Partitioning of the refractory metals, nickel and chromium, in combustion systems

Combustion Science and Technology

Volumn 134, Issue 1-6, 1998, Pages 291-314

  Linak, W P ^a   Wendt, J O L ^b  

^a U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

^b University of Arizona   (United States)

Author keywords

Chromium speciation; Hexavalent chromium; Metal transformations; Particle formation; Transition metals; Waste incineration

Indexed keywords

EID: 0001642210     PISSN: 00102202     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00102209808924137     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Barin, L, Knacke, O. and Kubaschewski, O. (1977) Thermochemical properties of inorganic substances, supplement, Springer-Verlag, New York, NY.
2. Barin, I. (1989) Thermochemical data of pure substances, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, New York, NY.
3. Barin, I., Knacke, O. and Kubaschewski, O. (1973) Thermochemical properties of inorganic substances, Springer-Verlag, New York, NY.
4. Barin, I. (1993) Thermochemical data of pure substances, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, New York, NY.
5. CAAA-Clean Air Act Amendments (1990) Public Law 101-549, 104 Stat. 2399-2712, November 15.
6. Chase, M. W. Jr. (1986) JANAF Thermochemical tables, 3rd edn., parts 1 and 2, American Institute of Physics, New York, NY.
7. Clarke, L. B. and Sloss, L. L. (1992) Trace elements-emissions from coal combustion and gasification, IEA Coal Research, IEACR/49, London.
8. Davison, R. L., Natusch, D. F. S., Wallace, J. R. and Evans, C. A. Jr. (1974) Trace elements in fly ash dependence of concentration on particle size, Environ. Sci. Technol., 8(13), 1107-1113.
9. Ebbinghaus, B. B. (1993) Thermodynamics of gas phase chromium species: the chromium chlorides, oxychlorides, fluorides, oxyfluorides, hydroxides, oxyhydroxides, mixed oxyfluorochlorohydroxides, and volatility calculations in waste incineration processes, Combust, and Flame, 101, 119-137.
10. Ebbinghaus, B. B. (1995) Thermodynamics of gas phase chromium species: the chromium oxides, chromium oxyhydroxides, and volatility calculations in waste incineration processes, Combust. and Flame, 93, 311-338.
11. Federal Register, (1991) Vol. 56, no. 35, February 21, 1991, U.S. EPA Office of Solid Waste, Guidance on metal and hydrogen chloride controls for hazardous waste incinerators, volume IV of the hazardous waste incineration guidance series, Hazardous waste: boilers and industrial furnaces; burning of hazardous wastes, 7134, Washington, DC.
12. Frandsen, F., Dam-Johansen, K. and Rasmussen, P. (1994) Trace elements from combustion and gasification of coal - an equilibrium approach, Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 20, 115-138.
13. Garg, S. (1990a) EPA Method 0060 - Methodology for the determination of metals emissions in exhaust gases from hazardous waste incineration and similar combustion processes, in Methods Manual for Compliance with the BIF Regulations: Burning Hazardous Waste in Boilers and Industrial Furnaces, EPA/530-SW-91-010 (NTIS PB91-120006), pp. 3-1 through 3-48, Washington, DC.
14. Garg, S. (1990b) EPA Method 0061 - Determination of hexavalent chromium emissions from stationary sources, in Methods Manual for Compliance with the BIF Regulations: Burning Hazardous Waste in Boilers and Industrial Furnaces, EPA/530-SW-91-010 (NTIS PB91-120006), pp. 3-49 through 3-69, Washington, DC.
15. Garg, S. (1992) Technical Implementation Document for EPA's Boiler and Industrial Furnace Regulations, EPA-530/R-92-011 (NITS PB92-154947), U.S. EPA, Office of Solid Waste, Washington, DC.
16. Gordon, S. and McBride, B. J. (1986) Computer program for calculation of complex chemical equilibrium compositions, rocket performance, incident and reflected shocks, and Chapman-Jouguet detonations, NASA SP-273, Interim Revision.
17. Goyer, R. A. (1991) Toxic effects of metals, in Casarett and Doull's toxicology the basic science of poisons, 4th edn., Amdur, M. O., Doul, J. and Klaassen, C. D., Eds., Pergamon Press, New York, NY.
18. Klein, D. H., Andren, A. W., Carter, J. A., Emery, J. F., Feldman, C., Fulkerson, W., Lyon, W. S., Ogle, J. C ., Talmi, Y., VanHook, R. I. and Bolton, N. (1975) Pathways of thirty-seven trace elements through coal-fired power plant, Environ. Sci. Technol., 9(10), 973-979.
19. Linak, W. P. and Wendt, J. O. L. (1993) Toxic metal emissions from incineration: mechanisms and control, Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 19, 145-185.
20. Linak, W. P., Srivastava, R. K. and Wendt, J. O. L. (1994) Metal aerosol formation in a laboratory swirl flame incinerator, Combust. Sci. Technol., 101(1-6), 7-27.
21. Linak, W. P., Srivastava, R. K. and Wendt, J. O. L. (1995) Sorbent capture of nickel, lead, and cadmium in a laboratory swirl flame incinerator, Combust. and Flame, 100, 241-248.
22. Linak, W. P., Ryan, J. V. and Wendt, J. O. L. (1996) Formation and destruction of hexavalent chromium in a laboratory swirl flame incinerator, Combust. Sci. Technol., 116-117, 479-498.
23. Markowski, G. R., Ensor, D. S., Hooper, R. G. and Carr, R. C. (1980) A submicron aerosol mode in flue gas from a pulverized coal utility boiler, Environ. Sci. Technol., 14(11), 1400-1402.
24. McBride, B. J., Gordon, S. and Reno, M. A. (1993) Coefficients for calculating thermodynamic and transport properties of individual species, NASA Technical Memorandum 4513.
25. Mulholland, J. A. and Sarofim, A. F. (1991) Mechanisms of inorganic particle formation during suspension heating of simulated aqueous wastes, Environ. Sci.Technol., 25(2), 268-274.
26. Mulholland, J. A., Sarofim, A. F. and Yue, G. (1991) The formation of inorganic particles during suspension heating of simulated wastes, Environ. Prog., 10(2), 83-88.
27. Owens, T., Wu, C. Y. and Biswas, P. (1995) An equilibrium analysis for reaction of metal compounds with sorbents in high temperature systems, Chem. Eng. Comm., 133, 31-52.
28. Quann, R. J. and Sarofim, A. F. (1982) Vaporization of refractory oxides during pulverized coal combustion, 19th Comb. (Int.) Symp., pp. 1429-1440, Comb. Inst., Pittsburgh.
29. RCRA-Resource conservation and recovery act (1986) Subtitle C, Sections 3001-3013, 42 N.S.C., Sections 6921-6934 (1976) and Supplement IV (1980) amended.
30. Rizeq, R. G., Hansell, D. W. and Seeker, W. R. (1994) Prediction of metals emissions and partitioning in coal-fired combustion systems, Fuel Processing Technol., 39, 219-236.
31. Scotto, M. A., Peterson, T. W. and Wendt, J. O. L. (1992) Hazardous waste incineration: the in-situ capture of lead by sorbents in a laboratory down-flow combustor, 24th Comb. (Int.) Symp., pp. 1109-1118, Comb. Inst., Pittsburgh.
32. Seigneur, C. and Constantinou, E. (1995) Chemical kinetic mechanism for atmospheric chromium, Environ. Sci. Technol., 29, 222-231.
33. Wendt, J. O. L. (1994) Combustion science for incineration technology, 25th Comb. (Int.) Symp., pp. 277-289, Comb. Inst., Pittsburgh.
34. Wu, C. Y. and Biswas, P. (1993) An equilibrium analysis to determine the speciation of metals in an incinerator, Combust. and Flame, 93, 31-40.