Annual cycle of upper air circulation and convective activity over the tropical Americas

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 102, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 4267-4274

  Hastenrath, Stefan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0001589694     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/96jd03122     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Chelliah, M., and P. Arkin, Large-scale interannual variability of monthly outgoing radiation anomalies over the global tropics, J. Clim., 5, 371-389, 1992.
2. Chu, P. S., A contribution to the upper-air climatology of tropical South America, J. Climatol., 5, 403-416, 1985.
3. Chu, P. S., and S. Hastenrath, Atlas of Upper-Air Circulation Over Tropical South America, 237 pp., Dep. of Meteorol., Univ. of Wis., Madison, 1982.
4. Figueroa, S. N., and C. A. Nobre, Precipitation distribution over central and western tropical South America, Climanalise, 5, 36-44, 1990.
5. Gadgil, S., A. Guruprasad, and J. Srinivasan, Systematic bias in the NOAA outgoing longwave radiation dataset?, J. Clim., 5, 867-875, 1992.
6. Garcia, O., Atlas of Highly Reflective Clouds for the Global Tropics: 1971-83, 365 pp., NOAA Environ. Res. Lab., Boulder, Colo., 1985.
7. Hastenrath, S., On general circulation and energy budget in the area of the Central American seas, J. Atmos. Sci., 23, 604-711, 1966.
8. Hastenrath, S., Rainfall distribution and regime in Central America, Arch. Meteorol. Geophys. Bioklimatol., Ser. B, 15, 201-241, 1967.
9. Hastenrath, S., A contribution to the wind conditions over the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, Tellus, 20, 163-178, 1968.
10. Hastenrath, S., On the upper-air circulation over the equatorial Americas, Arch. Meteorol. Geophys. Bioklimatol., Ser. A, 25, 309-321, 1977.
11. Hastenrath, S., The relationship of highly reflective clouds to tropical climate anomalies, J. Clim., 3, 353-365, 1990.
12. Hastenrath, S., Climate Dynamics of the Tropics, 488 pp., Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass., 1995.
13. Hastenrath, S., and L. Greischar, Circulation mechanisms related to northeast Brazil rainfall anomalies, J. Geophys. Res., 98(D3), 5093-5102, 1993.
14. Hastenrath, S., and P. Guetter, A contribution to the surface circulation over South America, Arch. Meteorol. Geophys. Bioklimatol., Ser. B. 26, 97-103, 1978.
15. Hastenrath, S., and P. Lamb, Climatic Atlas of the Tropical Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Oceans, 112 pp., Univ. of Wis. Press, Madison, 1977.
16. Hastenrath, S., and P. Lamb, Heat Budget Atlas of the Tropical Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Oceans, 103 pp., Univ. of Wis. Press, Madison, 1978.
17. Horel, J., and A. Cornejo-Garrido, Convection along the coast of northern Peru during 1983: Spatial and temporal variations of cloud and rainfall, Mon. Weather Rev., 114, 2091-2105, 1986.
18. Horel, J., A. N. Hahmann, and J. E. Geisler, An investigation of the annual cycle of convective activity over the tropical Americas, J. Clim., 2, 1388-1403, 1989.
19. Janowiak, J. E., A. F. Krueger, P. A. Arkin, and A. Gruber, Atlas of Outgoing Longwave Radiation Derived From NOAA Satellite Data, NOAA Atlas 6, 44 pp., Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin., Silver Spring, Md., 1985.
20. Kalnay, E., et al., The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 77, 437-471, 1996.
21. Kousky, V. E., Pentad outgoing longwave radiation climatology for the South American sector, Rev. Brasileira Meteorol., 3, 217-231, 1988.
22. Kreuels, R., K. Fraedrich, and E. Ruprecht, An aerological climatology of South America, Meteorol. Rundsch., 28, 17-24, 1975.
23. Krishnamurti, T. N., Tropical east-west circulation during the northern summer, J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 1342-1347, 1971.
24. Krishnamurti, T. N., M. Kanamitsu, W. J. Koss, and J. D. Lee, Tropical east-west circulation during the northern winter, J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 780-787, 1973.
25. Legates, D. R., and C. J. Willmott, Mean seasonal and spatial variability in gauge-corrected, global precipitation, Int. J. Climatol., 10, 111-127, 1990.
26. Legates, D. R., and C. J. Willmott, Monthly average surface air temperature and precipitation (re-gridded), in Global Ecosystems Database, version 1.0, Documentation manual, by J. J. Kineman and M. A. Ohrenschall, [CD-ROM EPA/600/R-92/194b], Disc A, NGDC Key Geophys. Rec. Doc. 27, pp. A04-1-A04-15, incorporated in Global Change Database, vol. 1, 247 pp., NOAA Natl. Geophys. Data Cent., Boulder, Colo., 1992.
27. Legates, D. R., and C. J. Willmott, Monthly average surface air temperature and precipitation (re-gridded), in Global Ecosystems Database, version 1.0, Documentation manual, by J. J. Kineman and M. A. Ohrenschall, [CD-ROM EPA/600/R-92/194b], Disc A, NGDC Key Geophys. Rec. Doc. 27, pp. A04-1-A04-15, incorporated in Global Change Database, vol. 1, 247 pp., NOAA Natl. Geophys. Data Cent., Boulder, Colo., 1992.
28. Mancuso, R. L., A numerical procedure for computing fields of streamfunction and velocity potential, J. Appl. Meteorol., 6, 994-1001, 1967.
29. Meste, C., and M. Meste, Distribution spatio-temporelle des précipitations du domaine intertropical Sud-Américan à l'est des Andes (moyenne 1931-60), Inst. de Géogr., Univ. Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France, 1991.
30. Mo, K., and E. M. Rasmusson, The 200 mb climatological vorticity budget during 1986-89 as revealed by NMC analyses, J. Clim., 6, 577-594, 1993.
31. Nishizawa, T., and M. Tanaka, The annual change in the tropospheric circulation and the rainfall in South America, Arch. Meteorol. Geophys. Bioklimatol., Ser. B, 33, 107-116, 1983.
32. Palmer, T. N., C. Brankovic, P. Viterbo, and M. J. Miller, Modeling interannual variations of summer monsoons, J. Clim., 5, 399-417, 1992.
33. Rao, V. B., I. F. A. Cavalcanti, and K. Hada, Annual variation of rainfall over Brazil and atmospheric circulation over South America, J. Geophys. Res., 101(D21), 26,539-26,551, 1996.
34. Sadler, J. C., The upper-tropospheric circulation over the global tropics, UHMET-75-05, 35 pp., Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu, 1975.
35. Trenberth, K. E., and J. G. Olson, ECMWF global analyses 1979-86; Circulation statistics and data evaluation, Tech. Note NCAR-TN-300+STR, 94 pp., Natl. Cent. for Atmos. Res., Boulder, Colo., 1988.
36. Virji, H., A preliminary study of summertime tropospheric circulation patterns over South America estimated from cloud winds, Mon. Weather Rev., 109, 599-610, 1981.
37. Waliser, D. E., N. E. Graham, and C. Gautier, Comparison of the highly reflective cloud and outgoing longwave radiation datasets for use in estimating tropical deep convection, J. Clim., 6, 331-353, 1993.