills (Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press, 1985), pp. 147-70.
9. For initiation, see T. Wills and R. Vaughan, "Social Support and Substance Use in Early Adolescence," Journal of Behavioral Medicine 12, no. 4 (August 1989): 321-39; for use of illicit drugs, see D. B. Kandel, R. C. Kessler, and R. Z. Margulies, "Antecedents of Adolescent Initiation into Stages of Drug Use: A Developmental Analysis," Journal of Youth and Adolescence 7 (1978): 13-40; A. Pakier, "Predictors of Substance Abuse in a Methadone Maintained Sample," Dissertation Abstracts International 51 (2-B) (1990): 1020; for relapse occurrences, see A. G. Billings and R. H. Moos, "Work Stress and the Stress-Buffering Roles of Work and Family Resources, "Journal of Occupational Behavior 3 (1982): 215-32; R. Mermelstein, S. Cohen, E. Lichtenstein, J. S. Baer, and T. Kamarck, "Social Support and Smoking Cessation and Maintenance," Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 54 (1986): 447-53; for high-risk drug use, see M. B. Tucker, "Coping and Drug Use among Heroin-Addicted Women and Men," in Coping and Substance Abuse, ed. S. Shiftman and T. A. Wills (Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press, 1985), pp. 147-70.
10. For initiation, see T. Wills and R. Vaughan, "Social Support and Substance Use in Early Adolescence," Journal of Behavioral Medicine 12, no. 4 (August 1989): 321-39; for use of illicit drugs, see D. B. Kandel, R. C. Kessler, and R. Z. Margulies, "Antecedents of Adolescent Initiation into Stages of Drug Use: A Developmental Analysis," Journal of Youth and Adolescence 7 (1978): 13-40; A. Pakier, "Predictors of Substance Abuse in a Methadone Maintained Sample," Dissertation Abstracts International 51 (2-B) (1990): 1020; for relapse occurrences, see A. G. Billings and R. H. Moos, "Work Stress and the Stress-Buffering Roles of Work and Family Resources, "Journal of Occupational Behavior 3 (1982): 215-32; R. Mermelstein, S. Cohen, E. Lichtenstein, J. S. Baer, and T. Kamarck, "Social Support and Smoking Cessation and Maintenance," Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 54 (1986): 447-53; for high-risk drug use, see M. B. Tucker, "Coping and Drug Use among Heroin-Addicted Women and Men," in Coping and Substance Abuse, ed. S. Shiftman and T. A. Wills (Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press, 1985), pp. 147-70.
11. For initiation, see T. Wills and R. Vaughan, "Social Support and Substance Use in Early Adolescence," Journal of Behavioral Medicine 12, no. 4 (August 1989): 321-39; for use of illicit drugs, see D. B. Kandel, R. C. Kessler, and R. Z. Margulies, "Antecedents of Adolescent Initiation into Stages of Drug Use: A Developmental Analysis," Journal of Youth and Adolescence 7 (1978): 13-40; A. Pakier, "Predictors of Substance Abuse in a Methadone Maintained Sample," Dissertation Abstracts International 51 (2-B) (1990): 1020; for relapse occurrences, see A. G. Billings and R. H. Moos, "Work Stress and the Stress-Buffering Roles of Work and Family Resources, "Journal of Occupational Behavior 3 (1982): 215-32; R. Mermelstein, S. Cohen, E. Lichtenstein, J. S. Baer, and T. Kamarck, "Social Support and Smoking Cessation and Maintenance," Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 54 (1986): 447-53; for high-risk drug use, see M. B. Tucker, "Coping and Drug Use among Heroin-Addicted Women and Men," in Coping and Substance Abuse, ed. S. Shiftman and T. A. Wills (Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press, 1985), pp. 147-70.
12. For initiation, see T. Wills and R. Vaughan, "Social Support and Substance Use in Early Adolescence," Journal of Behavioral Medicine 12, no. 4 (August 1989): 321-39; for use of illicit drugs, see D. B. Kandel, R. C. Kessler, and R. Z. Margulies, "Antecedents of Adolescent Initiation into Stages of Drug Use: A Developmental Analysis," Journal of Youth and Adolescence 7 (1978): 13-40; A. Pakier, "Predictors of Substance Abuse in a Methadone Maintained Sample," Dissertation Abstracts International 51 (2-B) (1990): 1020; for relapse occurrences, see A. G. Billings and R. H. Moos, "Work Stress and the Stress-Buffering Roles of Work and Family Resources, "Journal of Occupational Behavior 3 (1982): 215-32; R. Mermelstein, S. Cohen, E. Lichtenstein, J. S. Baer, and T. Kamarck, "Social Support and Smoking Cessation and Maintenance," Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 54 (1986): 447-53; for high-risk drug use, see M. B. Tucker, "Coping and Drug Use among Heroin-Addicted Women and Men," in Coping and Substance Abuse, ed. S. Shiftman and T. A. Wills (Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press, 1985), pp. 147-70.
13. For initiation, see T. Wills and R. Vaughan, "Social Support and Substance Use in Early Adolescence," Journal of Behavioral Medicine 12, no. 4 (August 1989): 321-39; for use of illicit drugs, see D. B. Kandel, R. C. Kessler, and R. Z. Margulies, "Antecedents of Adolescent Initiation into Stages of Drug Use: A Developmental Analysis," Journal of Youth and Adolescence 7 (1978): 13-40; A. Pakier, "Predictors of Substance Abuse in a Methadone Maintained Sample," Dissertation Abstracts International 51 (2-B) (1990): 1020; for relapse occurrences, see A. G. Billings and R. H. Moos, "Work Stress and the Stress-Buffering Roles of Work and Family Resources, "Journal of Occupational Behavior 3 (1982): 215-32; R. Mermelstein, S. Cohen, E. Lichtenstein, J. S. Baer, and T. Kamarck, "Social Support and Smoking Cessation and Maintenance," Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 54 (1986): 447-53; for high-risk drug use, see M. B. Tucker, "Coping and Drug Use among Heroin-Addicted Women and Men," in Coping and Substance Abuse, ed. S. Shiftman and T. A. Wills (Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press, 1985), pp. 147-70.
14. For the likelihood of relapse, see G. Marlatt, J. Baer, D. Donovan, and D. Kivlahan, "Addictive Behaviors: Etiology and Treatment," Annual Review of Psychology 39 (1988): 223-52; for maladaptive behavior, see Hawkins and Fraser, "The Social Networks of Drug Abusers Before and After Treatment" (n. 2 above); H. J. Shaffer and R. Schneider, "Trends in Behavioral Psychology and the Addictions," in The Addictions: Multidisciplinary Perspectives and Treatments, ed. H. B. Milkman and H. J. Shaffer (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1985), pp. 39-55; L. Goehl, E. Nunes, F. Quitkin, and I. Hilton, "Social Networks and Methadone Treatment Outcome: The Costs and Benefits of Social Ties," American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 19, no. 3 (1993): 251-62; J. L. Sorenson and D. Gibson, "Community Network Approach to Drug Abuse Treatment," Bulletin of Social Psychology and Addictive Behavior 2 (1983): 99-102; M. Fraser and J. D. Hawkins, "The Social Networks of Opioid Abusers," International Journal of the Addictions 19 (1984): 903-17, and "Social Network Analysis and Drug Misuse," Social Service Review 58 (1984): 81-97.
15. For the likelihood of relapse, see G. Marlatt, J. Baer, D. Donovan, and D. Kivlahan, "Addictive Behaviors: Etiology and Treatment," Annual Review of Psychology 39 (1988): 223-52; for maladaptive behavior, see Hawkins and Fraser, "The Social Networks of Drug Abusers Before and After Treatment" (n. 2 above); H. J. Shaffer and R. Schneider, "Trends in Behavioral Psychology and the Addictions," in The Addictions: Multidisciplinary Perspectives and Treatments, ed. H. B. Milkman and H. J. Shaffer (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1985), pp. 39-55; L. Goehl, E. Nunes, F. Quitkin, and I. Hilton, "Social Networks and Methadone Treatment Outcome: The Costs and Benefits of Social Ties," American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 19, no. 3 (1993): 251-62; J. L. Sorenson and D. Gibson, "Community Network Approach to Drug Abuse Treatment," Bulletin of Social Psychology and Addictive Behavior 2 (1983): 99-102; M. Fraser and J. D. Hawkins, "The Social Networks of Opioid Abusers," International Journal of the Addictions 19 (1984): 903-17, and "Social Network Analysis and Drug Misuse," Social Service Review 58 (1984): 81-97.
16. For the likelihood of relapse, see G. Marlatt, J. Baer, D. Donovan, and D. Kivlahan, "Addictive Behaviors: Etiology and Treatment," Annual Review of Psychology 39 (1988): 223-52; for maladaptive behavior, see Hawkins and Fraser, "The Social Networks of Drug Abusers Before and After Treatment" (n. 2 above); H. J. Shaffer and R. Schneider, "Trends in Behavioral Psychology and the Addictions," in The Addictions: Multidisciplinary Perspectives and Treatments, ed. H. B. Milkman and H. J. Shaffer (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1985), pp. 39-55; L. Goehl, E. Nunes, F. Quitkin, and I. Hilton, "Social Networks and Methadone Treatment Outcome: The Costs and Benefits of Social Ties," American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 19, no. 3 (1993): 251-62; J. L. Sorenson and D. Gibson, "Community Network Approach to Drug Abuse Treatment," Bulletin of Social Psychology and Addictive Behavior 2 (1983): 99-102; M. Fraser and J. D. Hawkins, "The Social Networks of Opioid Abusers," International Journal of the Addictions 19 (1984): 903-17, and "Social Network Analysis and Drug Misuse," Social Service Review 58 (1984): 81-97.
17. For the likelihood of relapse, see G. Marlatt, J. Baer, D. Donovan, and D. Kivlahan, "Addictive Behaviors: Etiology and Treatment," Annual Review of Psychology 39 (1988): 223-52; for maladaptive behavior, see Hawkins and Fraser, "The Social Networks of Drug Abusers Before and After Treatment" (n. 2 above); H. J. Shaffer and R. Schneider, "Trends in Behavioral Psychology and the Addictions," in The Addictions: Multidisciplinary Perspectives and Treatments, ed. H. B. Milkman and H. J. Shaffer (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1985), pp. 39-55; L. Goehl, E. Nunes, F. Quitkin, and I. Hilton, "Social Networks and Methadone Treatment Outcome: The Costs and Benefits of Social Ties," American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 19, no. 3 (1993): 251-62; J. L. Sorenson and D. Gibson, "Community Network Approach to Drug Abuse Treatment," Bulletin of Social Psychology and Addictive Behavior 2 (1983): 99-102; M. Fraser and J. D. Hawkins, "The Social Networks of Opioid Abusers," International Journal of the Addictions 19 (1984): 903-17, and "Social Network Analysis and Drug Misuse," Social Service Review 58 (1984): 81-97.
18. For the likelihood of relapse, see G. Marlatt, J. Baer, D. Donovan, and D. Kivlahan, "Addictive Behaviors: Etiology and Treatment," Annual Review of Psychology 39 (1988): 223-52; for maladaptive behavior, see Hawkins and Fraser, "The Social Networks of Drug Abusers Before and After Treatment" (n. 2 above); H. J. Shaffer and R. Schneider, "Trends in Behavioral Psychology and the Addictions," in The Addictions: Multidisciplinary Perspectives and Treatments, ed. H. B. Milkman and H. J. Shaffer (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1985), pp. 39-55; L. Goehl, E. Nunes, F. Quitkin, and I. Hilton, "Social Networks and Methadone Treatment Outcome: The Costs and Benefits of Social Ties," American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 19, no. 3 (1993): 251-62; J. L. Sorenson and D. Gibson, "Community Network Approach to Drug Abuse Treatment," Bulletin of Social Psychology and Addictive Behavior 2 (1983): 99-102; M. Fraser and J. D. Hawkins, "The Social Networks of Opioid Abusers," International Journal of the Addictions 19 (1984): 903-17, and "Social Network Analysis and Drug Misuse," Social Service Review 58 (1984): 81-97.
19. For the likelihood of relapse, see G. Marlatt, J. Baer, D. Donovan, and D. Kivlahan, "Addictive Behaviors: Etiology and Treatment," Annual Review of Psychology 39 (1988): 223-52; for maladaptive behavior, see Hawkins and Fraser, "The Social Networks of Drug Abusers Before and After Treatment" (n. 2 above); H. J. Shaffer and R. Schneider, "Trends in Behavioral Psychology and the Addictions," in The Addictions: Multidisciplinary Perspectives and Treatments, ed. H. B. Milkman and H. J. Shaffer (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1985), pp. 39-55; L. Goehl, E. Nunes, F. Quitkin, and I. Hilton, "Social Networks and Methadone Treatment Outcome: The Costs and Benefits of Social Ties," American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 19, no. 3 (1993): 251-62; J. L. Sorenson and D. Gibson, "Community Network Approach to Drug Abuse Treatment," Bulletin of Social Psychology and Addictive Behavior 2 (1983): 99-102; M. Fraser and J. D. Hawkins, "The Social Networks of Opioid Abusers," International Journal of the Addictions 19 (1984): 903-17, and "Social Network Analysis and Drug Misuse," Social Service Review 58 (1984): 81-97.
20. For the likelihood of relapse, see G. Marlatt, J. Baer, D. Donovan, and D. Kivlahan, "Addictive Behaviors: Etiology and Treatment," Annual Review of Psychology 39 (1988): 223-52; for maladaptive behavior, see Hawkins and Fraser, "The Social Networks of Drug Abusers Before and After Treatment" (n. 2 above); H. J. Shaffer and R. Schneider, "Trends in Behavioral Psychology and the Addictions," in The Addictions: Multidisciplinary Perspectives and Treatments, ed. H. B. Milkman and H. J. Shaffer (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1985), pp. 39-55; L. Goehl, E. Nunes, F. Quitkin, and I. Hilton, "Social Networks and Methadone Treatment Outcome: The Costs and Benefits of Social Ties," American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 19, no. 3 (1993): 251-62; J. L. Sorenson and D. Gibson, "Community Network Approach to Drug Abuse Treatment," Bulletin of Social Psychology and Addictive Behavior 2 (1983): 99-102; M. Fraser and J. D. Hawkins, "The Social Networks of Opioid Abusers," International Journal of the Addictions 19 (1984): 903-17, and "Social Network Analysis and Drug Misuse," Social Service Review 58 (1984): 81-97.
21. Rumi K. Price, Linda Cottler, Doug Mager, and Keith S. Murray, "Injecting Drug Use, Characteristics of Significant Others, and HIV-Risk Behaviors," and F. Frey, E. Abrutyn, D. Metzger, G. Woody, C. O'Brien, and P. Trusiani, "Focal Networks and HIV Risk among African-American Male Intravenous Drug Users," in National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Research Monograph #151: Social Networks, Drug Abuse, and HIV Transmission, ed. R. Needle, S. Coyle, S. Genser, and R. Trotter (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1995), pp. 38-59, and 89-108, respectively.
22. Rumi K. Price, Linda Cottler, Doug Mager, and Keith S. Murray, "Injecting Drug Use, Characteristics of Significant Others, and HIV-Risk Behaviors," and F. Frey, E. Abrutyn, D. Metzger, G. Woody, C. O'Brien, and P. Trusiani, "Focal Networks and HIV Risk among African-American Male Intravenous Drug Users," in National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Research Monograph #151: Social Networks, Drug Abuse, and HIV Transmission, ed. R. Needle, S. Coyle, S. Genser, and R. Trotter (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1995), pp. 38-59, and 89-108, respectively.
23. Carl Latkin, Wallace Mandell, David Vlahov, Amy Knoweton, Maria Oziemkowska and David Celentano, "Personal Network Characteristics as Antecedents to Needle-Sharing and Shooting Gallery Attendance," Social Networks 17 (1995): 219-28; C. Latkin, W. Mandell. M. Oziemkowska, and D. Celentano, "Using Social Network Analysis to Study Patterns of Drug Use among Urban Drug Users at High Risk for HIV/AIDS," Drug and Alcohol Dependence 38, no. 1 (1995): 1-9.
24. Carl Latkin, Wallace Mandell, David Vlahov, Amy Knoweton, Maria Oziemkowska and David Celentano, "Personal Network Characteristics as Antecedents to Needle-Sharing and Shooting Gallery Attendance," Social Networks 17 (1995): 219-28; C. Latkin, W. Mandell. M. Oziemkowska, and D. Celentano, "Using Social Network Analysis to Study Patterns of Drug Use among Urban Drug Users at High Risk for HIV/AIDS," Drug and Alcohol Dependence 38, no. 1 (1995): 1-9.
25. M. Barrera, Jr., "Social Support in the Adjustment of Pregnant Adolescents: Assessment Issues," in Social Networks and Social Support, ed. B. H. Gottlieb (Beverly Hills CalifSage, 1981), pp. 69-96; I. Sarason, H. Levine, R. Basham, and B. Sarason, "AssessingSocial Support: The Social Support Questionnaire," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 44, no. 1 (January 1983): 127-39.
26. M. Barrera, Jr., "Social Support in the Adjustment of Pregnant Adolescents: Assessment Issues," in Social Networks and Social Support, ed. B. H. Gottlieb (Beverly Hills CalifSage, 1981), pp. 69-96; I. Sarason, H. Levine, R. Basham, and B. Sarason, "AssessingSocial Support: The Social Support Questionnaire," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 44, no. 1 (January 1983): 127-39.
27. C. I. Cohen and J. Sokolovsky, "Schizophrenia and Social Networks: Expatients in the Inner-city," Schizophrenia Bulletin 4 (1978): 546-60; C. Fischer, To Dwell among Friends: Personal Networks in Town and City (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982).
28. C. I. Cohen and J. Sokolovsky, "Schizophrenia and Social Networks: Expatients in the Inner-city," Schizophrenia Bulletin 4 (1978): 546-60; C. Fischer, To Dwell among Friends: Personal Networks in Town and City (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982).
29. A. Vaux, "Variation in Support Associated with Gender, Ethnicity, and Age," Journal of Social Issues 41 (1985): 89-110; Fischer (n. 8 above); A. McFarlane, G. Norman, D. Streiner, and R. Roy, "The Process of Social Stress: Stable, Reciprocal, and Mediating Relationships," Journal of Health and Social Behavior 24 (1983): 160-73; C. Tolsdorf, "Social Networks, Support, and Coping: An Exploratory Study," Family Process 15, no. 4 (December 1976): 407-17.
30. A. Vaux, "Variation in Support Associated with Gender, Ethnicity, and Age," Journal of Social Issues 41 (1985): 89-110; Fischer (n. 8 above); A. McFarlane, G. Norman, D. Streiner, and R. Roy, "The Process of Social Stress: Stable, Reciprocal, and Mediating Relationships," Journal of Health and Social Behavior 24 (1983): 160-73; C. Tolsdorf, "Social Networks, Support, and Coping: An Exploratory Study," Family Process 15, no. 4 (December 1976): 407-17.
31. A. Vaux, "Variation in Support Associated with Gender, Ethnicity, and Age," Journal of Social Issues 41 (1985): 89-110; Fischer (n. 8 above); A. McFarlane, G. Norman, D. Streiner, and R. Roy, "The Process of Social Stress: Stable, Reciprocal, and Mediating Relationships," Journal of Health and Social Behavior 24 (1983): 160-73; C. Tolsdorf, "Social Networks, Support, and Coping: An Exploratory Study," Family Process 15, no. 4 (December 1976): 407-17.
32. A. Vaux, "Variation in Support Associated with Gender, Ethnicity, and Age," Journal of Social Issues 41 (1985): 89-110; Fischer (n. 8 above); A. McFarlane, G. Norman, D. Streiner, and R. Roy, "The Process of Social Stress: Stable, Reciprocal, and Mediating Relationships," Journal of Health and Social Behavior 24 (1983): 160-73; C. Tolsdorf, "Social Networks, Support, and Coping: An Exploratory Study," Family Process 15, no. 4 (December 1976): 407-17.
33. Robert F. Schilling, "Limitations of Social Support," Social Service Review 61 (1987): 19-31; Barrera (n. 7 above); J. S. House, Work Stress and Social Support (Reading Mass: Addison-Wesley, 1981); G. Caplan, Support Systems and Community Mental Health (New York: Behavioral Publications, 1974).
34. Robert F. Schilling, "Limitations of Social Support," Social Service Review 61 (1987): 19-31; Barrera (n. 7 above); J. S. House, Work Stress and Social Support (Reading Mass: Addison-Wesley, 1981); G. Caplan, Support Systems and Community Mental Health (New York: Behavioral Publications, 1974).
35. Robert F. Schilling, "Limitations of Social Support," Social Service Review 61 (1987): 19-31; Barrera (n. 7 above); J. S. House, Work Stress and Social Support (Reading Mass: Addison-Wesley, 1981); G. Caplan, Support Systems and Community Mental Health (New York: Behavioral Publications, 1974).
36. Robert F. Schilling, "Limitations of Social Support," Social Service Review 61 (1987): 19-31; Barrera (n. 7 above); J. S. House, Work Stress and Social Support (Reading Mass: Addison-Wesley, 1981); G. Caplan, Support Systems and Community Mental Health (New York: Behavioral Publications, 1974).
37. S. Cobb, "Social Support as a Moderator of Life Stress," Psychosomatic Medicine 38, no. 5 (1976): 300-314.
38. Caplan (n. 10 above).
39. N. Lin, "Conceptualizing Social Support," in Social Support, Life Events, and Depression, ed. N. Lin, A. Dean, and W. M. Ensel (New York: Academic Press, 1986), pp. 17-30; A. Dean and N. Lin, "The Stress-Buffering Role of Social Support: Problems and Prospects for Systematic Investigation," Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 165 (1977): 403-17; J. McKinlay, "Social Network Influence on Morbid Episodes and the Career of Help Seeking," in The Relevance of Social Science for Medical Practice, ed. L. Eisenberg and A. Kleinman (Boston: Reidel, 1989).
40. N. Lin, "Conceptualizing Social Support," in Social Support, Life Events, and Depression, ed. N. Lin, A. Dean, and W. M. Ensel (New York: Academic Press, 1986), pp. 17-30; A. Dean and N. Lin, "The Stress-Buffering Role of Social Support: Problems and Prospects for Systematic Investigation," Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 165 (1977): 403-17; J. McKinlay, "Social Network Influence on Morbid Episodes and the Career of Help Seeking," in The Relevance of Social Science for Medical Practice, ed. L. Eisenberg and A. Kleinman (Boston: Reidel, 1989).
41. N. Lin, "Conceptualizing Social Support," in Social Support, Life Events, and Depression, ed. N. Lin, A. Dean, and W. M. Ensel (New York: Academic Press, 1986), pp. 17-30; A. Dean and N. Lin, "The Stress-Buffering Role of Social Support: Problems and Prospects for Systematic Investigation," Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 165 (1977): 403-17; J. McKinlay, "Social Network Influence on Morbid Episodes and the Career of Help Seeking," in The Relevance of Social Science for Medical Practice, ed. L. Eisenberg and A. Kleinman (Boston: Reidel, 1989).
42. For links between different people and a single individual, see C. J. Mitchell, Social Networks in Urban Situations (Manchester: University of Manchester Press, 1969); R. Mitchell, "Coping Style, Psychosocial Climate, and System Linkages as Correlates of Social Networks" (unpublished manuscript, University of Maryland, College Park, 1979). For the total set of links among all the members of a particular population, see Cohen and Sokolovsky (n. 8 above); G. Erickson, "The Concept of Personal Network in Clinical Practice," Family Process 14 (1975): 487-98; S. Berkowitz, An Introduction to Structural Analysis: The Network Approach to Social Research (Toronto: Butterworth, 1982); S. Wasserman and K. Faust, Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
43. For links between different people and a single individual, see C. J. Mitchell, Social Networks in Urban Situations (Manchester: University of Manchester Press, 1969); R. Mitchell, "Coping Style, Psychosocial Climate, and System Linkages as Correlates of Social Networks" (unpublished manuscript, University of Maryland, College Park, 1979). For the total set of links among all the members of a particular population, see Cohen and Sokolovsky (n. 8 above); G. Erickson, "The Concept of Personal Network in Clinical Practice," Family Process 14 (1975): 487-98; S. Berkowitz, An Introduction to Structural Analysis: The Network Approach to Social Research (Toronto: Butterworth, 1982); S. Wasserman and K. Faust, Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
44. For links between different people and a single individual, see C. J. Mitchell, Social Networks in Urban Situations (Manchester: University of Manchester Press, 1969); R. Mitchell, "Coping Style, Psychosocial Climate, and System Linkages as Correlates of Social Networks" (unpublished manuscript, University of Maryland, College Park, 1979). For the total set of links among all the members of a particular population, see Cohen and Sokolovsky (n. 8 above); G. Erickson, "The Concept of Personal Network in Clinical Practice," Family Process 14 (1975): 487-98; S. Berkowitz, An Introduction to Structural Analysis: The Network Approach to Social Research (Toronto: Butterworth, 1982); S. Wasserman and K. Faust, Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
45. For links between different people and a single individual, see C. J. Mitchell, Social Networks in Urban Situations (Manchester: University of Manchester Press, 1969); R. Mitchell, "Coping Style, Psychosocial Climate, and System Linkages as Correlates of Social Networks" (unpublished manuscript, University of Maryland, College Park, 1979). For the total set of links among all the members of a particular population, see Cohen and Sokolovsky (n. 8 above); G. Erickson, "The Concept of Personal Network in Clinical Practice," Family Process 14 (1975): 487-98; S. Berkowitz, An Introduction to Structural Analysis: The Network Approach to Social Research (Toronto: Butterworth, 1982); S. Wasserman and K. Faust, Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
46. For links between different people and a single individual, see C. J. Mitchell, Social Networks in Urban Situations (Manchester: University of Manchester Press, 1969); R. Mitchell, "Coping Style, Psychosocial Climate, and System Linkages as Correlates of Social Networks" (unpublished manuscript, University of Maryland, College Park, 1979). For the total set of links among all the members of a particular population, see Cohen and Sokolovsky (n. 8 above); G. Erickson, "The Concept of Personal Network in Clinical Practice," Family Process 14 (1975): 487-98; S. Berkowitz, An Introduction to Structural Analysis: The Network Approach to Social Research (Toronto: Butterworth, 1982); S. Wasserman and K. Faust, Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
47. For links between different people and a single individual, see C. J. Mitchell, Social Networks in Urban Situations (Manchester: University of Manchester Press, 1969); R. Mitchell, "Coping Style, Psychosocial Climate, and System Linkages as Correlates of Social Networks" (unpublished manuscript, University of Maryland, College Park, 1979). For the total set of links among all the members of a particular population, see Cohen and Sokolovsky (n. 8 above); G. Erickson, "The Concept of Personal Network in Clinical Practice," Family Process 14 (1975): 487-98; S. Berkowitz, An Introduction to Structural Analysis: The Network Approach to Social Research (Toronto: Butterworth, 1982); S. Wasserman and K. Faust, Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
48. For a discussion of the hierarchical-compensatory model, see M. Cantor, "Neighbors and Friends: An Overlooked Resource in the Informal Support System," Research on Aging 1 (1979): 434-63; E. Shanas, "Social Myth as Hypothesis: The Case of the Family Relations of Old People," Gerontologist 19 (1979): 3-9. For a discussion of the task-specific model, see E. Litwak, "Complementary Roles for Formal and Informal Support Groups: A Study of Nursing Homes and Mortality Rates," Journal of Applied Behavioral Science ("The Future Administration of Human Services") 21, no. 4 (1985): 407-25; P. Messeri, M. Silverstein, and E. Litwak, "Choosing Optimal Support Groups: A Review and Reformulation," Journal of Health and Social Behavior 34 (1993): 122-37.
49. For a discussion of the hierarchical-compensatory model, see M. Cantor, "Neighbors and Friends: An Overlooked Resource in the Informal Support System," Research on Aging 1 (1979): 434-63; E. Shanas, "Social Myth as Hypothesis: The Case of the Family Relations of Old People," Gerontologist 19 (1979): 3-9. For a discussion of the task-specific model, see E. Litwak, "Complementary Roles for Formal and Informal Support Groups: A Study of Nursing Homes and Mortality Rates," Journal of Applied Behavioral Science ("The Future Administration of Human Services") 21, no. 4 (1985): 407-25; P. Messeri, M. Silverstein, and E. Litwak, "Choosing Optimal Support Groups: A Review and Reformulation," Journal of Health and Social Behavior 34 (1993): 122-37.
50. For a discussion of the hierarchical-compensatory model, see M. Cantor, "Neighbors and Friends: An Overlooked Resource in the Informal Support System," Research on Aging 1 (1979): 434-63; E. Shanas, "Social Myth as Hypothesis: The Case of the Family Relations of Old People," Gerontologist 19 (1979): 3-9. For a discussion of the task-specific model, see E. Litwak, "Complementary Roles for Formal and Informal Support Groups: A Study of Nursing Homes and Mortality Rates," Journal of Applied Behavioral Science ("The Future Administration of Human Services") 21, no. 4 (1985): 407-25; P. Messeri, M. Silverstein, and E. Litwak, "Choosing Optimal Support Groups: A Review and Reformulation," Journal of Health and Social Behavior 34 (1993): 122-37.
51. For a discussion of the hierarchical-compensatory model, see M. Cantor, "Neighbors and Friends: An Overlooked Resource in the Informal Support System," Research on Aging 1 (1979): 434-63; E. Shanas, "Social Myth as Hypothesis: The Case of the Family Relations of Old People," Gerontologist 19 (1979): 3-9. For a discussion of the task-specific model, see E. Litwak, "Complementary Roles for Formal and Informal Support Groups: A Study of Nursing Homes and Mortality Rates," Journal of Applied Behavioral Science ("The Future Administration of Human Services") 21, no. 4 (1985): 407-25; P. Messeri, M. Silverstein, and E. Litwak, "Choosing Optimal Support Groups: A Review and Reformulation," Journal of Health and Social Behavior 34 (1993): 122-37.
52. Litwak (n. 15 above).
53. Messeri, Silverstein, and Litwak (n. 15 above).
54. B. Wellman and S. Wortley, "Different Strokes from Different Folks: Community Ties and Social Support," American Journal of Sociology 96 (1990): 558-88; B. Wellman, "Which Types of Ties and Networks Give What Kinds of Social Support," in Advances in Group Processes, vol. 9, ed. E. Lawler, E. Markovsky, C. Rigeway, and H. Walker (Greenwich, Conn.: JAI, 1992), pp. 207-35; M. Walker, S. Wasserman, and B. Wellman, "Statistical Models for Social Support Networks," in Advances in Social Network Analysis, ed. S. Wasserman and Joseph Galaskiewicz (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 1994) pp. 53-78.
55. B. Wellman and S. Wortley, "Different Strokes from Different Folks: Community Ties and Social Support," American Journal of Sociology 96 (1990): 558-88; B. Wellman, "Which Types of Ties and Networks Give What Kinds of Social Support," in Advances in Group Processes, vol. 9, ed. E. Lawler, E. Markovsky, C. Rigeway, and H. Walker (Greenwich, Conn.: JAI, 1992), pp. 207-35; M. Walker, S. Wasserman, and B. Wellman, "Statistical Models for Social Support Networks," in Advances in Social Network Analysis, ed. S. Wasserman and Joseph Galaskiewicz (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 1994) pp. 53-78.
56. B. Wellman and S. Wortley, "Different Strokes from Different Folks: Community Ties and Social Support," American Journal of Sociology 96 (1990): 558-88; B. Wellman, "Which Types of Ties and Networks Give What Kinds of Social Support," in Advances in Group Processes, vol. 9, ed. E. Lawler, E. Markovsky, C. Rigeway, and H. Walker (Greenwich, Conn.: JAI, 1992), pp. 207-35; M. Walker, S. Wasserman, and B. Wellman, "Statistical Models for Social Support Networks," in Advances in Social Network Analysis, ed. S. Wasserman and Joseph Galaskiewicz (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 1994) pp. 53-78.
57. G. Mead, Mind, Self, and Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1934); T. Parson, The Structure of Social Action (New York: Free Press, 1973); R. Burt, Toward a Structural Theory of Action (New York: Academic Press, 1982).
58. G. Mead, Mind, Self, and Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1934); T. Parson, The Structure of Social Action (New York: Free Press, 1973); R. Burt, Toward a Structural Theory of Action (New York: Academic Press, 1982).
59. G. Mead, Mind, Self, and Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1934); T. Parson, The Structure of Social Action (New York: Free Press, 1973); R. Burt, Toward a Structural Theory of Action (New York: Academic Press, 1982).
60. Burt, Toward a Structural Theory of Action (n. 19 above).
61. Wellman and Wordey, "Different Strokes from Different Folks" Wellman; and Walker, Wasserman, and Wellman (all in n. 18 above).
62. ij = 1, if i and j are "close"; .5, if i and j are "acquaintances"; and 0 if i and j are "strangers" or "dislike each other" and where N = the total number of contacts in the respondent's network.
63. Walker, Wasserman, and Wellman; and Wellman and Wortley, "Different Strokes from Different Folks" (both in n. 18 above); E. Uehara, "Dual Exchange Theory, Social Networks and Informal Social Support," American Journal of Sociology 96 (1990): 521-57.
64. Walker, Wasserman, and Wellman; and Wellman and Wortley, "Different Strokes from Different Folks" (both in n. 18 above); E. Uehara, "Dual Exchange Theory, Social Networks and Informal Social Support," American Journal of Sociology 96 (1990): 521-57.
65. Wellman and Wortley, "Different Strokes from Different Folks" (n. 18 above); B. Hirsch, "Natural Support Systems and Coping with Recent Life Changes," American Journal of Community Psychology 8 (1980): 157-79.
66. Wellman and Wortley, "Different Strokes from Different Folks" (n. 18 above); B. Hirsch, "Natural Support Systems and Coping with Recent Life Changes," American Journal of Community Psychology 8 (1980): 157-79.
67. Wellman and Wortley, "Different Strokes from Different Folks" (n. 18 above); I. Sarason, B. Sarason, and E. Shearin, "Social Support as an Individual Difference Variable: Its Stability, Origins, and Relational Aspects," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50, no. 4 (April 1986): 845-55.
68. Wellman and Wortley, "Different Strokes from Different Folks" (n. 18 above); I. Sarason, B. Sarason, and E. Shearin, "Social Support as an Individual Difference Variable: Its Stability, Origins, and Relational Aspects," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50, no. 4 (April 1986): 845-55.
69. L. M. Verbrugge, "The Structure of Adult Friendship Choices," Social Forces 56 (1977): 1286-1309.
70. Wellman (n. 18 above).
71. G. Homans, Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms (New York: Harcourt Brace & Co., 1961).
72. R. S. Burt, "Network Items and the General Social Survey," Social Networks 6 (1984): 293-340.
73. Walker, Wasserman, and Wellman (n. 18 above).
74. The average network size among injection drug users in previous studies ranged from two to four nominees. A. Neaigus, S. R. Friedman, M. Goldstein, G. Idlefonso, R. Curtis, and B. Jose, "Using Dyadic Data for Network Analysis of HIV Infection and Risk Behaviors among Injecting Drug Users," in Needle et al., eds. (n. 5 above), found on average 4.4 network members; Price et al. (n. 5 above).
75. The average network size among injection drug users in previous studies ranged from two to four nominees. A. Neaigus, S. R. Friedman, M. Goldstein, G. Idlefonso, R. Curtis, and B. Jose, "Using Dyadic Data for Network Analysis of HIV Infection and Risk Behaviors among Injecting Drug Users," in Needle et al., eds. (n. 5 above), found on average 4.4 network members; Price et al. (n. 5 above).
76. R. Milardo, "Comparative Methods for Delineating Social Networks," Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 9 (1992): 447-61.
77. A. Neaigus, S. R. Friedman, R. Curtis, D. C. Des Jarlais, and R.T. Furst, "The Relevance of Drug Injectors' Social and Risk Networks for Understanding and Preventing HIV Infection," Social Science and Medicine 38, no. 1 (January 1994): 67-78.
78. Hawkins and Fraser, "The Social Networks of Drug Abusers" (n. 2 above); R. Gainey, P. Peterson, E. Wells, David Hawkins, and Richard F. Catalano, "The Social Networks of Cocaine Users Seeking Treatment," Addiction Research 3, no. 1 (1995): 17-32.
79. Hawkins and Fraser, "The Social Networks of Drug Abusers" (n. 2 above); R. Gainey, P. Peterson, E. Wells, David Hawkins, and Richard F. Catalano, "The Social Networks of Cocaine Users Seeking Treatment," Addiction Research 3, no. 1 (1995): 17-32.
80. Walker, Wasserman, and Wellman (n. 18 above); Uehara (n. 23 above).
81. Wellman and Wortley, "Different Strokes from Different Folks" (n. 18 above).
82. C. J. Mitchell (n. 14 above); Wellman and Wortley, "Different Strokes from Different Folks" (n. 18 above); Hirsch (n. 24 above); Verbrugge (n. 26 above); J. Mitchell, "The Components of Strong Ties among Homeless Women," Social Networks 9 (1987): 37-47; B. Wellman and S. Wortley, "Brothers' Keepers: Situating Kinship Relations in Broader Networks of Social Support," Sociological Perspectives 32, no. 3 (Fall 1989): 273-306.
83. C. J. Mitchell (n. 14 above); Wellman and Wortley, "Different Strokes from Different Folks" (n. 18 above); Hirsch (n. 24 above); Verbrugge (n. 26 above); J. Mitchell, "The Components of Strong Ties among Homeless Women," Social Networks 9 (1987): 37-47; B. Wellman and S. Wortley, "Brothers' Keepers: Situating Kinship Relations in Broader Networks of Social Support," Sociological Perspectives 32, no. 3 (Fall 1989): 273-306.
84. C. J. Mitchell (n. 14 above); Wellman and Wortley, "Different Strokes from Different Folks" (n. 18 above); Hirsch (n. 24 above); Verbrugge (n. 26 above); J. Mitchell, "The Components of Strong Ties among Homeless Women," Social Networks 9 (1987): 37-47; B. Wellman and S. Wortley, "Brothers' Keepers: Situating Kinship Relations in Broader Networks of Social Support," Sociological Perspectives 32, no. 3 (Fall 1989): 273-306.
85. C. J. Mitchell (n. 14 above); Wellman and Wortley, "Different Strokes from Different Folks" (n. 18 above); Hirsch (n. 24 above); Verbrugge (n. 26 above); J. Mitchell, "The Components of Strong Ties among Homeless Women," Social Networks 9 (1987): 37-47; B. Wellman and S. Wortley, "Brothers' Keepers: Situating Kinship Relations in Broader Networks of Social Support," Sociological Perspectives 32, no. 3 (Fall 1989): 273-306.
86. C. J. Mitchell (n. 14 above); Wellman and Wortley, "Different Strokes from Different Folks" (n. 18 above); Hirsch (n. 24 above); Verbrugge (n. 26 above); J. Mitchell, "The Components of Strong Ties among Homeless Women," Social Networks 9 (1987): 37-47; B. Wellman and S. Wortley, "Brothers' Keepers: Situating Kinship Relations in Broader Networks of Social Support," Sociological Perspectives 32, no. 3 (Fall 1989): 273-306.
87. C. J. Mitchell (n. 14 above); Wellman and Wortley, "Different Strokes from Different Folks" (n. 18 above); Hirsch (n. 24 above); Verbrugge (n. 26 above); J. Mitchell, "The Components of Strong Ties among Homeless Women," Social Networks 9 (1987): 37-47; B. Wellman and S. Wortley, "Brothers' Keepers: Situating Kinship Relations in Broader Networks of Social Support," Sociological Perspectives 32, no. 3 (Fall 1989): 273-306.
88. A. Bandura, Social Learning Theory (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1977); R. Burgess and R. Akers, "A Differential Association Reinforcement Theory of Criminal Behavior," Social Problems 4 (1966): 128-47.
89. A. Bandura, Social Learning Theory (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1977); R. Burgess and R. Akers, "A Differential Association Reinforcement Theory of Criminal Behavior," Social Problems 4 (1966): 128-47.
90. D. B. Kandel and M. Davies, "Friendship Networks, Intimacy and Illicit Drug Use in Young Adulthood: A Comparison of Two Competing Theories," Criminology 29 (1991): 441-67.
91. Wellman and Wortley, "Different Strokes from Different Folks" (n. 18 above); Wellman (n. 18 above).
92. B. Edlin, K. Irwin, S. Faruque, C. B. McCoy, C. Word, Y Serrano, J. Inciardi, B. Bowser, R. Schilling, and S. Holmberg, "Intersecting Epidemics - Crack Cocaine Use and HIV Infection among Inner-City Young Adults," The New England Journal of Medicine 331 (1994): 1422-27; N. El-Bassel, R. F. Schilling, K. L. Irwin, S. Faruque, L. Gilbert, J. Von Bargen, Y. Serrano, and B. Edlin, "Sex Trading and Psychological Distress among Women Recruited from the Streets of Harlem," American Journal of Public Health 87, no. 1 (January 1997): 66-70.
93. B. Edlin, K. Irwin, S. Faruque, C. B. McCoy, C. Word, Y Serrano, J. Inciardi, B. Bowser, R. Schilling, and S. Holmberg, "Intersecting Epidemics - Crack Cocaine Use and HIV Infection among Inner-City Young Adults," The New England Journal of Medicine 331 (1994): 1422-27; N. El-Bassel, R. F. Schilling, K. L. Irwin, S. Faruque, L. Gilbert, J. Von Bargen, Y. Serrano, and B. Edlin, "Sex Trading and Psychological Distress among Women Recruited from the Streets of Harlem," American Journal of Public Health 87, no. 1 (January 1997): 66-70.
94. Mary E. Corcoran and J. P. Kunz, "Do Unmarried Births among African-American Teens Lead to Adult Poverty?" Social Service Review 71, no. 2 (1997): 274-87.
95. Wellman (n. 18 above); K. Campbell and B. Lee, "Name Generators in Surveys of Personal Networks," Social Networks 13 (1991): 203-21.
96. Wellman (n. 18 above); K. Campbell and B. Lee, "Name Generators in Surveys of Personal Networks," Social Networks 13 (1991): 203-21.
97. R. Wallace, "Social Disintegration and the Spread of AIDS: Thresholds for Propagation along 'Socio-Geographic' Networks," Social Science and Medicine 33, no 10 (1991): 1155-62.
98. Ibid.
99. Campbell and Lee (n. 43 above).
100. E. Pattison, "Introduction: The Social Network Paradigm," International Journal of Family Therapy 3 (1981): 241-45; J. D. Hawkins and M. Fraser, "Social Networks of Street Drug Users," Social Work Research and Abstracts 21 (1985): 3-12.
101. E. Pattison, "Introduction: The Social Network Paradigm," International Journal of Family Therapy 3 (1981): 241-45; J. D. Hawkins and M. Fraser, "Social Networks of Street Drug Users," Social Work Research and Abstracts 21 (1985): 3-12.
102. Wellman (n. 18 above).
103. Uehara (n. 23 above); Hirsch (n. 24 above).
104. M. Procidano and K. Heller, "Measures of Perceived Social Support from Friends and Family: Three Validation Studies," American Journal of Community Psychology 11 (1983): 1-2; Latkin, Mandell, Oziemkowskaet al. (n. 6 above).
105. M. Procidano and K. Heller, "Measures of Perceived Social Support from Friends and Family: Three Validation Studies," American Journal of Community Psychology 11 (1983): 1-2; Latkin, Mandell, Oziemkowskaet al. (n. 6 above).
106. J. A. Kelly, D. A. Murphy, C. D. Washington, T. S. Wilson, J. J. Koob, D. R. Davis, G. Ledezma, B. Davantes, "The Effects of HIV/AIDS Intervention Groups for High-Risk Women in Urban Primary Health Care Clinics," American Journal of Public Health 84 (1995): 1918-22.
107. M. Galanter, S. Egelko, G. de Leon, and C. Rohrs, "A General Hospital Day Program Combining Peer-Led and Professional Treatment of Cocaine Abusers," Hospital and Community Psychiatry 44, no. 7 (July 1993): 644-49.