The CSIRO nine-level atmospheric general circulation model and its equilibrium present and doubled CO2 climates

Australian Meteorological Magazine

Volumn 44, Issue 2, 1995, Pages 111-125

  Watterson, I G ^a   Dix, M R ^a   Gordon, H B ^a   McGregor, J L ^a  

^a CSIRO MARINE AND ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0001596985     PISSN: 00049743     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Arakawa, A. 1969. Parameterization of cumulus convection. Proc. WMO/IUGG Symp. Numerical Weather Prediction, Tokyo, 26 November-4 December, 1968, Japan Met. Agency, IV, 8, 1-6.
2. Blackadar, A.K. 1962. The vertical distribution of wind and turbulent exchange in a neutral atmosphere. J. geophys. Res., 67, 3095-3102
3. Boer, G.J., Arpe, K., Blackburn, M., Déqué, M., Gates, W.L., Hart, T.L., Le Treut, H., Roeckner, E., Sheinin, D.A., Simmonds, I., Smith, R.N.B., Tokioka, T., Wetherald, R.T. and Williamson, D. 1992. Some results from an intercomparison of the climates simulated by 14 atmospheric general circulation models, J. geophys. Res., 97, 12771-12786
4. Bottomley, M., Folland, C.K., Hsiung, J., Newell, R.E. and Parker, D.E. 1990. Global ocean surface temperature atlas. UK Met. Office, 20 pp. + 313 plates.
5. Chen, T.-C. and Baker, W.E. 1986. Global diabatic heating during FGGE SOP-1 and SOP-2. Mon. Weath. Rev., 114, 2578-2589
6. Chouinard, C, Béland M. and McFarlane N. 1986. A simple gravity wave drag parametrization for use in medium-range weather forecast models. Almos. Ocean, 24, 91-110.
7. 2. Aust. Met. Mag., 43, 105-116
8. Deardorff, J.W. 1977. A parameterization of ground-surface moisture content for use in atmospheric prediction models. Jnl appl. Met.. 16, 1182-1185
9. Esbensen, S.K. and Kushnir, Y. 1981. The Heat Budget of the Global Ocean: An Atlas Based on Estimates from Surface Marine Observations. Technical Report 29, Climate Research Unit, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.
10. Frank, W.M. and McBride, J.L. 1989. The vertical distribution of heating in AMEX and GATE cloud clusters. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 3464-3478
11. Geleyn, J.-F. 1987. Use of a modified Richardson number for parameterizing the effect of shallow convection. Short-and Medium-Range Numerical Weather Prediction, T. Matsuno (ed.), Special Volume of the J. met. Soc. Japan., 141-149
12. Gordon, H.B. 1981. A flux formulation of the spectral atmospheric equations suitable for use in long term climate modeling. Mon. Weath. Rev., 109, 56-64.
13. Gordon, H.B. and Hunt, B.G. 1994. Climatic variability within an equilibrium greenhouse simulation. Climate Dyn., 9, 195-212.
14. Hantel, M. and Baader, H.-R. 1978. Diabatic heating climatology of the zonal atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 1180-1189
15. Harrison, E.F., Minnis, P., Barkstrom, B.R., Ramanathan, V., Cess, R.D. and Gibson, G.G. 1990. Seasonal variation of cloud radiative forcing derived from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment. J. geophys. Res., 95, 18687-18703
16. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 1990. Climate Change, The IPCC Scientific Assessment. Houghton, J.T., Jenkins, G.J. and Ephraums, J.J. (eds), Cambridge Univ. Press., UK, 365 pp.
17. IPCC 1992. Climate Change 1992. The supplementary report to the IPCC Scientific Assessment. Houghton, J.T., Callander, B.A. and Varney, S.K. (eds), Cambridge Univ. Press, UK, 200 pp.
18. Jaeger, L. 1976. Monatskarten des Niederschlags für die ganze Erde. Bericht Deutscher Wetterdienst, 18 (139), 38 pp.
19. Lacis, A.A. and Hansen, J.E. 1974. A parameterization for the absorption of solar radiation in the earth's atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 118-133
20. Legates, D.R. and Willmott, C.J. 1990a. Mean seasonal and spatial variability in global surface air temperature. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 41, 11-21.
21. Legates, D.R. and Willmott, C.J. 1990b. Mean seasonal and spatial variability in gauge-corrected global precipitation. Int. J. Climatol, 10, 111-127
22. Louis, J.-F. 1979. A parametric model of vertical eddy fluxes in the atmosphere. Bound. Lay. Met., 17, 187-202.
23. Manabe, S. and Wetherald, R.T. 1987. Large-scale changes of soil wetness induced by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1211-1235
24. McGregor, J.L., Gordon, H.B., Watterson, I.G., Dix, M.R. and Rotstayn, L.D. 1993. The CSIRO 9-level atmospheric general circulation model. CSIRO Technical Paper No. 26., CSIRO Div. Atmospheric Res., Mordialloc, Australia, 89 pp.
25. Meehl, G.A. and Washington, W.M. 1988. A comparison of soil moisture sensitivity in two global climate models. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1476-1492
26. Mitchell, J.F.B. and Ingram, W.J. 1992. Carbon dioxide and climate: mechanisms of changes in cloud. Jnl climate, 5, 5-21.
27. NASA 1992. Gedex CD-ROM, Goddard DAAC User Support Office, Code 935, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.
28. Oort, A.H. 1983. Global atmospheric circulation statistics, 1958-1973. NOAA Professional Paper 14, US Dept of Commerce, 180 pp.
29. Palmer, T.N., Shutts, G.J. and Swinbank, R. 1986. Alleviation of a systematic westerly bias in general circulation and numerical weather prediction models through an orographic gravity wave drag parameterisation. Q. JI R. met. Soc, 112, 1001-1040
30. Parkinson, C.L. and Washington, W.M. 1979. A large scale numerical model of sea ice. J. geophys. Res., 84, 311-337
31. Posey, J.W. and Clapp, P.F. 1964. Global distribution of normal surface albedo. Geofisica Internacional, 4, 33-49.
32. Ramanathan, V., Barkstrom, B.R. and Harrison, E.F. 1989. Climate and the earth's radiation budget. Physics Today, May 1989, 22-32.
33. Rossow, W.B., Kinsella, E., Wolf, A. and Garder, L. 1985 (revised 1987). International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project, Description of reduced resolution radiance data. WMO TD-No. 58.
34. Royer, J.-F. 1986. Correction of negative mixing ratios in spectral models by global horizontal borrowing. Mon. Weath. Rev., 114, 1406-1410
35. Saito, K. and Baba, A. 1988. A statistical relation between relative humidity and the GMS observed cloud amount. J. met. Soc. Japan., 66, 187-192
36. Schlesinger, M.E. and Mitchell, J.F.B. 1987. Climate model simulations of the equilibrium climatic response to increased carbon dioxide. Rev. Geophys., 25, 760-798
37. 2 transmissivities and cooling rates. J. geophys. Res., 90, 10541-10550
38. Schwarzkopf, M.D. and Fels, S.B. 1991. The simplified exchange method revisited: An accurate, rapid method for computation of infrared cooling rates and fluxes. J. geophys. Res., 96, 9075-9096
39. Slingo, J.M. 1987. The development and verification of a cloud prediction scheme for the ECMWF model. Q. Jl R. met. Soc. 113, 899-927.
40. Susskind, J., Reuter, D. and Chahine, M.T. 1987. Cloud fields retrieved from analysis of HIRS2/MSU sounding data. J. geophys. Res., 92, 4035-4050
41. Ting. M. and Sardeshmukh, P.D. 1993. Factors determining the extratropical response to equatorial diabatic heating anomalies. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 907-918
42. Trenberth K.E. 1981. Seasonal variations in global sea level pressure and the total mass of the atmosphere. J. geophys. Res., 86, 5238-5246
43. Warren, S.G., Hahn, C.J., London, J., Chervin, R.M. and Jenne, R.L. 1986. Global distribution of total cloud cover and cloud type amounts over the land. NCAR/TN-237+STR, NCAR, Colorado.
44. Warren, S.G., Hahn, C.J., London, J., Chervin, R.M. and Jenne, R.L. 1988. Global distribution of total cloud cover and cloud type amounts over the ocean, NCAR/TN-317+STR, NCAR, Colorado.
45. Watterson, I.G. 1993. Global Climate Modelling. Modelling of environmental systems, A.J. Jakeman, M.B. Beck and M.J. McAleer (eds), Wiley. UK.
46. 2 climate sensitivity experiment with a global climate model including a simple ocean. J. geophys. Res., 92, 13315-13343