Experimental study of surface segregation and wetting in films of a partially miscible polymer blend

Physical Review E - Statistical Physics, Plasmas, Fluids, and Related Interdisciplinary Topics

Volumn 53, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 825-837

  Geoghegan, M ^a,b,c   Jones, R A L ^a,b,c   Sivia, D S ^a,b,c   Penfold, J ^a,b,c   Clough, A S ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^b RUTHERFORD APPLETON LABORATORY   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SURREY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0001683340     PISSN: 1063651X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.53.825     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Q. S. Bhatia, D. H. Pan and J. T. Koberstein, Macromolecules 21, 2166 (1988).
2. R. A. L. Jones, E. J. Kramer, M. H. Rafailovich, J. Sokolov and S. A. Schwarz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 280 (1989).
3. R. A. L. Jones, E. J. Kramer, M. H. Rafailovich, J. Sokolov, and S. A. Schwarz, in Interfaces between Polymers, Metals and Ceramics, edited by B. M. DeKovem, A. J. Gellman, and R. Rosenberg, MRS Symposium No. 153 (Materials Research Society, Bellingham, WA, 1989), p. 133.
4. R. A. L. Jones and E. J. Kramer, Philos. Mag. B 62, 129 (1990).
5. R. A. L. Jones, L. J. Norton, E. J. Kramer, R. J. Composto, R. S. Stein, T. P. Russell, A. Mansour, A. Karim, G. P. Felcher, M. H. Rafailovich, J. Sokolov, X. Zhao and S. A. Schwarz, Europhys. Lett. 12, 41 (1990).
6. X. Zhao, W. Zhao, J. Sokolov, M. H. Rafailovich, S. A. Schwarz, B. J. Wilkens, R. A. L. Jones and E. J. Kramer, Macromolecules 24, 5991 (1991).
7. W. Zhao, X. Zhao, M. H. Rafailovich, J. Sokolov, R. J. Composto, S. D. Smith, M. Satkowski, T. P. Russell, W. D. Dozier and T. Mansfield, Macromolecules 26, 561 (1993).
8. F. Bruder and R. Brenn, Europhys. Lett. 22, 707 (1993).
9. A. Budkowski, U. Steiner and J. Klein, J. Chem. Phys. 97, 5229 (1992).
10. U. Steiner, J. Klein, E. Eiser, A. Budkowski and L. J. Fetters, Science 258, 1126 (1992).
11. P. P. Hong, F. J. Boerio and S. D. Smith, Macromolecules 27, 596 (1994).
12. A. Hariharan, S. K. Kumar and T. P. Russell, J. Chem. Phys. 98, 4163 (1993).
13. M. Geoghegan, T. Nicolai, J. Penfold, and R. A. L. Jones (unpublished).
14. A. Hariharan and S. K. Kumar, Macromolecules 24, 4909 (1991).
15. U. Steiner, J. Klein and L. J. Fetters, Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 1498 (1994).
16. L. J. Norton, E. J. Kramer, F. S. Bates, M. D. Gehlsen, R. A. L. Jones, A. Karim, G. P. Felcher and R. Kleb, Macromolecules 28, 8621 (1995).
17. B. Guckenbiehl, M. Stamm and T. Springer, Coll. Surf. A 86, 311 (1994).
18. I. Hopkinson, F. T. Kiff, R. W. Richards, S. Affrossman, M. Hartshorne, R. A. Pethrick, H. Munro, and J. R. P. Webster, Macromolecules 28, 627 (1995).
19. J. Genzer, A. Faldi and R. J. Composto, Phys. Rev. E 50, 2373 (1994).
20. H. Nakanishi and P. Pincus, J. Chem. Phys. 79, 997 (1983).
21. H. Nakanishi and M. E. Fisher, J. Chem. Phys. 78, 3279 (1983).
22. I. Schmidt and K. Binder, J. Phys. (Paris) 46, 1631 (1985).
23. K. K. Mon, K. Binder and D. P. Landau, Phys. Rev. B 35, 3683 (1987).
24. J.-S. Wang and K. Binder, J. Chem. Phys. 94, 8537 (1991).
25. I. Carmesin and J. Noolandi, Macromolecules 22, 1689 (1989).
26. R. A. L. Jones, Phys. Rev. E 47, 1437 (1993).
27. R. A. L. Jones, Polymer 35, 2160 (1994).
28. P. Cifra, F. E. Karasz and W. J. MacKnight, Macromolecules 25, 4895 (1992).
29. P. Cifra, F. Bruder and R. Brenn, J. Chem. Phys. 99, 4121 (1993).
30. R. A. Jerry and E. B. Nauman, Phys. Lett. A 167, 198 (1992).
31. S. Puri and K. Binder, Z. Phys. B 86, 263 (1992).
32. S. M. Cohen and M. Muthukumar, J. Chem. Phys. 90, 5749 (1989).
33. Z. Y. Chen, J. Noolandi and D. Izzo, Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 727 (1991).
34. G. Brown, A. Chakrabarti and J. F. Marko, Phys. Rev. E 50, 1674 (1994).
35. J. W. Cahn, J. Chem. Phys. 66, 3667 (1977).
36. J. D. van der Waals, Z. Phys. Chem. 13, 657 (1894);
37. an English translation is given by J. S. Rowlinson, J. Stat. Phys. 20, 197 (1979).
38. J. W. Cahn and J. E. Hilliard, J. Chem. Phys. 28, 258 (1958).
39. L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz, Statistical Physics, 3rd ed. (Pergamon, Oxford, 1980), Pt. 1.
40. S. Saeki, J. M. G. Cowie and I. J. McEwan, Polymer 24, 60 (1983).
41. J.-M. Widmaier and G. Mignard, Eur. Polym. J. 23, 989 (1987).
42. J.-L. Lin and R.-J. Roe, Macromolecules 20, 2168 (1987).
43. J.-L. Lin and R.-J. Roe, Polymer 29, 1227 (1988).
44. A. Rameau, Y. Gallot, P. Marie and B. Farnoux, Polymer 30, 386 (1989).
45. H. Yang, S. Ricci and M. Collins, Macromolecules 24, 5218 (1991).
46. J. M. G. Cowie, M. D. Fernandez, M. J. Fernandez and I. J. McEwan, Polymer 33, 2744 (1992).
47. PalphaMS is known to degrade upon pyrolysis yielding only monomer [47] and in order to check its temperature stability we carried out the following tests. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) was performed on some PalphaMS (MW equal to 97 600) before and after annealing at 180 °C for a day. The result indicated negligible molecular weight degradation of the PalphaMS on annealing [48]. A thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) experiment also indicated that the polymer was stable, with respect to decomposition to monomer, under annealing, since negligible mass change was observed after 16.5 h at 185 °C.
48. S. L. Madorsky, Thermal Degradation of Organic Polymers (Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1964).
49. M. Geoghegan, Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, 1994.
50. J. Penfold and R. K. Thomas, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 2, 1369 (1990).
51. T. P. Russell, Mater. Sci. Rep. 5, 171 (1990).
52. R. S. Payne, A. S. Clough, P. Murphy and P. J. Mills, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 42, 130 (1989).
53. J. Penfold, R. C. Ward and W. G. Williams, J. Phys. E 20, 1411 (1987).
54. R. A. L. Jones, L. J. Norton, K. R. Shull, E. J. Kramer, G. P. Felcher, A. Karim and L. J. Fetters, Macromolecules 25, 2359 (1992).
55. W. H. Press, S. A. Teukolsky, W. T. Vetterling, and B. P. Flannery, Numerical Recipes in FORTRAN: The Art of Scientific Computing, 2nd ed. (Cambridge University, Cambridge, 1992).
56. K. Kunz, J. Reiter, A. Götzelmann and M. Stamm, Macromolecules 26, 4316 (1993).
57. D. S. Sivia, W. A. Hamilton and G. S. Smith, Physica B 173, 121 (1991).
58. S. F. Gull, in Maximum Entropy and Bayesian Methods: Cambridge 1988, edited by J. Skilling (Kluwer, Amsterdam, 1989), p. 53.
59. J. Skilling, in Maximum Entropy and Bayesian Methods: Cambridge 1988 (Ref. [57]), p. 45.
60. J. Skilling, in Maximum Entropy and Bayesian Methods: Dartmouth 1989, edited by P. F. Fougere (Kluwer, Amsterdam, 1990), p. 341.
61. J. Skilling, in Neutron Scattering Data Analysis 1990, edited by M. W. Johnson (Institute of Physics, Bristol, 1990), p. 1.
62. J. Skilling and R. K. Bryan, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 211, 111 (1984).
63. J. Skilling (private communication).
64. P.-G. de Gennes, Scaling Concepts in Polymer Physics (Cornell University, Ithaca, 1979).
65. F. Bruder and R. Brenn, Macromolecules 24, 5552 (1991).
66. P. F. Green and B. L. Doyle, Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 2407 (1986).
67. M. Geoghegan, R. A. L. Jones, M. G. D. van der Grinten, and A. S. Clough (unpublished).
68. T. G. Fox, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 1, 123 (1956).
69. M. Doi and S. F. Edwards, The Theory of Polymer Dynamics (Oxford University, Oxford, 1986).
70. We estimate the reptation time from the ratio τrepapprox Rg2/Dstar using a value of Dstar, the d-PS tracer diffusion coefficient, of app 10-13 cm2 s-1 obtained from interdiffusion coefficient measurements on this blend [66]. Direct measurements of Dstar on different d-PS–PalphaMS blends [70] further corroborate this result.
71. M. G. D. van der Grinten, A. S. Clough, T. E. Shearmur, D. W. Drew, M. Geoghegan, and R. A. L. Jones (unpublished).
72. G. Krausch, Mater. Sci. Eng. Rep. R 14, 1 (1995).
73. G. H. Fredrickson, in Physics of Polymer Surfaces and Interfaces, edited by I. C. Sanchez (Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, 1992), p. 1.
74. M. Geoghegan, R. A. L. Jones, A. S. Clough and J. Penfold, J. Polym. Sci. B 33, 1307 (1995).
75. R. Lipowsky and D. A. Huse, Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 353 (1986).
76. We have approximated the concentration gradient to [ φm- φd(zstar)]/ (2 sqrt Dt ). This is equivalent to replacing the depletion layer depicted in Fig. 12 by a uniform gradient decreasing linearly to φd from φm over a length 2 sqrt Dt. The factor of 2 is necessary for conservation of material.
77. S. M. Troian, Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 1399 (1993).
78. In this article the domains considered are rich in the nonwetting phase. There is no reason, however, to suppose that such anisotropic domains do not exist in our experiments, nor that they do not affect the growth of the wetting layer.
79. M. Geoghegan, R. A. L. Jones and A. S. Clough, J. Chem. Phys. 103, 2719 (1995).