Cross-modality priming in stem completion reflects conscious memory, but not voluntary memory

Psychonomic Bulletin and Review

Volumn 3, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 238-244

  Richardson Klavehn, Alan ^a   Gardiner, John M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTMINSTER   (United Kingdom)

^b CITY UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0001714813     PISSN: 10699384     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3758/BF03212425     Document Type: Article

References (26)

1. CHALLIS, B. H., & BRODBECK, D. R. (1992). Level of processing affects priming in word fragment completion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 18, 595-607.
2. CRAIK, F. I. M., MOSCOVITCH, M., & MCDOWD, J. M. (1994). Contributions of surface and semantic information to performance on implicit and explicit memory tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 20, 864-875.
3. EBBINGHAUS, H. (1964). Memory: A contribution to experimental psychology (H. A. Ruger & C. E. Bussenius, Trans.). New York: Dover. (Original work published 1885)
4. JACOBY, L. L. (1991). A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory. Journal of Memory & Language, 30, 513-541.
5. JACOBY, L. L., BEGG, I. M., & TOTH, J. P. (1996). In defense of functional independence: Violations of assumptions underlying the process-dissociation procedure? Manuscript submitted for publication.
6. JACOBY, L. L., TOTH, J. P., & YONELINAS, A. P. (1993). Separating conscious and unconscious influences of memory: Measuring recollection. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 122, 139-154.
7. JACOBY, L. L., YONELINAS, A. P., & JENNINGS, J. (in press). The relation between conscious and unconscious (automatic) influences: A declaration of independence. In J. D. Cohen & J. W. Schooler (Eds.), Scientific approaches to the question of consciousness. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
8. KIRSNER, K., DUNN, J. C., & STANDEN, P. (1989). Domain-specific resources in word recognition. In S. Lewandowsky, J. C. Dunn, & K. Kirsner (Eds.), Implicit memory: Theoretical issues (pp. 99-122). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
9. RAJARAM, S., & ROEDIGER, H. L., III (1993). Direct comparison of four implicit memory tests. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 19, 765-776.
10. REINGOLD, E. M., & TOTH, J. P. (1996). Process dissociations versus task dissociations: A controversy in progress. In G. Underwood (Ed.), Implicit cognition (pp. 159-202). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
11. RICHARDSON-KLAVEHN, A., & BJORK, R. A. (1988). Measures of memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 39, 475-543.
12. RICHARDSON-KLAVEHN, A., & GARDINER, J. M. (1995). Retrieval volition and memorial awareness in stem completion: An empirical analysis. Psychological Research, 57, 166-178.
13. RICHARDSON-KLAVEHN, A., GARDINER, J. M., & JAVA, R. I. (1994). Involuntary conscious memory and the method of opposition. Memory, 2, 1-29.
14. RICHARDSON-KLAVEHN, A., GARDINER, J. M., & JAVA, R. I. (1996). Memory: Task dissociations, process dissociations and dissociations of consciousness. In G. Underwood (Ed.), Implicit cognition (pp. 85-158). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
15. RICHARDSON-KLAVEHN, A., LEE, M. G., JOUBRAN, R., & BJORK, R. A. (1994). Intention and awareness in perceptual identification priming. Memory & Cognition, 22, 293-312.
16. ROEDIGER, H. L., III, & MCDERMOTT, K. B. (1993). Implicit memory in normal human subjects. In F. Boller & J. Grafman (Eds.), Handbook of neuropsychology (Vol. 8, pp. 63-131). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
17. ROEDIGER, H. L., III, WELDON, M. S., STADLER, M. L., & RIEGLER, G. L. (1992). Direct comparison of two implicit memory tests: Word fragment and word stem completion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 18, 1251-1269.
18. SCHACTER, D. L. (1987). Implicit memory: History and current status. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 13, 501-518.
19. SCHACTER, D. L., BOWERS, J., & BOOKER, J. (1989). Intention, awareness, and implicit memory: The retrieval intentionality criterion. In S. Lewandowsky, J. C. Dunn, & K. Kirsner (Eds.), Implicit memory: Theoretical issues (pp. 47-65). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
20. SCHACTER, D. L., REIMAN, E., UECKER, A., POLSTER, M. R., YUN, L. S., & COOPER, L. A. (1995). Brain regions associated with retrieval of structurally coherent visual information. Nature, 376, 587-590.
21. TOTH, J. P., & REINGOLD, E. M. (1996). Beyond perception: Conceptual contributions to unconscious influences of memory. In G. Underwood (Ed.), Implicit cognition (pp. 41-84). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
22. TOTH, J. P., REINGOLD, E. M., & JACOBY, L. L. (1994). Toward a redefinition of implicit memory: Process dissociation following elaborative processing and self-generation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 20, 290-303.
23. TOTH, J. P., REINGOLD, E. M., & JACOBY, L. L. (1995). A response to Graf and Komatsu's critique of the process-dissociation procedure: When is caution necessary? European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 7, 113-130.
24. TULVING, E., & SCHACTER, D. L. (1990). Priming and human memory systems. Science, 247, 301-305.
25. WELDON, M. S. (1991). Mechanisms underlying priming on perceptual tests. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 17, 526-541.
26. WELDON, M. S. (1993). The time course of perceptual and conceptual contributions to word fragment completion priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 19, 1010-1023.